O objetivo deste estudo foi o de verificar a adequação do uso do Consentimento Informado em participantes de projetos de pesquisa na área da saúde, através da avaliação integrada de seus componentes de informação e consentimento. Foram realizados três estudos. Os dois primeiros envolveram aspectos da avaliação da capacidade das pessoas e do repasse de informações, sendo preparatórios ao terceiro. A amostra do terceiro estudo foi constituída por 59 participantes de seis projetos de pesquisa. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando testes paramétricas, não-paramétricas e Análise de Correspondência. A avaliação do componente de informação incluiu a análise da dificuldade de leitura dos Termos de Consentimento Informado. Dois destes documentos apresentaram estrutura de texto considerada difícil e os outros quatro, estrutura muito difícil, utilizando-se os Índices de Legibilidade. Todos os 59 indivíduos foram considerados capazes de tomarem decisões para participarem de uma pesquisa. A maioria dos participantes afirmou ter recebido explicações prévias (52,8%), ter compreendido as informações (55,9%), não ter recebido resposta às suas dúvidas (76,3%) e achado inacessível o Termo de Consentimento Informado (74,6%). Os participantes não lembraram, seletivamente, dos riscos do projeto. As conclusões foram: que os Termos de Consentimento Informado tinham textos compatíveis com escolaridade mais elevada que a da maioria dos participantes; que os riscos não foram relembrados pela maioria dos participantes; que 44,1% das pessoas convidadas autorizaram a sua participação nos projetos de pesquisa sem terem compreendido o que lhes estava sendo proposto em termos de procedimentos, riscos ou benefícios. / The objective of this dissertation is to examine the adequacy of informed consent instruments used in health research projects involving human subjects, through an integrated analysis of the information and consent components which are part of informed consent. The project was divided into three studies. The first two studies were related to the evaluation of people' s capabilities and of how information was given. These were carried out in preparation for the third study. The sample for this third study was constituted of 59 people who had participated in six different research projects carried out at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). The data were statistically analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests, as well as correspondence analysis. The evaluation of the information component included an analysis of the degree of difficulty involved in reading and understanding the six different lnformed Consent Forms analyzed. For that, the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Levei was used. The textual structure of two of these documents was considered difficult, whereas the structure of the remaining four documents was considered very difficult. Ali of the 59 participants were considered capable of deciding whether or not to participate in a research project. The majority of the participants reported that they had received explanations prior to signing the consent form (52.8%), that they had understood the information (55.9%), that they had not received answers to questions raised (76.3% ), and that they were unable to understand the lnformed Consent form (74.6%). The participants did not selectively remember the risks involved in the particular research projects they had participated in. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the lnformed Consent Forms had been written for readers with more schooling than most of the participants; that most participants were not able to remember the risks involved in the research projects they had participated in; that 44.1 °/Ó of those invited to participate in a project had consented to do so without understanding what was being proposed in terms of procedures, risks, or benefits.

Social responsibility in research with human beingsIt seems anachronistic to keep on talking of ethics and bioethics in a globalized culture. All ethics is based on a responsibility that acknowledges the value of the other because it forces an answer and this answer is supposed to be free. The exercise of freedom improves, grows, increases when limits are part of it. The possibilities of the answer are constructed by exchange when the limits act upon the behavior of the individual. In bioethics there is a strong tendency to associate responsibility with acts of individual relation. This neglects the strictly solidary character of responsibility. Freedom is conditioned by equality but much more by solidarity. Solidarity forces us to accept limits imposed to us by coexistence. Health is the space where this becomes relevant. Therefore it is necessary to think of social responsibility from a bioethics perspective based on human rights, especially on the right to health. This work does precisely that, focusing on research with human beings. / Seguir hablando de ética, de bioética, en una cultura globalizada como la actual parece anacrónico. Toda ética supone la responsabilidad en tanto reconocedora del valor del otro, porque obliga a la respuesta y la supone libre. El ejercicio de la libertad se mejora, crece, aumenta, cuando los límites son parte de ella, cuando los límites actúan sobre la conducta del individuo acrecentando las posibilidades de la respuesta que se va construyendo como intercambio.Cuando planteamos cuestiones desde la bioética hay una fuerte tendencia a asociar la responsabilidad con actos de relación individual, olvidando su carácter estrictamente solidario. La libertad está condicionada por la igualdad pero mucho más por la solidaridad. La solidaridad nos obliga a aceptar los límites que nos impone la convivencia. La salud es el espacio donde esto queda puesto de relevancia. Por ello, es necesario pensar la responsabilidad social desde una bioética sustentada sobre los derechos humanos, especialmente el derecho a la salud. Esto es lo que se hace en este trabajo tomando como eje de reflexión las investigaciones con humanos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pierre Santos Castro.pdf: 673554 bytes, checksum: bc3f36f492b0fadb8a880e2bc6560738 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-20 / In Brazil, we are around 170.000.000 Brazilians. A number about 3% of Brazilian population would get benefits with researches involving stem cells, as science promises. In this work we deal with life of 5.000.000 people without measuring the number of unborn which are in labs. The law that treats Brazilian biosecurity is law 11.105/05, however this law assails constitutional laws. Considering the Magna Carta the maxim law in our nation, this work treats the inconstitutionabilty of this biosecurity law cause by some aspects like using embryos as human cavies to foment researches as it says the article 5º of the law 11.105/05, which assails the constitutional right to life inserted at this article of the C.F. Keeping human lives in labs, considering that the surplus embryos are frozen, attacks the dignity of human beings, as it says the article 1º inc. III C.F and rejecting embryos which are frozen for more than three years is also figured an attempt against life and dignity of the human being, article 1º inc. III C.F. We argue the researches with stem cells: cells of embryos which presents the capability of overcoming in cell of any tissue of the organism, as we believe that it would be necessary to sacrifice the human embryos concepted in vitro and it takes us to a legal and ethic issue. The ethic values important to legal protection were discussed in the promulgation of Federal Constitution in 1998. Such values of human life are clausulas petreas of our Magna Carta and in order to revise these questions, only a new constitution would be able to. While developing this work, we will analyze the foreign law, the scientific, philosophical and religious values that figurate the ethic values inserted in legislation and which in a great number defend life, the human being and the fraternity between humans, as well the scientific theories as the Conception Theory, Nidaton Theory, Formation Theory of rudiments and juridical laws as the Natality Theory, Conditional Theory and Conceptions Theory. / Considerando a população brasileira um número em torno 170.000.000 pessoas, sabe-se que cerca de 3% dessa população brasileira poderia ser beneficiada pelas pesquisas com células-tronco embrionárias, como promete a ciência. Neste trabalho abordamos a vida de cerca de 5.000.000 de pessoas sem se tentar medir a quantidade de nascituros que já se encontram concebidos em laboratório. A Lei que trata da biossegurança brasileira é a lei 11.105/05 (Lei de Biossegurança), porém essa lei fere direitos constitucionais. Por ser a Carta magna a lei máxima da nossa nação, esse trabalho trata da inconstitucionalidade de tal lei ocasionada por certos aspectos como à utilização dos embriões como cobaias humanas para fins de pesquisas conforme autoriza a cabeça do artigo 5º da lei 11.105/05, que fere o direito constitucional à vida inserido no artigo 5º da C.F. Consideramos também que a guarda em laboratórios de vidas humanas congeladas já que os embriões excedentes se encontram nos laboratórios congelados, fere a dignidade da pessoa humana, conforme artigo 1º inc. III C.F; e o descarte dos embriões congelados a mais de três anos que também configuraria atentado contra a vida e a dignidade da pessoa humana, artigo 1º inc. III C.F. Questionamos assim, as pesquisas com as células-tronco embrionárias; células de embrião que apresentam a capacidade de se transformar em células de qualquer tecido de um organismo, pois seria necessário sacrificar os embriões humanos fecundados in vitro o que nos remete a um problema legal e ético. Os valores éticos relevantes de proteção legal foram discutidos na promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Esses valores são cláusulas pétreas da nossa carta magna e para se rever tais questões, só por meio de uma nova constituição. No decorrer do trabalho, analisaremos o direito estrangeiro, os valores científicos, filosóficos e religiosos que configuram os valores éticos inseridos na legislação e que na sua grande maioria, defendem a vida, o ser humano, e a fraternidade entre os seres humanos, bem como as teorias cientificas como a Teoria da Fecundação, Teoria da Nidação e Teoria da Formação de Rudimentos e as teorias jurídicas como a Teoria Natalista, Teoria Condicional e a Teoria concepcionistada.

Human wildlife conflict is a considerable conservation challenge that threatens many carnivore species worldwide and is a result of complex socio-economic and ecological processes. An understanding of the drivers of conflict is essential for any efforts to achieve coexistence. This study investigated the levels of conflict, livestock management and tolerance amongst the farming communities of the Southern and Western Kalahari in Botswana. A questionnaire survey was completed with 310 farmers throughout the region. The majority of respondents regarded coexisting with carnivores as a challenge, with losses due to depredation perceived as the greatest problem facing farmers. Conflict was widespread throughout the study area, with some spatial variations for certain species. Cattle management levels were low and while smallstock management was better, the use of improved levels of management could reduce current levels of conflict. Tolerance levels were generally low with few respondents seeing the benefits of coexistence with carnivore species. The results indicated that farm type, gender, education level, source of income, livestock numbers, location and land use all have an effect on perceived conflict and tolerance levels and strongly interact with each other. In general cattleposts were characterised by higher proportions of females, lower education levels, more benefits derived from wildlife and veld products and fewer livestock than fenced ranches. They also experienced more conflict, carried out more management and had better tolerance levels. It could be that closer connections to the land and deriving benefits from natural resources resulted in more tolerance and this is certainly worth further investigation. An improvement in the use of effective methods of livestock management, targeted environmental education programs to develop a greater awareness for the conservation value of carnivores and a diversification of livelihoods to include benefits from natural resources have the potential to reduce conflict and improve tolerance in the Kalahari region.

M.Ed. / The literature study cleary revealed that the continuous interaction of human beings with their environment is beneficial both to the environment and to human beings, but with a price attached which has to be paid by the environment. The price paid is evident in the environmental problems with which the world is currently faced. The environmental crisis is characterised by an increase in the human population which is threatening the earth at an alarming rate and which leads in turn to soil erosion, air and water pollution and the application of destructive pressure on resources. The habitats of natural life forms are currently in the process of disappearing and certain species have already become extinct (Smith, Carlson, Masters & Donaldson, s.a.:3). UNESCO-UNEP (1988:25/30/31) corroborated the above by indicating that the primary problem involved in respect of all environmental problems is the population explosion, which places more pressure on resources (plants, animals, energy, water, soil and air). The interaction of human beings with nature has, in fact, entailed certain advantages for nature, but at the same time has also created new problems which have plunged the environment into a crisis. There is ample proof to be found in literature that an environmental crisis has been identified and that possible solutions to the problem have been found. The call to action culminated in 1972 in the Stockholm Conference, which was attended by world government structures. The outcome of this was the Belgrade Charter of 1975. Subsequently, the awakening of environmental awareness reached a catalytic phase in 1977 with the Tbilisie Conference which laid the foundation for the establishment fo principles, objectives and aims for Environmental Education. The central role which should be played by the educationist in this connection, is clearly outlined: Agenda 21 (Chapter 36): "...education is critical for the promotion of sustained development" (EEP1, 1995b:12). In every respect, South Africa forms part of this international environmental issue. The fact that this is, in fact, generally realised is evident in the White Paper on Environmental Education of 1989, which was a result of the meeting on Environmental Education at Treverton College, Mooi River. The term Environmental Education is now recognised as a full-fledged concept in its own right in formal education (White Paper on Education and Training (1995:20); the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) document (1994); the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) document (1994:6); and the Committee on teacher eduction policy [norms and standards for teacher education] (Cotep) document (1995:41)), as quoted by Joubert & S teen kamp (1995:26/27). In this way, the problem of the community has also become the problem of the school curricula. It should therefore be accepted that schools should accord a high priority to environmentally-related problems in the community. The central role played by the teacher in environmental awareness is corroborated by various documents and writers. Two quotations will suffice in this connection: The Brutland report of 1987 states the problem as follows: '... the world's teachers ... have a crucial role to play in helping to bring about the extensive social changes needed for sustainable development" (EEPI, 1995b:12). Knapp (1975:209), as quoted by Raath (1994:4) states in this connection: Teachers and students alike can teach a lot about care and respect for the environment. They can also teach disregard and destruction of the earth": In this study, the status of the knowledge of aspirant teachers was revealed in respect of six environmental issues, namely, overpopulation, air pollution, water, soil, and plant and animal species. The relationship between factors such as external responsibility, restriction on individuals and responsibility for environmental education were also investigated. The respondents were comprised of aspirant teachers (final-year student teachers) of three South African Universities, namely the Rand Afrikaans University, the University of the Orange Free State and Vista (Free State) in the following study fields: Languages, Mathematics, Humanities, Economics and Physical Sciences, as well as other fields.

The goal of this work was to integrate multiple levels of analysis in an attempt to clarify our understanding of a wealth of data examining sexual and emotional intimacy. The current work presented an empirical attempt to reconcile the notion of biologically constrained behavior with a perspective emphasizing evolved psychological mechanisms.

This project articulates the foundational purpose for environmental fairs and how they encourage an environmentally literate and responsible citizenry.

The thesis called Illegal work deals with illegal employment of foreigners in the Czech Republic, which is in most cases connected with trafficking in human beings for the purpose of forced labor. The first chapter is generally devoted to the definition of the concept of illegal work under Act No. 435/2004 Coll. on Employment and Act No. 262/2006 Coll. Labour Code. The second chapter brings the view of the employee, employer and the state on illegal work. The following third chapter focuses on the sectors in which illegal work occurs most often. The fourth chapter describes the working conditions of employees who are illegally employed and are exploited in every possible way, especially in terms of pay, working conditions or working hours. The fifth chapter contains factors that affect the exploitation of migrant workers and trafficking in human beings for the purpose of forced labor. The sixth chapter is devoted to the control bodies of the state administration, such as the State Labor Inspection Office, the Customs Office, the Labor Office and the Foreign Police. The seventh and last chapter of the theoretical part deals with possible ways of prevention in the field of illegal employment. The eighth chapter contains a practical part in which the quantitative method is used, while the technique of...

The aim of the thesis is to investigate the crime of Trafficking in human beings from the point of view of substantive criminal law in the Czech Republic, to analyze its weaknesses and propose their solution. The investigation should include an assessment of whether the Czech Republic's regulation is in line with international law obligations to criminalize this crime. In this work, compilation, legal-historical, analytical and general and legal interpretation methods are used. The first part is an introduction to the issue of human trafficking. This part introduces the subject of the social deviant phenomenon and points out the necessity of its perception in various, not only legal, fields. The following is a historical outline of the development of looking at human trafficking. In the second, fundamental part of the thesis, there is an analysis of the valid substantive criminal law, which deals with human trafficking. This hermeneutic-critical analysis serves to determine the problems that are proposed in the third part of the thesis. The work for quality analysis explores the historical basis of the legal regulation of the crime of trafficking in human beings. It also sets out the three most important sources of international law, which affect the current regulation and compares whether they are...

Thesis advisor: Jane Flanagan / Background: Over the past decade, increasing numbers of emerging adults, defined as ages 18 to 22, have journeyed to the United States (US) from Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Upon arrival to the US, many experience inequities in health and healthcare access. The inequities are shaped by US political practices and choices attributed to broad structural and systemic-level barriers within planetary, social, economic and necropolitical forces. Applying a critical framework of antiracism, anti-oppression and anticolonialism, nurses and other healthcare providers must seek to understand the health patterning and life experiences of emerging adult im/migrants from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador so that their health and healthcare needs may be supported. Approach: This qualitative research project aimed to explore health patterning of emerging adult immigrants from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador using the nursing specific research praxis of Health as Expanding Consciousness (HEC). The second aim explored themes across the group. Critical posthuman, feminist, and new materialist assumptions also informed the approach to the study. Between June 2021 to November 2022 thirteen emerging adult participants from Guatemala and Honduras were interviewed twice. Enrollment occurred through community-based recruitment and snowball sampling methods. Each person’s individual story was explored using the HEC praxis method. Results: Participants’ stories uncovered unique profiles with situated, context-specific individual health patterning. Four themes were identified across stories using the qualitative analytic method of Sort and Sift, Think and Shift: Family is Fundamental, The Journey Holds Meaning, Opportunities Exist Amidst Constraints, and Movement and Art are Healing. Conclusions: The discussion section reviews main implications for building critical nursing praxis; understanding intersections of health, nursing care and human mobility; advancing nursing policy for people excluded from care; advancing research using HEC praxis as a caring act of accompaniment; and transforming nursing education for social justice and radical possibility. Im/migration and asylum-seeking were viewed as fundamental human rights including critically advancing the right to health and safety for people in mobility contexts. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.