ABSTRACT LOCAL DYNAMICS IN THE PROCESS OF CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION PROJECTS IN KASTAMONU Aysu Kes M.Sc., Urban Policy Planning and Local Governments Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycioglu January 2006, 102 pages The aim of this thesis is to understand the local participation dynamics in Turkey, especially in the cities with small populations. The conservation and restoration projects in Kastamonu were chosen as the case in order to achieve this aim. These projects include the restoration and reuse of historical/traditional houses in Turkey. The research was focused on the stakeholders in relation to these projects in order to be able to examine the social processes with regard to the local participation in Kastamonu. The major data collection method of this research was interviews with three groups of stakeholders. These stakeholders were the decision- makers, the owners of the houses, and the local people. For the research, 41 interviews were conducted in November 2004 in Kastamonu. The interviews included questions with regard to perceptions of the respondents about the issues of participation and decision- making dynamics, as well as the conception of sense of place, through the conservation and restoration processes. All these interviews were recorded and transcribed for discourse analysis. There are three major findings of this thesis. Firstly, the stakeholders do not have a consistent perception of what participation is. This leads to the second finding that the level of interaction and the level of participation are low among the stakeholders. Thirdly, the conservation and restoration projects in Kastamonu are perceived as economic investments by the vast majority of people. The heritage and cultural value of the houses are less frequently referred to.

Urban development plans in the Turkish planning system envision that a time would come and the spatial development of any city would be completed in the specific planning period. The allegation of the planning system is to control every detail during urban development. However, the static nature of development plans within the regulatory context cannot provide strategies to manage the dynamic nature of the socio-political context. This contradictory situation involves tensions in planning control mechanisms and creates cleavages within the spatial context. &amp / #8216 / Changes in the spatial context&amp / #8217 / are the indicators of such cleavages. They are conceived to be significant since they might enhance or erode the distinctiveness of a place. To the extent that possibility of change is disregarded in static nature of urban development plans, plan modifications become the primary tools for emergence of the &amp / #8216 / changes in spatial context&amp / #8217 / . They usually emerge through individual actions and individuals begin to produce their own pattern of urbanism in the urban built environment. Management and control of &amp / #8216 / changes in the spatial context&amp / #8217 / is at the very center of the study. It is about shaping the physical form of development rights. The study aims to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative influence of plan modifications on the spatial context through a study within the whole contexts of planning control mechanisms. Hence, the study also concentrates on the operation of planning control mechanisms in the Turkish planning system. The plan modifications are evaluated throughout a detailed analysis held within boundaries of Municipality of Greater Mersin.

For long, industrial archaeological buildings were perceived as unaesthetic objects abandoned at the core of cities, inhibiting spatial and economic development. Much of the industrial heritage were demolished under the modernization discourses of the governments, and as the effects of urbanization and globalization movements. However, especially after the mid-20th century, the issue of conserving the industrial heritage, which was initiated as a disciplinary movement, caused to a change of the mentality in developed societies, which aimed the demolishment of these buildings. In these societies many developments occurred for conserving the industrial heritage. Today, many nations perceive this heritage as a tool of social, spatial and economic development of cities. On the other hand, Maltepe Gas and Electric Factory, which was listed in 1991, still cannot be regenerated since this date. The main aim of this thesis is to clarify the problems that lie behind the conservation problem of Maltepe Gas and Electric Factory landscape, and to propose solutions for the regeneration of the site. The thesis, also aims to put forth the industrial archaeological history of Ankara, to emphasize the significance of this industrial complex. In doing so, after designationg the industrialization history of the city, industrial-spatial evolution of the Maltepe Gas and Electric Factory had been discussed. Then, after clarifying the problems that threaten the regeneration of the landscape, solutions were seeked from the experiences of post-industrial countries. At the end of the thesis, based on the local context, a solution is proposed for the regeneration of the landscape in the framework of conserving the industrial archaeological heritage.

Urban land prices have important effects on urban development and locational distribution of land-uses. Housing is one of those sectors. There are high-density residential areas covering high-rise apartments at the city center where the land prices are quite high. Here, sizes of the plots and the housing units are relatively small. However, land prices begin to decrease with the increasing distance from the city center and the production of low-density, low-rise housing which is economically unfeasible at the center turns to be feasible for the housebuilders at the outskirts. Low-rise houses at the urban fringe provides various opportunities for the households. In these areas, plots and housing units are relatively larger due to cheap and available land. In addition to this, better urban services, quiet and clean environment as well as privacy contribute to create a livable urban environment. However, households living in low-rise housing units are subject to high transportation and maintenance costs. It is expected that they would compensate these costs with larger housing units, prestigious urban environment and many opportunities that their neighborhoods offer. Urbanization processes may be differ from one country to another with respect to the socio-economic and political structures, and the environmental characteristics. In that sense, low-rise housing areas at the urban fringe of Ankara were found to be developed highly compatible with urban land use theories / but different from the processes experienced in developed countries, to some extent. With regard to these, low-rise housing development in Ankara is discussed according to plan decisions, housebuilders, households and urban development pattern, considering the theoretical basis and historical processes.

This thesis addresses a combination of offline and online factors influencing negotiations of a belonging identity among millennials. Born between mid-1980s and 1990s, the millennials constitute the first generation to negotiate their belonging identity amidst local and internet mediated social interactions (Howe & Strauss 2000: 4). Drawing on the experiences of 46 millennial Poles located in Glasgow, Scotland, and using a mixture of social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner 1979), symbolic interactionism (Cooley 2005; Mead 1982; 1967; Goffman 1959) and postmodern interpretations (Bauman 2011; 2007; 2004a; 2004b), I examine the millennials’ experiences in negotiating their belonging identity across virtual and real-life locations by applying a qualitative and culturally tailored methodology, including semi-structured, open-ended interviews. The key research questions address the nature, process, and challenges inherent in negotiations of belonging identity, including the manner millennial Poles in Glasgow experience the contemporary multicultural and multilocal environments. The data is analyzed according to the emerging themes, such as the role of family and education system in Poland, as well as the impact of online interactions that enhance and broaden the belonging identity negotiation. Particularly, the digital (hyperlocal) dimension points to the emergence of a novel type of time-bound belonging, a now-here identity, which stands in a stark contrast to the previous, spatially-based conceptualizations, including that of the nowhere belonging of Bauman (2007; 2004b). Additionally, the thesis challenges the dominant metanarrative of ‘migrant’, it being the omnipresent stigmatizing moniker for non-citizen residents. Applying an intersectional perspective (Crenshaw 1989; 1991; Collins 2015; 1990; 1986), the research exposes in particular the ethnic and class discrimination encoded into the word ‘migrant’, with its connotations of a lesser-value identity (Klekowski von Koppenfels 2014) and non-belonging. The research also enhances transnational, networks and mobilities theories by applying social identity theory and symbolic interactionism into analyses of experiences of migration, and thereby challenges the prevalent citizenship identity discourse by highlighting instead the diversity of multicultural and multilocal affiliations. In regards to methodological contributions, the research emphasizes the significance of culturally sensitive and individually tailored methodology that acknowledges cultural subjectivity and is aware of a variety of interpretations. The research advocates a development of non-discriminatory theoretical and methodological approaches that recognize ongoing social and cultural changes brought by digitalization of information and the emergence of multilocalities.

In the long history of Olympic urbanisation, the creation of an “Olympic Park” where various Olympic facilities are concentrated has been favoured by both host cities and the International Olympic Committee (IOC), due to the regenerative opportunity it presents and its management advantages during the Games. Yet the usages and financial viability of such an approach after the Games were questioned by past Olympic cities, such that turning the post-Olympic Park into a multifunctional “mixed-use” urban precinct rather than a mono-functional sporting quarter was the approach taken in Sydney and London. This thesis explores the evolution of the mixed-use vision, its governance and integration into the wider urban tissues in the pre-bid, post-bid and post-Olympic phases, through the cases of the Sydney and London Olympic Parks, and highlights the evolution from Sydney to London. This long-term analysis shows that the vision of the mixed-use Olympic Park originated as a mixture of the existing urban socio-economic aspiration and the specific spatial demands of the Olympic Games. This evolved in different planning climates, along with changes in the governance of the Olympics and legacy planning. I argue that while in the case of Sydney the governance of the legacy in each phase was confined within the designated planning timeframe and focused on the vision within the Olympic Park, London’s approach was more overlapping and extended beyond the boundary of the Olympic site, which created a considerable difference in terms of the realisation of the initial mixed-use vision and integration with adjacent neighbourhoods. Although the thesis traces the evolution from Sydney to London, it also suggests how these cities shared the limits of their entrepreneurial urban governance through the application of the public–private partnership model to legacy planning and challenges in satisfying both local and regional political aspirations for the post-Olympic Park.

Until recently research on the history of psychiatry was largely focused on the institutions where this controversial branch of medicine emerged, on its practitioners, treatments, theories and clinical practices, and the shifting social, institutional and legal contexts in which it has developed. Two pioneering figures in the histories of psychiatry and medicine, Michel Foucault and Roy Porter, opened the historiographical field up to much broader perspectives, expanding the range of sources and interpretations to encompass a wide-lens focus on matters such as the relationships between histories of madness and rationality, ‘the patient’s view’ and ‘anti-authority struggles’ by psychiatric patients. The study undertaken here seeks to develop aspects of the historiographical approaches advanced by Foucault and Porter by investigating how psychiatric patients engaged in collective action and campaigned for reform to mental health services in late twentieth-century Scotland. Through an excavation, description and analysis of untapped archival and oral history sources, I chart the spaces of emergence and trace the intersecting lines of descent of the ‘Scottish user movement’ in the era of deinstitutionalisation. By examining the records of patient groups and oral history interviews with activists, I reveal how this small but significant social movement was formed through the interplay between top-down social and governmental practices and bottom-up resistance and action by patients. The study makes visible the characters, voices, settings, events and actions, which made up the changing discursive and social practices of patients groups in Scotland over the last half-century.

I suggest that asking the question of whether to refuse or celebrate what is labeled as the Arab-Muslim doll today would result in proposing a false argument. What is relevant here instead, are the interdisciplinary forces embodied in this object as a whole. In the field of cultural studies, the forces that matter are not embodied only in the object itself, but also in the dimensions circulating around and expanding from this object and their critical roles within different contexts. Thus the significance of the Arab Muslim doll is crucially in its complex construction and position within contemporary Lebanon. What matters are the multiple ways in which this politically-charged object interacts with and affects its particular settings. It is not a coincidence that an Arab Muslim doll appears on the market shelves in these unfortunate times that the region is witnessing. Nonetheless, it is the specific existence of this doll within the Arab Muslim contestation in current Lebanon that poses questions on the pertinence and role of this object. The hallmark of this doll is in being a polymorphous object metonym to the flexibility, cultural hybridization and fluidity of contemporary Lebanon.

Using the concept of coping strategies, this thesis is essentially concerned with the way young women in Mozambique achieve social well-being during the life event of unintended pregnancy. Unintended pregnancy in Mozambique places significant strain on informal and formal relationships, educational access, economic stability and the maintenance of good health. It also has significant implications for young women’s roles, responsibilities and status within families and communities (CEDAW 2005). Twenty one qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were completed with young women (16-19 years old) who have recently had an unintended pregnancy, as well as eight focus groups using a vignette with young women (16–21 years old) from youth associations and fourteen individual interviews with key informants (those working in the area of sexual and reproductive health with youth and adolescents). From these three forms of rich data, the relationships young women have with others, the negotiations they engage in and the coping strategies they employ are illuminated. This research contributes to an increased understanding of unintended pregnancy and the ways young women respond and ‘cope’ with this life event (as a process) largely via different forms of social interaction. The chosen methodology was designed to elicit this type of knowledge drawing on different disciplinary interpretations of coping strategies. Although unintended or early pregnancy in young women has developed as a key social development concern in recent years (Hainsworth 2002; Mahy 2002; Westoff 2003; UNFPA 2007), this research indicates that policy strategists in Mozambique struggle to develop adequate and effective intervention in response. The narratives shared by young women, and the analysis developed through chapters four to seven builds a complex picture for intervention, as family relationships remain a major factor for social and economic well-being. The socially and culturally constructed nature and predominant location within families mean that macro strategies and community level intervention has limited impact during unintended pregnancy. Strengthening relational strategies (both formal and informal) through social development intervention is therefore necessary for young women to access social and organisational resources for coping and social well-being. By using the concept of coping strategies, the juxtaposition of ‘copers’ and ‘non-copers’, the relationship between agency and structure, the strategies employed at different levels, the significance of social interaction and coping as a process has been opened up to scrutiny. This thesis not only evaluates and critiques models of social development, but also argues that the concept of coping strategies can be usefully applied to inform social development in ways that address both individual and collective wellbeing.

For more than a century now, malaria has been a major public health problem in Ghana which consequently has been one of the country’s sources of underdevelopment due to economic losses, high rate of morbidity and mortality. Faced with this problem, the last ten years has seen a commitment from the Ghanaian government to address the issue by establishing a policy that would transform the way the disease is prevented and controlled. The transformation of the management of the disease by the use of intersectoral collaboration strategy (ISC) was to ensure the inclusion of the grass root community members who were hitherto excluded from participating in policymaking process of the national malaria control programme (NMCP) activities. The idea was that by allowing the communities to participate, members would be empowered to have ownership of programme activities, could accept the challenges associated with the control of the disease, and above all contribute more effectively to the success of the policy goal of minimising the persistence of malaria in Ghana. However, over ten years now, no systematic study has been done to access the extent to which this policy goal has been rhetoric or a reality. This thesis therefore seeks to examine this vision by investigating the extent to which the community members are allowed by the health authorities to participate in this policy strategy. Drawing on the case studies in the rural and urban districts in Ghana, the practical reality of the degree of community participation in ISC has been explored. In addition, the roles played by the community members in malaria control programme activities were examined with the aim of understanding the importance of communities in malaria control efforts. Finally, the barriers to participation as well as the extent of the institutional involvement in ISC and its possibility to facilitate community participation have also been examined. Overall, the evidence from the study findings demonstrated that the established strategy of ISC has not significantly promoted community participation in the NMCP activities. While the communities were consulted on malaria issues, they were often excluded from the final decision-making on issues that needed to be acted upon. Consequently, the communities have no guarantee that their views will be considered during the final deliberation in which they have little or no part to play. In spite of this, the study found that through various ways, the community members had been playing a number of significant roles in the control activities. These roles included: supporting health staff in their outreach services, contributing in managing the environment, providing assistance in the monitoring and evaluation of malaria programmes and finally assisting victims to cope with the disease. The findings also indicated that without a number of barriers, certain existing contextual factors (e.g. good level of horizontal integration and political structures and social-cultural institutions) potentially could have contributed to the community participation. From the views of health officials, these barriers were the powers of central bureaucratic structures and lack of resources whilst the community members perceived poverty, lack of support from the local health authorities, the precarious nature of their livelihood and traditional culture as those factors that have undermined participation. These barriers were structural and as such tackling any one barrier in isolation was not likely to solve the malaria problem. Besides, no one government sector, on its own, through participation, could make it possible for the community members to have a full ownership of the control programme activities as well as develop a culture of malaria prevention and control. Thus in the context of the study sites, the study concluded that although there is no evidence to suggest that ISC has enhanced full community participation, the strategy should be commended. In reality, the finding indicated that through ISC strategy many sectors including the community have become more aware of malaria problem and communicate more to solve the problem together. In the light of this, the study finds joint action in the form of ISC across many government sectors as a potential solution if these barriers are to be dealt with in a more strategic way rather than a piecemeal manner. In conclusion, it has been argued that with such a complex problem like malaria, ISC with community participation in policy making process is both a necessary and sufficient condition in reducing malaria persistence in the study sites. The health sector must work collaboratively with other related sectors and it is with such collaborative efforts that can change the attitudes of the community members. Changes in behavioural attitudes are paramount if communities’ activities that affect the environment and promote breeding of mosquitoes are to be minimised. Thus with ISC strategy, what is further needed are: proper control planning that will ensure better coordination amongst sectors, adequate resources and behavioural change by the community members themselves. Each of these factors, I believe should not work in isolation, rather must work together otherwise malaria persistence in Ghana will not go away anytime soon.