Human/wildlife interactions at the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge were investigated in this research. Personal interviews and a mapping exercise were used to examine a variety of questions about recreational use. These included visitor backgrounds (their recreational histories, socioeconomic profiles, and past refuge visits), their perceptions (of current and proposed management policies, and visitor effects on wildlife), and their experiences of the refuge (their activities, most memorable experiences and exploration of the environment). Most visitors questioned were middle-aged individuals who resided in New Mexico. The refuge's unique character--its diversity of wildlife and landscape features--was perceived as its greatest asset. Visitors saw the refuge as a wildlife sanctuary, protected and controlled by officials who prevented visitors from having damaging impacts on the resource. While visitors differed by season of visit and purpose of visit, most did agree that the refuge should be managed for the sake of wildlife first. After that, visitors felt that it should be managed for the sake of recreation. Snow Geese responses to certain visitor behaviors were also examined. Simulations of visitor behaviors were made in the presence of small groups of geese. Behavioral observations of geese were made prior to, during, and after simulations. Environmental factors (weather, habitat, and temporal) were also examined. This analysis revealed a general tendency among geese to respond to visitor simulations in characteristic ways. However, variations in geese responses were also observed. Several factors may have most strongly influenced geese behavior. The predictability of visitor behaviors as perceived by geese influenced their patterns of response. Then too, certain environmental factors (habitat and temporal) were important, as well as the particular nature of the animal behaviors themselves. This research indicates that significant transactions occur between people, animals, and the environment. Understanding them is crucial in managing natural resources for ecological as well as recreational values.

The applications of multispectral and morphometric image analysis to soil thin section descriptions is examined. It is shown that unsupervised classification and contrast stretching can be used to enhance and label features of interest. Morphometric measurements, allow the shape and abundance of features in thin sections to be compared and statistical relationships established. This method of analysis offers a precision beyond that which is possible using a qualitative approach. Using soil micromorphology as the main analytical technique a case study was carried out to evaluate the applicability of image analysis to an investigation of an archaeological site at Lairg in northern Scotland. The interactions of anthropogenic activity and pedogenesis since the Bronze Age is examined. The condition of the soils prior to the Bronze Age is not known because no buried soils predated this period. Evidence suggests that in freely draining situations complete podzols might have formed by this time. During the Bronze and Iron Age intensive cultivation of soils occurred with associated erosion. In areas of the site, where human activity is dated to the Post Medieval period, deepening of A horizons is apparent and the soils are maintained as Brown Podzols. In many areas where human activity stops stagnopodzols are the dominant soil type. The potential of image analysis to aid soil micromorphological descriptions is demonstrated. Contrast stretching aided a qualitative subdivision of thin section slides during the case study. Morphometric analysis confirmed a relationship between shape of voids and c/f ratios in an Iron Age buried A horizon, A PM buried A horizon and an undated deep topsoil. It is concluded that the full benefits of image analysis, when used as a routine tool to aid thin section descriptions, will only be realised when procedures become more interactive and processes can be speeded up.

No description available.

Syftet med studien är att utveckla kunskap om barns inflytande i förskolan utifrån barnperspektiv. Studien inriktar sig mer specifikt på hur barn uttrycker sitt inflytande om förskolans verksamhet och särskilt dess inomhusmiljö och material. Vi har använt oss av begreppen barnperspektiv och barns perspektiv för att ta del av barnens uttryck. Vi har även använt oss av begreppen ”human beings” och ”human becomings” för att få syn på om barnen är eller blir i sitt inflytande i förskolan. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär och empirin är insamlad genom deltagande observationer samt samtal med barn. Analysmetoden är tematisk där studiens teman har arbetats fram utifrån analys av samtalen med barnen och de deltagande observationerna. Studiens teman har även arbetats fram genom att analysera empirin utifrån begreppen ”human beings” och ”human becomings”. Resultatet visar att barnen ges många valmöjligheter i förskolans verksamhet men att de oftast inte haft möjlighet att påverka förskolans inomhusmiljö och material. Resultatet visar också att tillgängligheten i inomhusmiljön och av materialet på förskolan varierar. Begreppet inflytande och dess innebörd är något som barnen inte har stor kunskap om därför blir en slutsats att barn måste göras mer medvetna om deras möjligheter till inflytande i förskolans verksamhet.

O olhar sobre o ser humano é primordial na história da reflexão ética em pesquisa. Alguns episódios de abusos em experimentação com seres humanos em todo o mundo sugeriram organizações mais eficazes do Estado e da sociedade em geral no controle e orientações éticas nas pesquisas; muitos autores associaram esse episódio ao nascimento da Bioética. No Brasil, o marco sobre essa reflexão e orientação está na aprovação da Resolução nº.196/96. A partir daí são instaurados os Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa (CEPs) e as pesquisas com seres humanos são amplamente discutidas e refletidas no âmbito institucional. Este estudo fundamenta-se na identificação e análise do discurso do pesquisador da Odontologia sobre ética em pesquisa, concepção de sujeito de pesquisa e utilização de questionários e / ou entrevistas. Foi empregado o método qualitativo de pesquisa, utilizando a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo como instrumento mediador para interpretação dos discursos. Foram entrevistados 28 pesquisadores seguindo um roteiro de questões que auxiliou no processo de diálogo entre entrevistador e participante. Com base nestas análises considera-se que: 1- Nas pesquisas da odontologia usualmente são envolvidos pacientes de Instituição de Ensino Superior; pessoas caracterizadas por condições socioeconômica baixa e de baixa escolaridade. 2- Identifica-se um distanciamento social, profissional e pessoal do pesquisador para com o sujeito de pesquisa. 3- O pesquisador concebe a Resolução nº196/96 em diferentes papéis: o regulador, o educativo e o restritivo. 4- O conhecimento desta normativa brasileira é fundamental para auxiliar o pesquisador na avaliação e conduta ética de suas pesquisas. 5- Para uma maior compreensão mútua, entre pesquisador e CEP, é necessário um esforço bilateral de aproximação. 6- O uso das técnicas, questionários e entrevistas é freqüentemente compreendido como método que não ocasiona risco ao sujeito participante. É necessário avaliar os riscos, do físico ao espiritual, em qualquer pesquisa que envolva seres humanos. 7- A compreensão de ética em pesquisa é determinada pelo contexto social que o pesquisador está situado; sua visão sobre ética está associada com o entendimento que se tem sobre o mundo, a sociedade, o homem e os valores. / The look over human beings is primordial in the history of ethic analyzes on research. Some episodes of abuse with human being experiments around the world suggested more efficient organization of States and of the society in general towards the control and ethics orientations on researches; several authors associated these episodes with the origin of Bioethic. In Brazil, the reference of this reflection and orientation is based on the approval of the Resolution nº. 196/96. Subsequently on Ethics in Research Committees (CEPs) have been installed and the research involving human beings has been intensely discussed and reflected on the institutional ambit. The present study identified and analyzed the Dental research\'s speech about ethic in research, he conceive the: involvement of the human beings in research and the use of questionnaires and/or interviews. We used the qualitative method and Content’s Analysis as a mediator instruments to understand the speech. Twenty-eight researchers have been interviewed by following a list of questions that aided on the dialogue process between the interviewer and interviewed. Based on such analysis, it is considered that: 1 – In Dental research, the human beings involved are usually the patients attended by dental schools. These people are usually from a low social class and economical condition and lack education. 2 – A considerable social, professional, personnel gap between the researcher and the interviewed was identified. 3 – The researcher understands the Resolution n° 196/96 in different aspects: regulatory; educatory and restrictive. 4 – The knowledgement of such Brazilian rule is important to the assistant to the researcher in the analyze and behavior of his of research. 5 – A bilateral effort to develop a relationship is essential for a better mutual comprehension between the researcher and the CEP. 6 – The use of questionnaires and interviews is frequently considered a riskless method for the interviewed. The importance of physical and spiritual risk assessment is highlighted. 7 – The ethic comprehension of research is determined by the social context that the researcher is involved in; his position towards ethic is associated to the comprehension that he/she has about the world, the society, the human being and moral values.

This dissertation tests an original hybrid methodology to explore the rapid spread of the idea of human-made climate change that began in the 1950s after the idea had lain dormant for half a century. It describes the 1950s rhetorical events that triggered the idea’s diffusion, then traces how its rhetorical uses gradually gave root to the end-of-thecentury political impasse over how to respond to the societal implications of the idea. The research methodology rests on the simple logic that an idea can only spread by being used in human discourses. It combines traditions of rhetorical historiography with a philosophical view of intellectual history as the cumulative effect of a “natural selection” of ideas and their spread by human individuals over time and geography. It calls for sampling and analyzing rhetorical artifacts in light of the rhetorical situations in which they originate, focusing on how the idea of human-made climate change is used rhetorically in scientific and other discourses. The analyses form the basis of a narrative giving emphasis both to rhetorical continuities and to conversation-changing rhetorical events. They also show how these rhetorical dynamics involve interactions of human communities using or attacking the idea for their communal purposes. The results challenge science-focused understandings of the history of the idea itself and also suggest that the methodology may be more broadly useful. As to the history, the analyses highlight how changes in the rhetorical uses of the idea made possible its 1950s breakout in climate science, then led to uses that spread it into other sciences and into environmentalism in the 1960s, attached it to apocalyptic environmentalism in the 1970s, injected it into partisan politics in 1980s and shaped the political impasse during the 1990s. The data show that the methodology reveals elements of the discourses missed in histories emphasizing the “power of ideas,” suggesting that a focus on the usefulness of ideas may be more fruitful. A focus on rhetorical uses of ideas grounds the causation of intellectual change in human motivation and agency, expressed in material acts that multiply and disperse naturally through communities and populations. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA DISSELMA TORRES DE ARRUDA.pdf: 1170701 bytes, checksum: 148663a4d364027e3f78e70b06498e0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-22 / The main objective of this dissertation is to evaluate conceptual and empirically the aspects of international traffic of women for sexual exploration and its historical evolution the process and conditions in Brazil and Goiás. The traffic of women is part of a context in which the criminal activity generally is practised by criminal groups organized with the purpose to dislocate women from a country to another to submit them to sexual exploration. This criminal action is a matter of extreme importance for the international community and impresses with its complexity and large sums involved. The concept of traffic of women is found in two sources, the Protocol of Palermo and article 231 of the Brazilian Criminal Code. The dissertation, divided into three chapters approaches initially the first theories to explain the migratory movements and the factors that motivate the spatial displacement of people. Second, we highlight the phenomenon of migration in its historical evolution, the human rights as fundamental human rights, and sexual exploitation of women by criminal organizations. In a third stage performs an analysis of the socioeconomic context of the Brazilian reality that determine the potential victims of trafficking in Brazil, Goiás and in the Brazil - Europe and presents the conditions sexual exploration to which these women are subjected, the profile of victims and offenders, the main trafficking routes and forms of recruitment. Finally, we present an analysis of guidelines set by the National Policy to Combat Human Trafficking. Thus, the focus of this work is to identify ways in which the crime of trafficking in persons is incorporated into the international scene today and, in particular in Brazil and in Goiás. / O objetivo central desta dissertação é avaliar, conceitual e empiricamente aspectos do tráfico internacional de mulheres para fins de exploração sexual em evolução histórica e as condições e o processo no Brasil e em Goiás. O tráfico de mulheres é parte de um contexto no qual a atividade criminosa é geralmente praticada por grupos criminosos organizados com a finalidade de deslocar mulheres de um país para outro a fim de submetê-las à exploração sexual. Essa ação criminal é assunto de extrema relevância para a comunidade internacional e impressiona pela sua complexidade e elevadas somas envolvidas. O conceito de tráfico de mulheres é encontrado em duas fontes, no Protocolo de Palermo e no artigo 231 do Código Penal Brasileiro. A dissertação, organizada em três capítulos, aborda inicialmente as teorias que explicam os movimentos migratórios e os fatores que motivam o deslocamento espacial de pessoas. Em segundo lugar, destacam-se o fenômeno migratório em sua evolução histórica, os direitos humanos enquanto direito fundamental da pessoa humana e a exploração sexual de mulheres por organizações criminosas. Em um terceiro momento, realiza-se uma análise do contexto socioeconômico da realidade brasileira que determina as potenciais vítimas do tráfico no Brasil e em Goiás no eixo Brasil Europa e apresenta-se as condições de exploração sexual a que são submetidas essas mulheres, o perfil das vítimas e dos aliciadores, as principais rotas e formas de recrutamento. Por fim, apresenta-se uma análise das diretrizes definidas pela Política Nacional de Enfrentamento ao tráfico de pessoas. Assim, o ponto central deste trabalho é identificar de que maneira o crime do tráfico de pessoas se encontra incorporado ao cenário internacional contemporâneo e, de forma particular, no Brasil e em Goiás.

O olhar sobre o ser humano é primordial na história da reflexão ética em pesquisa. Alguns episódios de abusos em experimentação com seres humanos em todo o mundo sugeriram organizações mais eficazes do Estado e da sociedade em geral no controle e orientações éticas nas pesquisas; muitos autores associaram esse episódio ao nascimento da Bioética. No Brasil, o marco sobre essa reflexão e orientação está na aprovação da Resolução nº.196/96. A partir daí são instaurados os Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa (CEPs) e as pesquisas com seres humanos são amplamente discutidas e refletidas no âmbito institucional. Este estudo fundamenta-se na identificação e análise do discurso do pesquisador da Odontologia sobre ética em pesquisa, concepção de sujeito de pesquisa e utilização de questionários e / ou entrevistas. Foi empregado o método qualitativo de pesquisa, utilizando a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo como instrumento mediador para interpretação dos discursos. Foram entrevistados 28 pesquisadores seguindo um roteiro de questões que auxiliou no processo de diálogo entre entrevistador e participante. Com base nestas análises considera-se que: 1- Nas pesquisas da odontologia usualmente são envolvidos pacientes de Instituição de Ensino Superior; pessoas caracterizadas por condições socioeconômica baixa e de baixa escolaridade. 2- Identifica-se um distanciamento social, profissional e pessoal do pesquisador para com o sujeito de pesquisa. 3- O pesquisador concebe a Resolução nº196/96 em diferentes papéis: o regulador, o educativo e o restritivo. 4- O conhecimento desta normativa brasileira é fundamental para auxiliar o pesquisador na avaliação e conduta ética de suas pesquisas. 5- Para uma maior compreensão mútua, entre pesquisador e CEP, é necessário um esforço bilateral de aproximação. 6- O uso das técnicas, questionários e entrevistas é freqüentemente compreendido como método que não ocasiona risco ao sujeito participante. É necessário avaliar os riscos, do físico ao espiritual, em qualquer pesquisa que envolva seres humanos. 7- A compreensão de ética em pesquisa é determinada pelo contexto social que o pesquisador está situado; sua visão sobre ética está associada com o entendimento que se tem sobre o mundo, a sociedade, o homem e os valores. / The look over human beings is primordial in the history of ethic analyzes on research. Some episodes of abuse with human being experiments around the world suggested more efficient organization of States and of the society in general towards the control and ethics orientations on researches; several authors associated these episodes with the origin of Bioethic. In Brazil, the reference of this reflection and orientation is based on the approval of the Resolution nº. 196/96. Subsequently on Ethics in Research Committees (CEPs) have been installed and the research involving human beings has been intensely discussed and reflected on the institutional ambit. The present study identified and analyzed the Dental research\'s speech about ethic in research, he conceive the: involvement of the human beings in research and the use of questionnaires and/or interviews. We used the qualitative method and Content’s Analysis as a mediator instruments to understand the speech. Twenty-eight researchers have been interviewed by following a list of questions that aided on the dialogue process between the interviewer and interviewed. Based on such analysis, it is considered that: 1 – In Dental research, the human beings involved are usually the patients attended by dental schools. These people are usually from a low social class and economical condition and lack education. 2 – A considerable social, professional, personnel gap between the researcher and the interviewed was identified. 3 – The researcher understands the Resolution n° 196/96 in different aspects: regulatory; educatory and restrictive. 4 – The knowledgement of such Brazilian rule is important to the assistant to the researcher in the analyze and behavior of his of research. 5 – A bilateral effort to develop a relationship is essential for a better mutual comprehension between the researcher and the CEP. 6 – The use of questionnaires and interviews is frequently considered a riskless method for the interviewed. The importance of physical and spiritual risk assessment is highlighted. 7 – The ethic comprehension of research is determined by the social context that the researcher is involved in; his position towards ethic is associated to the comprehension that he/she has about the world, the society, the human being and moral values.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de verificar a adequação do uso do Consentimento Informado em participantes de projetos de pesquisa na área da saúde, através da avaliação integrada de seus componentes de informação e consentimento. Foram realizados três estudos. Os dois primeiros envolveram aspectos da avaliação da capacidade das pessoas e do repasse de informações, sendo preparatórios ao terceiro. A amostra do terceiro estudo foi constituída por 59 participantes de seis projetos de pesquisa. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando testes paramétricas, não-paramétricas e Análise de Correspondência. A avaliação do componente de informação incluiu a análise da dificuldade de leitura dos Termos de Consentimento Informado. Dois destes documentos apresentaram estrutura de texto considerada difícil e os outros quatro, estrutura muito difícil, utilizando-se os Índices de Legibilidade. Todos os 59 indivíduos foram considerados capazes de tomarem decisões para participarem de uma pesquisa. A maioria dos participantes afirmou ter recebido explicações prévias (52,8%), ter compreendido as informações (55,9%), não ter recebido resposta às suas dúvidas (76,3%) e achado inacessível o Termo de Consentimento Informado (74,6%). Os participantes não lembraram, seletivamente, dos riscos do projeto. As conclusões foram: que os Termos de Consentimento Informado tinham textos compatíveis com escolaridade mais elevada que a da maioria dos participantes; que os riscos não foram relembrados pela maioria dos participantes; que 44,1% das pessoas convidadas autorizaram a sua participação nos projetos de pesquisa sem terem compreendido o que lhes estava sendo proposto em termos de procedimentos, riscos ou benefícios. / The objective of this dissertation is to examine the adequacy of informed consent instruments used in health research projects involving human subjects, through an integrated analysis of the information and consent components which are part of informed consent. The project was divided into three studies. The first two studies were related to the evaluation of people' s capabilities and of how information was given. These were carried out in preparation for the third study. The sample for this third study was constituted of 59 people who had participated in six different research projects carried out at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). The data were statistically analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests, as well as correspondence analysis. The evaluation of the information component included an analysis of the degree of difficulty involved in reading and understanding the six different lnformed Consent Forms analyzed. For that, the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Levei was used. The textual structure of two of these documents was considered difficult, whereas the structure of the remaining four documents was considered very difficult. Ali of the 59 participants were considered capable of deciding whether or not to participate in a research project. The majority of the participants reported that they had received explanations prior to signing the consent form (52.8%), that they had understood the information (55.9%), that they had not received answers to questions raised (76.3% ), and that they were unable to understand the lnformed Consent form (74.6%). The participants did not selectively remember the risks involved in the particular research projects they had participated in. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the lnformed Consent Forms had been written for readers with more schooling than most of the participants; that most participants were not able to remember the risks involved in the research projects they had participated in; that 44.1 °/Ó of those invited to participate in a project had consented to do so without understanding what was being proposed in terms of procedures, risks, or benefits.

Pacific salmon populations in Johnson Creek, Portland, Oregon have been adversely impacted by urbanization, and by residential and agricultural land development. f Ecological impacts include loss or depletion of riparian vegetation features which directly influence stream and associated salmonid ecology. This research examines the nearstream riparian zone's contribution to instream habitat complexity for anadromous salmonids in Johnson Creek. Visual surveys were conducted on over half the stream length. Five features were assessed to determine the extent of riparian influenced stream habitat including, overhead enclosure, overhanging vegetation, undercut banks, and large and small woody debris and root wads. The stream survey showed that areas of riparian-influenced habitat are spatially intermittent and present in areas of the least stream disturbance. Suitable riparian habitat is limited to locations where there is minimal riparian disturbance, property management, and channelization. I Although salmonid populations have been reduced, insufficient riparian influenced salmonid habitat features are not the primary limiting factor on salmon populations. Other factors such as pollution, sedimentation, hatchery fish introduction, low flows, inadequate food supplies, high stream temperatures, repress wild salmon populations.