A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Development Studies in the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2014. / The question of basic housing for the poor majority of the world’s population remains a festering global development challenge given the plethora of housing delivery models which abound. In South Africa, the capital subsidy scheme and the comprehensive plan for the development of sustainable human settlements are the dominant policy models that the post-apartheid government has used to deliver low-cost housing for poor South Africans. While it has recorded some successes, records show between 1994 and 2013, the housing backlog actually doubled and housing targets have never been met. The rapid proliferations of slums and informal settlements as well as widespread protests over housing are indicators of the failures of housing delivery in South Africa. This study therefore sought to critically assess the effectiveness of the existing housing delivery models/mechanisms in KwaZulu-Natal with a view to develop an alternative approach for low-cost housing delivery in the province. Using a triangulation of research approaches, data collection methods and analysis, the study did an extensive review of secondary and primary literature, surveyed 173 respondents and conducted 27 key-person interviews in two District Municipalities (Uthungulu and eThekwini) in the province. The study found that the capital subsidy scheme which is largely market-centered has not only failed to house the poor in the study areas, but has also perpetuated poverty as ownership of houses has not contributed to enhancing and sustaining livelihoods. The comprehensive model which was an improvement over the capital subsidy scheme has also failed in this regard. At the core of this challenge is the top-down nature of these models which exclude the vital contributions of the beneficiaries. The consequence of this exclusion is a misplaced conceptualization of what housing means to the poor in terms of sustainable livelihoods. Generally, the study revealed that non- integration of all capital assets such as individual economy, financial capital, social capital and natural capital in housing delivery projects, will not translate into the growth of the poor. The study therefore highlighted the need for and proposed an alternative housing delivery model that is inclusive, transparent, area-focused and evidence-based. This comprehensive participatory model integrates all capitals necessary to develop and capacitate the poor as it appropriates their economic/financial capital, social capital and natural capitals. It aims to build and enhance poor people’s livelihoods, and therefore address challenges such as poverty and unemployment. The model focuses on enhancing the current delivery systems. Apart from the proposed participatory model, the study makes a number of specific policy recommendations to facilitate the proposed model which include the following; first, participatory processes such as the IDPs at local municipal levels should be used to facilitate people’s participation in the whole process, from conception, planning, implementation and evaluation. Second, participation from site demarcation and in land use allocation and allocation of housing units by the poor themselves is recommended to help curb corrupt practices around allocation. Third, employment creation should be factored into the location of housing. This should be treated as part of the planning process not an after-thought or ‘add-on’ type of activity. Fourth, housing planning and implementation should be evidenced-based to be meaningful. The KwaZulu-Natal Research Forum in collaboration with the Department of Human Settlements and Statistics South Africa conduct regular research into housing needs, requirements and their relationship to sustainable livelihoods before embarking on building and delivering houses. Lastly, the Department of Human Settlements in collaboration with Provincial and Municipal governments should conduct regular post-occupancy evaluation as it

In the South African context, the number of informal settlements are increasing. A problem arises when one observes the conditions that informal settlers are forced to live in, which are diminishing livelihoods and do not fulfill basic human needs. Informal settlements are described as parts of a city that have been neglected and that have been illegally occupied by the urban poor (Huchzermeyer 2006:2). South Africa is currently experiencing a major housing backlog and sometimes the houses that are provided don’t satisfy human needs. It is important to provide elements that will improve the livelihoods of the residents. Thus, the aim is to provide people with elements that not only provide protection against natural elements but also make a positive contribution to the livelihoods of the residents. / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

The demand for well-located land in order to be developed for the upper-middle to high-income housing, industries, offices, retail, etc in Mbombela Local Municipality, is substantial. Within the past 10 years, Mbombela Local Municipality, has experienced an increase in residential development on welllocated land in and around its urban centres, i.e. Nelspruit, White River and Hazyview. Most of the land in and around these urban centres is privately owned, and as such, development is mainly driven by the market forces. However, there has been persistence in the peripheralisation of the poor through the government’s programme on low-cost housing delivery in Mbombela Local Municipality. The high demand of well-located land has triggered high land prices and this is one of the causes of lack of access to urban land by the poor. Despite good government policies on socio-economic integration, there seems to be no challenges on the current situation, either by government, Mbombela Local Municipality or private organisations. This research argues that the lack of access to urban land by the poor is the cause of the persistent peripheralisation through the programme of low-cost housing delivery in Mbombela Local Municipality. These urban centres (Nelspruit, White River and Hazyview) accommodate only those who have power to purchase, and thus, creates a socio-economic gap because the poor are excluded by the market forces in these areas. Since the government and Mbombela Local Municipality own less land in and around the urban centres, the market forces become the sole supply of well-located land. It is therefore imperative that government, Mbombela Local Municipality and private organisations forge a partnership with the private sector and deduce a sound strategy that will seek to address and challenge the current situation.

Thesis (MPA) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The study aims at investigating the extent to which the Housing Delivery Programme of Government is addressing the backlog in housing provision. In the other hand if Government is not addressing the backlog in housing, it should be established as to what are the casual factors to the failure. The study randomly selected participants from Gravellotte to answer questions in connection with the two housing projects in Gravellotte, as well as officials of the Department of Local Government & Housing and the municipality of Ba-Phalaborwa. Primary data from participants and secondary data from books and journals were used. Qualitative method was more suitable for the study. It has been found that government is continuously providing houses, but the pace does not address the backlog in a quicker way as expected by the community and the quality of houses remain an issue that needs serious attention.

Both Namibia and South Africa have had mixed success in their housing policies since the advent of democracy in both countries in the 1990s. This paper proceeds from the hypothesis that each country can learn useful lessons from each other in respect of housing policy. The primary purpose of this research was to describe and systematically compare the housing policies of Namibia and South Africa. The historical backgrounds of the countries, existing policies and the manner in which the policies are implemented were investigated. The research examined the housing policies of Namibia and South Africa in terms of their similarities and differences and to consider the impact and implications. Namibia and South Africa vary in their expenditure commitments to provide affordable homes. Their housing policy strategies also differ. Differences reflect different levels of prosperity and differences in governance and institutional arrangements. The study concluded that the policies of Namibia and South Africa are, in the main, similar in that both Namibia and South Africa have enacted legislation that govern matters related to housing – either as housing relates to financing and affordability or as a function of ownership. South Africa stands out, however, in that the right to adequate housing is a prescript of the constitution. In both the investigated countries, there is evidence that their policies are committed to a housing process built on the foundations of people’s participation and partnerships. But there are also differences with regard to implementation. In this study, it is brought to bear on both countries that the provision of housing was not all that successful. But good policies are a good start to a successful outcome of a process.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The Low-cost housing delivery programme was launched at the dawn of democracy under the negotiated housing policy in year 1994 with the aim of addressing the backlog in housing provisioning. The programme was also meant to address the past injustices. The democratic government launched Batho Pele Principles in the year 1997 as a framework within which public services would be provided. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of adherence to Batho Pele Principles in the provisioning of low-cost housing services by the Cooperative Governance Human Settlements and Traditional Affairs Department in Limpopo Province.The qualitative research methods were applied to generate data relevant for the study. The study involved the reviewing of secondary data available in the department in the form of Annual performance plans, Annual performance reports, Service delivery improvement plan, Service standards, Citizens’ report and minutes taken during departmental self-evaluation meetings. The findings reveal that CoGHSTA underperformed on delivery of low-cost houses targets for three consecutive years. The underperformance was attributed to protracted procurement of service providers and non-approval of application forms due to insufficient/irrelevant information provided by the applicants. Inadequate consultation and involvement of beneficiaries prior to and during the implementation of low-cost housing projects appeared to be a major issue of concern. The adherence to Batho Pele Principles was not adequately implemented. The study recommends that enhancement of housing consumer education will help a great deal in reducing the number of application forms with insufficient/irrelevant information being submitted for processing. The appointment of service providers during the year preceding the implementation year would provide ample time for planning.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study evaluates transformation in South African policies and how it has affected housing delivery in South Africa. Following the collapse of apartheid controls, the new democratic government set an audacious goal of providing appropriate housing to the South African people, as per the Constitutional principle that "all South Africans have a right to a secure place in which to live in peace and dignity. and that housing is a human right", particularly those whom were previously denied housing or could not afford to build their own. Despite changes in the policies, the South African government was unable to meet its targets, nor provide dignified dwellings. Although these challenges were caused by many factors, the most pronounced factor seemed to be the use of traditional and ineffective housing delivery system, such as one-plot-one-dwelling mentality, and lack of integration of housing projects with other social projects. In an effort to improve service delivery, the South African government has in 2004 introduced a new concept, Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (ASGISA). With the forecast that ASGISA on its own will not have much impact, the author of this study proposes the use of project management as a management philosophy that will assist ASGISA to attain its housing delivery goal(s). With regard to the approach of this study, chapter 1 begins by covering a brief history of the South African policies and the three case studies, i.e. Missionvale, Tin Town and Joe Slovo, where different project management methodologies were used. Chapter 2 goes into slight in-depth analysis of the government chain of legal frameworks and policies, ranging from Reconstruction and Development Program to the National Housing Code of 2000, and lately ASGISA. Chapter 2 concludes by looking at different aspects of project management, including project management in the public sector, and why projects fail in this sector. Chapter 3 covers analyses of application of project management tools in the three case studies. In chapter 4, the findings in the case studies covered in chapter 3 are compared to determine which project was best managed and what value did project management add to the best case study. These case studies are then used in chapter 5 as pillars to discuss how project management can be applied to ASGISA, and what the necessary key success factors are for it to succeed. Finally information covered in this study is pulled together in chapter 6 to discuss and make recommendations on how new systems based on project management principles, could be leveraged in a more significant and efficient manner to improve housing delivery in South Africa. In conclusion, the author stresses the importance of adopting the systems thinking approach under the ASGISA banner in order to achieve better and more effective and efficient housing delivery to the needy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie beoordeel die transformasie van Suid-Afrikaanse beleide en hoe die lewering ten opsigte van behuising daardeur geraak is. Na die verval van die beheermaatreels wat gegeld het tydens die apartheid era, het die nuwe demokratiese regering grootmoedige doelwitte vir die voorsiening van toepaslike behuising aan die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking gestel, in navolging van die konstitusionele beginsel dat "alle Suid-Afrikaners die reg het op 'n veilige woonplek om in vrede en waardigheid te woon en dat behuising 'n mensereg is", spesifiek daardie persone wat voorheen behuising ontsê is of wat nie kon bekostig om hulle eie huise te bou nie. Nieteenstaande wysigings in die beleidsrigtings, kon die regering nie sy doelwitte bereik nie, en ook nie waardige woonhuise voorsien nie. Hoewel hierdie uitdagings deur vele faktore beinvloed is, blyk die mees uitstaande faktor die gebruik van tradisionele en oneffektiewe behuisings lewering sisteme te wees, soos onder andere die een-standplaas-een-woning mentaliteit en gebrekkige integrasie van behuisingsprojekte met ander maatskaplike projekte. In 'n poging om dienslewering te bevorder het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering in 2004 'n nuwe konsep ingevoer, die sogenaamde "Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa" (ASGISA). Met die voorspelling dat ASGISA in sigself nie veel impak sal hê nie, stel die outeur van hierdie studie voor dat die gebruikmaking van projekbestuur as 'n bestuursfilosofie ASGISA sal instaat stel om sy behuisings leweringsdoelwitte te behaal. Wat die benadering van hierdie studie betref, begin hoofstuk 1 met 'n bondige geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse beleide en drie gevallestudies, naamlik Missionvale, Tin Town en Joe Slovo, waar verskillende projekbestuur-metodieke gebruik is. In hoofstuk 2 word om 'n geringe in-diepte analise van die regering se reeks van regsraamwerk en beleide, wat strek van die Heropbou en Ontwikkelingsprogram tot die Nasionale Behuisings Handves van 2000 en meer onlangs ASGISA, te onderneem. Hoofstuk 2 word afgesluit deur te kyk na verskillende aspekte van projekbestuur, insluitende projekbestuur in die openbare sektor en waarom projekte in die sektor faal. In hoofstuk 3 word 'n analise van die toepassing van projekbestuur-hulpmiddels in die drie gevallestudies onderneem. In hoofstuk 4 word die bevindinge ten opsigte van die gevallestudies wat in hoofstuk 3 gedoen is, met mekaar vergelyk ten einde te bepaal welke projek die beste bestuur is en wat die waarde was van projekbestuur tot die beste gevallestudie bygedra het. Hierdie gevallestudies word dan in hoofstuk 5 as die pilare gebruik om aan te toon hoe projekbestuur in ASGISA toegepas kan word en wat die sleutel suksesfaktore is vir ASGISA om te slaag. Ten slotte word die studie inligting saamgevat in hoofstuk 6 en bespreek om aan die hand daarvan aanbevelings te maak oor hoe nuwe stelsels gebaseer op projekbestuurbeginsels aangewend kan word om op 'n meer betekenisvolle en effektiewe wyse behuisings lewering in Suid-Afrika te bevorder. Laastens beklemtoon die outeur die belangrikheid daarvan om 'n stelselsbenadering tot bestuur ("systems thinking approach") onder die ASGISA-vaandel te volg ten einde verbeterde en meer effektiewe behuisingslewering aan die behoeftiges te behaal.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / There is a major urban housing crisis in South Africa expressing itself in the failure of the government to provide low-income housing to urban residents. Considering this crisis, the specific purpose of this study was to examine the challenges to effective distribution of low-income housing with specific reference to the Delft Symphony community, focussing on the epoch from the years 2000-2015. The study was motivated by the fact that while there is an abundance of research conducted in the Cape flats, research focusing on the Delft Symphony community (DS community) is scanty especially on low-income housing distribution. This research gap became the focus of this thesis. To understand the challenges to effective distribution of low-income housing, this study was grounded in two theories namely the theory of justice and the self-help housing theory. The study employed qualitative methods in which semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted to collect the necessary data. This research used twenty-eight (28) key informants, and these were selected through snowball and stratified samplings. Qualitative data were analysed using content and thematic analysis. The findings revealed that government internal bureaucratic procedures and due processes such as the land approval process seem to contribute to the sluggish distribution of low-income housing in the DS community. The study also found that the low-income housing processes in the DS community are seemingly driven by politics manifesting in the allocation of houses based on political affiliations. The main recommendation from this study is that to improve the distribution of low-income housing, there is a need for the government to revitalise transparency and reduce bureaucratic delays in the processes of low-income housing.

Housing delivery has been in a state of crisis long before the realisation of democracy in South Africa and still remains a point of contention for the poor. Issues of service delivery, particularly housing delivery, have consistently made newspaper headlines in post-apartheid South Africa. Between 2004 and 2012, service delivery protests increased from 34% in 2005 to 173% in 2012. The City Press, a weekly newspaper, focused on the coverage of issues of development in South Africa, emerging as an important voice in reporting on citizen action related to service delivery in the country during this time. Therefore, the principal objective of this study was to investigate the City Press representation of citizen action on housing delivery in South Africa between 2005 and 2015. With a view to providing insight into the role of the media in development, this study employed qualitative research methodology. Qualitative content analysis was utilised in studying the City Press editorials and the City Press individual journalist’ opinion pieces and the newspaper news reports. In addition, past and present City Press journalists identified with reporting on developmental issues were interviewed. The development communication theory was explored as an appropriate theoretical framework for this study, The investigation of the City Press representation of citizen action on housing delivery found that there were several complex issues and processes that negatively impacted the process of housing delivery during the second decade of South African democracy, including a scourge of corruption driven by inefficiencies administration of the housing delivery process. In that respect the study revealed that housing delivery has been hindered by many aspects, resulting in tensions and a strained relationship between the government and the poor citizens of South Africa. Furthermore, the study established that the City Press individual journalists played a significant role in the representation of citizen action through portraying housing delivery protests at key moments when these happened. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

The perceived lack of progress by the Department of Human Settlements (“Department”) in meeting the increased demand for subsidised housing post-1994 is a ticking time bomb, given the repeated promises without any prospect of meeting the commitment to eradicate or upgrade all informal settlements by 2014. Despite ongoing delivery of subsidised housing, the backlog remained at 2,4 million households from 2005 to 2009, the indicator being the number of informal settlement households. The “Department” has acknowledged the existence of bureaucratic blockages throughout the housing delivery chain. Despite the urgency of the situation, there appears to be no research on the departmental factors hampering delivery under the Upgrading of Informal Settlements Programme (“programme”) and finding a solution that would maximise delivery within budgetary constraints. This research assesses the suitability of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), a Strategic Management Accounting performance measurement and management tool, for addressing the departmental factors hampering delivery (“factors”) under the “programme” and develops a conceptual framework to guide any future application of the BSC to the “programme”.The complexity of housing delivery and the proposed integration of the BSC call for a detailed literature study of the post-1994 national housing and “programme” documentation and that of the public sector BSC. The theoretical study will establish how and by whom housing delivery should be done, the “factors” and the BSC framework and translation process. This will serve as the basis for the assessment of the suitability of the BSC for addressing the “factors” and the development of the conceptual framework.This study revealed that the BSC is suitable for addressing seven of the eight departmental factors hampering delivery under the “programme” and partially suitable for addressing the remaining factor. The recommendation is that the BSC be applied to the “programme” according to the conceptual framework provided. This study has contributed to knowledge by: producing an overall picture of the national framework for the delivery of subsidised housing, presenting the BSC as a suitable performance measurement tool for addressing the departmental factors hampering delivery under the “programme”, and developing a conceptual framework for any future BSC application to the “programme”. / Accounting Sciences / D. Com. (Accounting)