O déficit habitacional e a falta de acesso ao crédito habitacional, notadamente para a população de baixa renda, são problemas marcantes nos países emergentes, em especial no Brasil. A dificuldade em aliar as condições de pagamento das famílias e o preço da habitação demanda a necessidade de intervenção do Estado por meio de políticas de subsídios. Experiências em outras nações emergentes, que poderiam ser adaptadas à realidade brasileira, indicam que muitos avanços podem ser alcançados nessa área. Diante desse panorama, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a evolução do sistema de financiamento habitacional brasileiro, com foco nas políticas públicas implantadas a partir da década de 1990, além de efetuar uma comparação com as soluções encontradas pelo México a partir da década de 2000. A conclusão do trabalho indica que, para a faixa de renda analisada, de até cinco salários mínimos, o crescimento do crédito habitacional, a recente estabilidade macroeconômica e alterações no quadro institucional brasileiro não foram suficientes para solucionar o acesso da população à moradia. Propõe-se, portanto, destacar quais os principais aspectos que dificultam este acesso e como seria possível alcançar um resultado positivo nesse âmbito. / The housing deficit and the lack of access to credit, notably for the low-income population, are striking problems in emerging economies, especially in Brazil. The difficulty in combining the families\' capacity to pay and the price of housing requires the need for intervention by the State through subsidy policies. Experiences in other emerging economies - that could be adapted to the Brazilian reality - indicate that many advances can be achieved in that area. In face of this, the present study aims at analyzing the evolution of the Brazilian housing finance system, focusing on public policies held since the 1990s, as well as making a comparison to the solutions found by Mexico since the 2000s. In its conclusion, this study indicates that for the income range we chose to analyze - up to five minimum wages - housing credit growth, the recent macroeconomic stability, and changes in the Brazilian institutional framework were not enough to solve this population\'s access to housing. It is proposed therefore to highlight what the main issues that hinder this access and how it would be possible to achieve a positive outcome in that respect.

A migração acentuada para áreas urbanas e o rápido crescimento da população nas últimas décadas criaram forte demanda por habitações no Brasil e, como conseqüência, o aparecimento de graves problemas urbanos, com o aumento das necessidades habitacionais da população, principalmente no segmento de baixa renda. Uma das razões do não-atendimento dessa demanda é a dificuldade de acesso da população a habitações adequadas no setor formal. O presente trabalho fará uma análise da adequação dos programas de financiamento habitacional voltados à população de baixa renda, à luz das necessidades e limitações dessa população, visando a dar subsídios à elaboração e estruturação de programas de financiamento habitacional que possam melhorar o acesso da população de baixa renda a habitações adequadas. O texto inicialmente preocupa-se em discutir as características da população de baixa renda, como suas necessidades habitacionais, orçamento familiar e capacidade de pagar o preço da menor habitação adequada. Posteriormente, apresenta e analisa os principais programas de financiamento habitacional voltados à população de baixa renda no Brasil, discutindo seus objetivos, fontes de recursos e principais características. Por fim, o trabalho discute a adequação desses financiamentos às necessidades da população de baixa renda, seja quanto à sua capacidade de pagamento, seja quanto ao volume de recursos necessários para atender à sua demanda para aquisição de habitações adequadas, mostrando onde existem desajustes que interferem no acesso dessa população a habitações adequadas no setor formal e sugerindo realinhamentos na estruturação dos programas e no volume de recursos ofertados. / The accentuated migration to urban areas and the rapid population growth in the last decades have created strong demand for housing in Brazil and, as consequence, the appearance of serious urban problems, with an increase in the number of housing necessities, mainly in the segment of the low-income population. One of the reasons for the existence of non-attended demand is the low-income population difficulty in accessing adequate housing units in the formal market. The present dissertation will analyze the adequacy of the housing finance programs directed to low-income households, in the light of their necessities and limitations, aiming to give subsidies for the development and structuration of housing finance programs that could improve the access of the low-income population to adequate housing units. The dissertation initially discusses the characteristics of the low-income population, such as their housing necessities, familiar budget and capacity to pay the price for the smallest adequate housing unit. Later, it presents and analyzes the main housing finance programs directed to the low-income population in Brazil, discussing their objectives, sources of funds and main characteristics. Finally, the dissertation discusses the adequacy of these housing finance programs to meet the necessities of the low-income population, both in relation to their payment capacity and to the volume of resources to attend their demand for purchasing adequate housing units, showing where it is disadjusted in a way that interferes in the access of this population to adequate housing units in the formal market and suggesting realignments in the structuration of these programs and in the volume of the offered resources.

This research investigates the role of efficiency in attracting long-term finance to the mortgage sector. Within the framework of the traditional economic theory, the new institutional theory and the theory of mortgage collateral, the study investigates the efficiency of primary mortgage banks and the perceived efficiency of the larger system within which they operate using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Quantitative data were extracted from the financials of 27 mortgage banks in Nigeria, which constitute about 90% of the size of the entire industry in Nigeria, as measured by banks’ total assets. These were analyzed using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and stochastic cost frontier (SCF) analysis to determine the efficiency of mortgage banks in Nigeria. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted among 40 CEOs of mortgage banks in Nigeria to investigate the perceived efficiency of both the banks and the entire mortgage sector. This sample constitutes about 54.2% of the CEOs in the industry and represents all geopolitical zones and ethnic groups where mortgage banks exist in the country. A review of housing finance policies, systems and sources of funds in thriving emerging economies was also conducted with the aim of drawing lessons from them that are applicable to improving the efficiency of the Nigerian mortgage sector. The findings from the review formed the basis of a mixed method questionnaire survey to investigate the existing and potential sources of funds for housing finance, to assess the acceptability and suitability of lessons drawn from other countries in Nigeria and to make policy recommendations for improving the efficiency of the Nigerian mortgage sector. The findings reveal that on average, mortgage banks in Nigeria are 33% - 49% efficient compared to best practice firms within the sector. Ownership structure and bank size influence the efficiency of these banks. Banks owned by private organizations and commercial banks are more efficient than those owned by the government or religious organizations. Banks with average total assets in excess of ₦5 Billion are more technically efficient than those with total asset less than ₦5 Billion. Practitioners perceive the mortgage banks and the larger system within which they operate as only about 10% efficient. This perceived efficiency is much lower than the technical efficiency measured in the quantitative assessment. Through the lens of institutional theory, this low rating is attributed to the negative perception of the institutional structures of the mortgage sector by mortgage finance practitioners. The findings also reveal that two categories – external and internal factors – impair the efficiency of the sector. The regulative constraints account for 55% of challenges to efficiency, normative constraints account for 24%, while cultural cognitive constraints account for 21%. The study identified accumulated deposits in pension funds, unclaimed dividends, funds in dormant accounts of commercial banks and other financial institutions, and funds from insurance companies, as possible sources of long-term funds for housing finance, while a concerted effort is being made to set up a secondary mortgage facility. The findings also reveal that effective government policies, regulation and amendment of existing laws would help improve the efficiency of the mortgage banking sector and attract investors to this sector.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America, 1935. / At head of title: The Catholic University of America. The analysis relates to a section of Cleveland and is concerned with the study of the cost to the community of maintaining such an area. cf. Introd., p. [10]-[11]. Bibliography: p. xii-xiii.

A migração acentuada para áreas urbanas e o rápido crescimento da população nas últimas décadas criaram forte demanda por habitações no Brasil e, como conseqüência, o aparecimento de graves problemas urbanos, com o aumento das necessidades habitacionais da população, principalmente no segmento de baixa renda. Uma das razões do não-atendimento dessa demanda é a dificuldade de acesso da população a habitações adequadas no setor formal. O presente trabalho fará uma análise da adequação dos programas de financiamento habitacional voltados à população de baixa renda, à luz das necessidades e limitações dessa população, visando a dar subsídios à elaboração e estruturação de programas de financiamento habitacional que possam melhorar o acesso da população de baixa renda a habitações adequadas. O texto inicialmente preocupa-se em discutir as características da população de baixa renda, como suas necessidades habitacionais, orçamento familiar e capacidade de pagar o preço da menor habitação adequada. Posteriormente, apresenta e analisa os principais programas de financiamento habitacional voltados à população de baixa renda no Brasil, discutindo seus objetivos, fontes de recursos e principais características. Por fim, o trabalho discute a adequação desses financiamentos às necessidades da população de baixa renda, seja quanto à sua capacidade de pagamento, seja quanto ao volume de recursos necessários para atender à sua demanda para aquisição de habitações adequadas, mostrando onde existem desajustes que interferem no acesso dessa população a habitações adequadas no setor formal e sugerindo realinhamentos na estruturação dos programas e no volume de recursos ofertados. / The accentuated migration to urban areas and the rapid population growth in the last decades have created strong demand for housing in Brazil and, as consequence, the appearance of serious urban problems, with an increase in the number of housing necessities, mainly in the segment of the low-income population. One of the reasons for the existence of non-attended demand is the low-income population difficulty in accessing adequate housing units in the formal market. The present dissertation will analyze the adequacy of the housing finance programs directed to low-income households, in the light of their necessities and limitations, aiming to give subsidies for the development and structuration of housing finance programs that could improve the access of the low-income population to adequate housing units. The dissertation initially discusses the characteristics of the low-income population, such as their housing necessities, familiar budget and capacity to pay the price for the smallest adequate housing unit. Later, it presents and analyzes the main housing finance programs directed to the low-income population in Brazil, discussing their objectives, sources of funds and main characteristics. Finally, the dissertation discusses the adequacy of these housing finance programs to meet the necessities of the low-income population, both in relation to their payment capacity and to the volume of resources to attend their demand for purchasing adequate housing units, showing where it is disadjusted in a way that interferes in the access of this population to adequate housing units in the formal market and suggesting realignments in the structuration of these programs and in the volume of the offered resources.

O déficit habitacional e a falta de acesso ao crédito habitacional, notadamente para a população de baixa renda, são problemas marcantes nos países emergentes, em especial no Brasil. A dificuldade em aliar as condições de pagamento das famílias e o preço da habitação demanda a necessidade de intervenção do Estado por meio de políticas de subsídios. Experiências em outras nações emergentes, que poderiam ser adaptadas à realidade brasileira, indicam que muitos avanços podem ser alcançados nessa área. Diante desse panorama, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a evolução do sistema de financiamento habitacional brasileiro, com foco nas políticas públicas implantadas a partir da década de 1990, além de efetuar uma comparação com as soluções encontradas pelo México a partir da década de 2000. A conclusão do trabalho indica que, para a faixa de renda analisada, de até cinco salários mínimos, o crescimento do crédito habitacional, a recente estabilidade macroeconômica e alterações no quadro institucional brasileiro não foram suficientes para solucionar o acesso da população à moradia. Propõe-se, portanto, destacar quais os principais aspectos que dificultam este acesso e como seria possível alcançar um resultado positivo nesse âmbito. / The housing deficit and the lack of access to credit, notably for the low-income population, are striking problems in emerging economies, especially in Brazil. The difficulty in combining the families\' capacity to pay and the price of housing requires the need for intervention by the State through subsidy policies. Experiences in other emerging economies - that could be adapted to the Brazilian reality - indicate that many advances can be achieved in that area. In face of this, the present study aims at analyzing the evolution of the Brazilian housing finance system, focusing on public policies held since the 1990s, as well as making a comparison to the solutions found by Mexico since the 2000s. In its conclusion, this study indicates that for the income range we chose to analyze - up to five minimum wages - housing credit growth, the recent macroeconomic stability, and changes in the Brazilian institutional framework were not enough to solve this population\'s access to housing. It is proposed therefore to highlight what the main issues that hinder this access and how it would be possible to achieve a positive outcome in that respect.

Housing is one of the major problems in North America This problem becomes more acute daily in the urban centers as (1) the population explosion continues; (2) the process of urbanization increases; and (3) new household units are formed in greater numbers. Although in the United States and Canada there is no street sleeping and squatting as there is in India and other countries of Asia and South America, nevertheless, the inadequate conditions of housing of the slums and blighted areas result partially from the pressure for shelter caused by these three demographical factors. The problem of housing is essentially a problem of enabling every citizen to obtain decent accommodation at a price that he can afford. In addition to the demographic factors already mentioned, other dimensions of complexity of this problem are contributed by the fact that housing deficiencies correlate closely with low income levels, inferior employment and educational opportunities, and frequently, racial discrimination. This problem is further compounded by the increasing cost of housing construction. The search for further solutions to alleviate the housing problem, and the realization of the inter-relationship of housing standards, housing costs, and income led to the study hypothesis: That there is a certain family income level below which adequate housing cannot be obtained without assistance. A technological break-through in the housing industry can ease considerably the present housing problem. Of all man's necessities, however, housing has seen the fewest production changes in recent centuries. Until such breakthrough is achieved the existing resources must be used to combat the problem. Since the "New Deal" of the 1930's both the governments of Canada and the United States have actively participated in housing assistance and support programs. These programs, however, have not assisted the low income groups as much as the middle and upper income groups. Of over 73,000 FHA applications in 1967 only 5,000 were for a variety of social purposes which included low-income housing. The housing codes, urban renewal programs, and public housing projects have not yet sufficed to provide every North American family with a home of adequate standards. Governor Otto Kerner of Illinois, head of the Commission on a Civil Disorder, regards poor housing as one of the major causes of the social problems now facing almost every American city. A recent HUD study forecasts a need, greatest among the urban poor, for 22.5 million units of new housing in the next decade. The question is, how can this need be met? This study essentially reviews some of the methods by which government can assist low income families and households in obtaining adequate housing. The review begins with an examination of the nature of the housing problems in which the inter-relationship of housing standards, housing costs, and family incomes are analysed and evaluated. The conclusions from the review were; (1) that the costs of housing increase with the level of standard, and (2) that family income was the primary obstacle to adequate housing. The significant findings have been that a wider choice of methods of housing assistance can be adopted, as well as a wider choice of type and tenure of accommodations. Such range of choice can alleviate many of the present problems in urban renewal and relocation programs and most of all reduce the need for substandard dwelling units. In view of these findings and recognizing that adequate housing is in the interest of the family, the community, and the nation, the thesis investigates some of the ways by which the amount and method of assistance required by the low income groups may be determined if they are to be housed adequately. By means of the case study method the hypothesis was tested and verified. The most significant conclusion drawn from the case study is the substantiation of the validity of the hypothesis: That there is a certain family income level below which adequate housing cannot be obtained without assistance. This income level is established by the cost of minimum standard of socially and officially accepted housing. The measurement of this income level is therefore dependent on two factors: (1) determining what is the minimum housing standard for a family, with due regards to family size, and existing social, cultural, and official attitudes; and (2) determining what is the minimum cost of such standard of housing, with due regards to existing construction methodology and practices, technological skills, and available materials. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

M.B.A. / The aim of this study is to investigate whether the economic, policy / regulatory and market environments are conducive for the introduction of securitisation as a medium to attract capital to be deployed in the financing of housing in the low-to-moderate income sector. The objectives of this study are: To motivate a narrowing of the Credit Gap — the unavailability of suitable finance for houses between R20 000 and R60 000. To encourage the creation of an environment where holders of capital will be comfortable in investing such capital in housing finance and the borrowers would be willing and able to repay loans obtained for housing needs. To encourage the coming together of all stakeholders in the low-tomoderate income sector with a view to jointly addressing the problem of South Africa's housing backlog.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Financiamento Habitacional no Brasil.pdf: 636290 bytes, checksum: 6029c2e91a37894effa79ba6d8e97080 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper analyses the housing finance system adopted in Brazil. From a historic perspective, issues like funding sources, legal framework, main agents and recent development had been detailed. The main housing finance systems existing in the world are specified in the first chapter: the savings deposits, contract savings, mortgage bonds, housing banks and the secondary market for mortgages. The second chapter refers just to the secondary market for mortgages in the United States. In the third chapter we analyze specifically the recent developments of the Brazilian housing finance system. In Brazil mortgage finance is made by the financial institutions in order to fulfill the legal requirements from the strong regulation of the savings linked system, known as Sistema Brasileiro de Poupança e Empréstimo, SBPE and from the federal pension severance guarantee fund, known as Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço, FGTS. The initiative of creating a secondary market for mortgages, through the Sistema de Financiamento Imobiliário or SFI, is still very incipient. Two basic pre conditions are missing in Brazil to consolidate this system: positive macroeconomic environment, with low market interest rates; and a developed, solid and efficient primary mortgage market. For many years the macroeconomic environment consisted of high inflation and interest rates, which functioned as barriers for the mortgage market development. Today, as an effect from the high market interest rates, the mortgage business is not attractive either for the borrower or for the lenders. The demand for mortgage credit must get adapted to the existing products in an oligopoly financial market, which excludes the majority of the Brazilian families, whose income is not sufficient to access a credit, and contributes to improve the informal sector. / Este trabalho efetua uma análise do modelo de financiamento habitacional adotado pelo Brasil. A partir de uma breve perspectiva histórica, são detalhados os principais instrumentos de captação, aspectos de regulação legal, agentes e desempenho recente. No primeiro capítulo estão especificados os principais modelos de financiamento habitacional presentes no mundo atual, o sistema de depósitos de poupança, contratos de poupança prévia, títulos hipotecários, bancos habitacionais públicos e mercado secundário de hipotecas. O segundo capítulo trata especificamente do mercado secundário de hipotecas nos Estados Unidos. No terceiro capítulo analisamos especificamente a evolução recente do modelo de financiamento habitacional brasileiro. No Brasil a atividade de crédito imobiliário é exercida pelas instituições financeiras apenas em decorrência da obrigatoriedade imposta pela regulamentação do Sistema Brasileiro de Poupança e Empréstimo e do Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço. A iniciativa de criação de um mercado secundário de hipotecas no Brasil, através do Sistema de Financiamento Imobiliário, o SFI, ainda é extremamente incipiente. Duas pré-condições básicas inexistem no Brasil para consolidar o sistema: ambiente macroeconômico favorável caracterizado por baixas taxas de juros; e existência de um mercado primário de crédito imobiliário desenvolvido, confiável e eficiente. As conjunturas macroeconômicas, caracterizadas ao longo de muitos anos ambientes de alta inflação e taxas de juros, serviram como um entrave ao desenvolvimento do mercado de crédito imobiliário. Atualmente, devido às elevadas taxas de juros de mercado, o negócio não é atrativo nem para os mutuários nem para as instituições financeiras. Já a demanda por financiamentos imobiliários, é obrigada a adaptar-se aos produtos existentes em um mercado financeiro oligopolizado, que exclui assim a maioria das famílias do país, cujos rendimentos não são suficientes para acessar um crédito imobiliário, e contribui para o avanço da informalidade.

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