Cathepsin Z is a cysteine proteinase found in lysosomes of human cells. It was detected in human cultured cell lines using the peptidyl diazomethane inhibitor Fmoc-Leu-Leu- [¹²⁵]Tyr-CHN₂. The labeling of cathepsin Z by the inhibitor was both time- and concentration-dependent, and the proteinase was found in all human cell lines examined. The characteristics of cathepsin Z were examined in U-937 cells, a human monocytic line. The labeling of cathepsin Z was blocked by pre-incubation of the cells either in non-iodinated inhibitor or in the epoxysuccinyl peptide inhibitor E-64d, a specific inhibitor of cysteine proteinases. Cathepsin Z was not immunoprecipitated by antisera specific for cathepsins B, L, or S. Cathepsin Z has been estimated to be at millimolar concentrations in lysosomes, suggesting that it is a major lysosomal proteinase. The molecular weight of cathepsin Z was calculated to be 22.4 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 45— 47 kDa by native PAGE and gel exclusion chromatography, indicating that it is dimeric. Cathepsin Z is susceptible to digestion by endoglycosidase H, and oligosaccharides comprise 3.1 kDa of the reduced molecular weight. The expression of cathepsin Z was not affected by differentiation of U-937 cells with phorbol ester, unlike the expression of cathepsins B and S. Undifferentiated U-937 cells express low levels of cathepsins B and S; after differentiation, expression of cathepsins B and S is greatly increased. Cathepsin Z was purified from U-937 cells by anion exchange chromatography (Mono Q), affinity chromatography (concanavalin A), and preparatory electrophoresis. N-terminal sequence analysis of both the purified protein and fragments of the protein from a V8 digest indicates that cathepsin Z is a member of the papain superfamily of cysteine proteinases. / Ph. D.

The haematopoietic phosphatase PTPN22 is a key regulator in balancing immune responses between self-reactivity and tolerance. PTPN22 downregulates T cell signaling and harbors the non-HLA genetic variation most strongly associated with autoimmune disease in humans, the single nucleotide polymorphism R620W. The effect of this mutation is currently controversial due to confounding results in mouse and human models. The polymorphism is linked to increased susceptibility to autoimmunity in both human and mouse models, although the latter does depend on genetic background. However, mouse data clearly shows that the polymorphism has a loss-of-function effect on T cell signalling, whereas studies in human models largely demonstrate a gain-of-function effect for R620W. A confounding issue in human studies is that they depend on comparison of T cells from distinct individuals, on protein over-expression, or on RNA interference, techniques for which it is difficult to control for genetic and environmental variables, changes in stoichiometry, and off-target effects or incomplete knockdown, respectively. We aimed to create isogenic human cell lines with mutations in PTPN22 at the genomic level to alleviate the complications inherent in analysing human data. In addition to autoimmune pathogenesis, we are interested in the role of PTPN22 in a cancer setting. Because PTPN22 has a strong suppressive effect on T cell responses to weak affinity antigen, which encompass most tumour antigens, we postulated that knocking out PTPN22 may better enable T cells to kill tumour cells. Furthermore, we have shown that PTPN22 knockout (KO) leads to increased IL-2 expression in mouse T cells, and that this effect is protective against TGF-β mediated suppression, a common driver of T cell inhibition in the tumour microenvironment. T cell transfer experiments in mice showed that PTPN22 KO T cells are indeed more effective at reducing tumour size. Based on these findings, we aim to determine whether PTPN22 KO in human cells confers a similar effect on signaling. To investigate the effects of PTPN22 KO on human T cell signaling, we used CRISPR gene-editing to target PTPN22 in a Jurkat cell line. By combining this technique with lentiviral transduction of a specific T cell receptor, we generated human cell lines which are genetically identical, save for specific alterations to PTPN22, and which can be stimulated with strong or weak cognate antigen. We found that PTPN22 KO Jurkat cells develop an enhanced activation phenotype upon stimulation, including increased IL-2 expression. Additionally, PTPN22 KO Jurkat cells show enhanced Erk signalling following stimulation with weak affinity antigen, but this difference is lost as stimulus strength increases. CRISPR technology has presented the opportunity to create novel models of PTPN22 signalling in the context of human T cell lines. The data from these lines suggests that, unlike the R620W mutation, complete loss of PTPN22 has a comparable effect in human and mouse T cells. In conjunction with our previous findings, these results suggest that knocking out PTPN22 may lead to signalling alterations that improve adoptive T cell cancer therapy.

O fator IX (FIX) da coagulação sanguínea é uma proteína dependente de vitamina K de grande valor farmacêutico no tratamento da Hemofilia B, o qual é baseado na administração do fator de coagulação derivado de plasma humano ou da proteína recombinante produzida em células murinas. A terapia baseada nestas abordagens apresenta alto custo e está associada às contaminações com vírus e príons, além do desenvolvimento de inibidores de FIX. Esses efeitos aumentam o risco de morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas às hemorragias. Neste trabalho, clonamos o cDNA do FIX em um vetor lentiviral e avaliamos a expressão da proteína recombinante em duas linhagens celulares humanas. A clonagem do cDNA do FIXh no vetor de expressão lentiviral 1054 foi confirmada através da análise com enzimas de restrição específicas obtendo-se as bandas esperadas de 1407 pb e 10054 pb visualizadas em gel de agarose. As linhagens celulares 293T e SK-Hep-1 foram transduzidas com o vetor lentiviral 1054-FIX gerado em nosso laboratório e as células que apresentaram maior expressão de EGFP foram selecionadas e separadas por citometria de fluxo. A quantificação da expressão de FIXrh foi realizada por ensaios de ELISA e cromogênico. A quantificação de FIXrh total foi de 500 ng/106 células para a linhagem 293T e 803 ng/106 células para a linhagem SK-Hep-1. A atividade biológica específica de FIXh nas células 293T e SK-Hep-1 foi 0,047 UI/106 células e 0,186 UI/106 células, respectivamente. Com o intuito de avaliar o perfil de produção de FIXrh ativo ao longo do tempo, foi realizado um acompanhamento de 180 dias, no qual foi observado que a linhagem SK-Hep-1 cessou a expressão de FIX, enquanto as células 293T mantiveram a expressão durante o período. O FIXrh foi caracterizado por western blot confirmando a presença de uma banda imunoreativa esperada de 57 kDa. As linhagens 293T e SK-Hep-1 apresentaram 7,67 e 17 cópias do vetor inserido/célula, respectivamente. Considerando a importância do processo de ?-carboxilação, foi realizada uma análise da expressão gênica dos genes envolvidos neste processo, tais como o VKORC1, ?-carboxilase e o inibidor calumenina, nas linhagens celulares. Os resultados demonstraram razões elevadas entre os genes VKORC1 e calumenina e VKORC1 e ?-carboxilase nas duas linhagens. A cinética de crescimento das células foi realizada por um período de 7 dias apresentando diferenças significativas entre as células SK-Hep-1 transduzidas e não transduzidas, enquanto que as células 293T não presentaram diferenças estatísticas no crescimento celular. A suplementação do meio de cultura com íons Ca+2 e Mg+2 foi testada para avaliar sua influência na expressão de FIXrh ativo. As células 293T apresentaram melhor desempenho nas concentrações de 0,5 mmol/L de Ca+2 e 1,0 mmol/L de Mg+2 e as células SK-Hep-1 no meio de cultura não suplementado. Nossos dados indicam que a linhagem hepática SK-Hep-1 é a melhor produtora de FIXrh funcional e as comparações realizadas entre os dois tipos celulares são importantes na caracterização do comportamento de linhagens geneticamente modificadas voltadas para a expressão de proteínas recombinantes heterólogas e abre novos caminhos para futuros estudos que visam o melhoramento da produção desse tipo de proteína. / Blood coagulation factor IX is a vitamin K-dependent protein, and it has become a valuable pharmaceutical in the treatment of Hemophilia B which is based on the plasma-derived coagulation factors or recombinant protein produced in murine cells. Coagulation therapy based on these approaches has high costs and is closely associated with prion and virus contamination besides the FIX inhibitors development. These effects increase the risk for bleeding-related morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to clone hFIX into a lentiviral vector and evaluate the expression of the recombinant protein in two human cell lines. The cloning of the hFIX cDNA into 1054 lentiviral expression vector was confirmed by enzymatic restriction obtaining the expected 1407 bp and 10054 bp bands in agarose gel. The 293T and SK-Hep-1 cell lines have been stable transduced with 1054-FIX lentiviral vector generated in our laboratory and the cells with higher expression of EGFP were selected and separated by flow cytometry. The quantification of the expression of rhFIX was performed by ELISA and chromogenic assays. The concentration of total rhFIX was 500 ng/106 cells in 293T cell line and 803 ng/106 cells in SK-Hep-1 cell line. The biological activity of FIX secreted by 293T and SK-Hep-1 was 0,047 UI/106 cells and 0,186 UI/106 cells, respectively. In order to evaluate the active rhFIX production profile over time, we conducted a monitoring of 180 days, which was noted that the SK-Hep-1 cell line ceased FIX expression, while 293T cells maintained the expression during this period. rhFIX was characterized by western blot analysis confirming the presence of a expected 57 kDa immunereactive band. The 293T and SK-Hep-1 cell lines showed 7.67 and 17 integrated vector copies/cell, respectively. Considering the importance of the ?-carboxylation process, we performed a gene expression analysis of genes involved in this process, such as VKORC1, ?-carboxylase and calumenin, in cell lines. The results showed high ratios among the genes VKORC1 and calumenin and among VKORC1 and ?-carboxylase in both cell lines. The cell growth kinetics was performed by a 7-day period, showed significant differences between SK-Hep-1 transduced cells and non-transduced cells, whereas 293T cells showed no difference in cell growth. Enrichment of culture medium with Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions was tested to evaluate its influence on the expression of active FIX. 293T cells showed better performance in 0.5 mmol/L Ca+2 and 1.0 mmol/L Mg +2 concentrations and SK-Hep-1 cells in culture medium control. Our data indicate that transduced SK-Hep-1 cells are the best producer of functional rhFIX, and comparisons between these two cell lines are important in characterizing the behavior of genetically modified cell lines focused on the heterologous expression of recombinant proteins and opens new avenues for future studies aimed at improving the production of this type of protein.

O fator IX (FIX) da coagulação sanguínea é uma proteína dependente de vitamina K de grande valor farmacêutico no tratamento da Hemofilia B, o qual é baseado na administração do fator de coagulação derivado de plasma humano ou da proteína recombinante produzida em células murinas. A terapia baseada nestas abordagens apresenta alto custo e está associada às contaminações com vírus e príons, além do desenvolvimento de inibidores de FIX. Esses efeitos aumentam o risco de morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas às hemorragias. Neste trabalho, clonamos o cDNA do FIX em um vetor lentiviral e avaliamos a expressão da proteína recombinante em duas linhagens celulares humanas. A clonagem do cDNA do FIXh no vetor de expressão lentiviral 1054 foi confirmada através da análise com enzimas de restrição específicas obtendo-se as bandas esperadas de 1407 pb e 10054 pb visualizadas em gel de agarose. As linhagens celulares 293T e SK-Hep-1 foram transduzidas com o vetor lentiviral 1054-FIX gerado em nosso laboratório e as células que apresentaram maior expressão de EGFP foram selecionadas e separadas por citometria de fluxo. A quantificação da expressão de FIXrh foi realizada por ensaios de ELISA e cromogênico. A quantificação de FIXrh total foi de 500 ng/106 células para a linhagem 293T e 803 ng/106 células para a linhagem SK-Hep-1. A atividade biológica específica de FIXh nas células 293T e SK-Hep-1 foi 0,047 UI/106 células e 0,186 UI/106 células, respectivamente. Com o intuito de avaliar o perfil de produção de FIXrh ativo ao longo do tempo, foi realizado um acompanhamento de 180 dias, no qual foi observado que a linhagem SK-Hep-1 cessou a expressão de FIX, enquanto as células 293T mantiveram a expressão durante o período. O FIXrh foi caracterizado por western blot confirmando a presença de uma banda imunoreativa esperada de 57 kDa. As linhagens 293T e SK-Hep-1 apresentaram 7,67 e 17 cópias do vetor inserido/célula, respectivamente. Considerando a importância do processo de ?-carboxilação, foi realizada uma análise da expressão gênica dos genes envolvidos neste processo, tais como o VKORC1, ?-carboxilase e o inibidor calumenina, nas linhagens celulares. Os resultados demonstraram razões elevadas entre os genes VKORC1 e calumenina e VKORC1 e ?-carboxilase nas duas linhagens. A cinética de crescimento das células foi realizada por um período de 7 dias apresentando diferenças significativas entre as células SK-Hep-1 transduzidas e não transduzidas, enquanto que as células 293T não presentaram diferenças estatísticas no crescimento celular. A suplementação do meio de cultura com íons Ca+2 e Mg+2 foi testada para avaliar sua influência na expressão de FIXrh ativo. As células 293T apresentaram melhor desempenho nas concentrações de 0,5 mmol/L de Ca+2 e 1,0 mmol/L de Mg+2 e as células SK-Hep-1 no meio de cultura não suplementado. Nossos dados indicam que a linhagem hepática SK-Hep-1 é a melhor produtora de FIXrh funcional e as comparações realizadas entre os dois tipos celulares são importantes na caracterização do comportamento de linhagens geneticamente modificadas voltadas para a expressão de proteínas recombinantes heterólogas e abre novos caminhos para futuros estudos que visam o melhoramento da produção desse tipo de proteína. / Blood coagulation factor IX is a vitamin K-dependent protein, and it has become a valuable pharmaceutical in the treatment of Hemophilia B which is based on the plasma-derived coagulation factors or recombinant protein produced in murine cells. Coagulation therapy based on these approaches has high costs and is closely associated with prion and virus contamination besides the FIX inhibitors development. These effects increase the risk for bleeding-related morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to clone hFIX into a lentiviral vector and evaluate the expression of the recombinant protein in two human cell lines. The cloning of the hFIX cDNA into 1054 lentiviral expression vector was confirmed by enzymatic restriction obtaining the expected 1407 bp and 10054 bp bands in agarose gel. The 293T and SK-Hep-1 cell lines have been stable transduced with 1054-FIX lentiviral vector generated in our laboratory and the cells with higher expression of EGFP were selected and separated by flow cytometry. The quantification of the expression of rhFIX was performed by ELISA and chromogenic assays. The concentration of total rhFIX was 500 ng/106 cells in 293T cell line and 803 ng/106 cells in SK-Hep-1 cell line. The biological activity of FIX secreted by 293T and SK-Hep-1 was 0,047 UI/106 cells and 0,186 UI/106 cells, respectively. In order to evaluate the active rhFIX production profile over time, we conducted a monitoring of 180 days, which was noted that the SK-Hep-1 cell line ceased FIX expression, while 293T cells maintained the expression during this period. rhFIX was characterized by western blot analysis confirming the presence of a expected 57 kDa immunereactive band. The 293T and SK-Hep-1 cell lines showed 7.67 and 17 integrated vector copies/cell, respectively. Considering the importance of the ?-carboxylation process, we performed a gene expression analysis of genes involved in this process, such as VKORC1, ?-carboxylase and calumenin, in cell lines. The results showed high ratios among the genes VKORC1 and calumenin and among VKORC1 and ?-carboxylase in both cell lines. The cell growth kinetics was performed by a 7-day period, showed significant differences between SK-Hep-1 transduced cells and non-transduced cells, whereas 293T cells showed no difference in cell growth. Enrichment of culture medium with Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions was tested to evaluate its influence on the expression of active FIX. 293T cells showed better performance in 0.5 mmol/L Ca+2 and 1.0 mmol/L Mg +2 concentrations and SK-Hep-1 cells in culture medium control. Our data indicate that transduced SK-Hep-1 cells are the best producer of functional rhFIX, and comparisons between these two cell lines are important in characterizing the behavior of genetically modified cell lines focused on the heterologous expression of recombinant proteins and opens new avenues for future studies aimed at improving the production of this type of protein.

Les gènes Hox sont présents dans la majorité des espèces du règne animal et sont nécessaires à la différenciation coordonnée des cellules le long de différents axes longitudinaux au cours du développement embryonnaire. Ils sont impliqués dans le maintien de l'homéostasie de nombreux tissus à l'âge adulte. Des mutations affectant leur expression et/ou leur fonction sont ainsi retrouvées dans de nombreux cancers chez l'Homme.Les gènes Hox codent pour des facteurs de transcription reconnaissant des séquences nucléotidiques très similaires. L'interaction avec une classe évolutivement conservée de cofacteurs, les protéines Pbx et Meis, permet aux protéines Hox de reconnaître des sites de liaison plus spécifiques. Cette interaction a d'abord été décrite pour dépendre d'un petit motif commun aux protéines Hox, l'hexapeptide (HX). Cependant, des analyses récentes ont montré que ce motif pouvait en fait être dispensable in vivo, soulignant une capacité étonnante des protéines Hox à pouvoir potentiellement utiliser différents motifs pour interagir avec les mêmes cofacteurs. Mon travail de thèse s'inscrit dans la problématique du rôle des petits motifs dans les interactions Hox-cofacteur. Un premier projet a consisté à réaliser une analyse systématique du mode d'interaction de chaque représentant des groupes de paralogie des protéines Hox humaines avec leurs cofacteurs Pbx/Meis. Ce travail a révélé de nouveaux modes d'interaction pour plusieurs protéines Hox. Un deuxième projet a consisté à mettre en place un nouveau système de crible moléculaire pour identifier des partenaires de la protéine humaine HoxA9 sauvage ou mutée dans son motif HX dans différentes lignées cellulaires. L'ensemble de mon travail de thèse ouvre ainsi de nouvelles perspectives sur notre compréhension du mode moléculaire d'action des protéines Hox et de leurs cofacteurs, que cela soit en contexte développemental normal ou pathologique / Hox genes are present in the vast majority of the animal kingdom, and are required for the differentiation of several longitudinal axes during embryogenesis. There are also involved in the homeostasis of several tissues in the adult organism. Mutations affecting their expression and/or function are found in numerous human cancers.Hox genes encode for transcription factors that recognize short and highly similar DNA-binding sites. The direct interaction between Hox proteins and two evolutionary classes of cofactors, the Pbx and Meis proteins, allows them to recognize more specific DNA-binding sites. This interaction was first described to rely on a common short Hox protein motif called hexapeptide (HX). However, subsequent functional and molecular analyses showed that the HX motif could be dispensable for the interaction with Pbx and Meis partner in vivo. These results strongly suggest that Hox proteins could use different motifs to interact with the same set of cofactors. Such alternative motifs are unknown in mammalian Hox proteins.My thesis work is dedicated to the issue of the role of the HX motif and other short motifs in Hox-cofactor interactions. More particularly, I developed two main projects using human Hox proteins and cell lines derived from different tissues as a model system. My first project consisted in the systematic analysis of the interaction property of all Hox paralogs with the Pbx/Meis cofactors. This work revealed new Pbx/Meis-interaction interfaces in human Hox proteins. My second project consisted in establishing a new molecular screen to identify transcriptional partners of the wild type or HX-mutated human HoxA9 protein in different cell lines.Overall, my thesis work opens new perspectives into our understanding of the molecular mode of action of Hox proteins and their cofactors, in a normal or pathological developmental context

No description available.

Linhagens celulares humanas tem despertado interesse como plataformas de produção de proteínas terapêuticas recombinantes por sua capacidade de realizar modificações pós-traducionais complexas e de modo similar à humana, sem gerar epítopos imunogênicos como ocorre com proteínas produzidas em células de mamíferos. Para a produção de uma proteína com correta qualidade terapêutica, as agências regulatórias recomendam processos livres de componentes animais de modo a evitar contaminação com vírus e príons. Deste modo, esse trabalho visa a produção do fator VII da coagulação sanguínea recombinante (FVIIr) utilizada no tratamento de hemofílicos com inibidores em células humanas adaptadas para meios de cultura livres de soro fetal bovino. As linhagens humanas SK-Hep-1, HKB-11 e Huh-7 foram adaptadas para suspensão e meios livres de soro fetal bovino (SFB). Essas células adaptadas foram transfectadas de forma transiente com o vetor lentiviral p1054-GFP e o reagente polietilenimina. No entanto, a baixa eficiência de transfecção nas células SK-Hep-1 e Huh-7 mostraram que essas linhagens são difíceis de transfectar por esse método, e mesmo a transfecção da célula HKB-11 só foi possível após a variação de alguns parâmetros, resultando em uma transfecção de 49,5% de células HKB-11 GFP-positivas. Desta forma, a expressão estável foi avaliada e as células adaptadas foram transduzidas com um ciclo de lentivírus (MOI = 1) contendo o vetor p1054-FVII. Foram observadas porcentagens de células GFP-positivas acima de 35% nas três linhagens celulares humanas modificadas. As células transduzidas foram submetidas a dois processos de sorting por citometria de fluxo, no qual a população obtida apresentava mais de 90% de células GFP-positivas. As três células foram avaliadas com relação à expressão de FVIIr após a adição de vitamina K no cultivo, no entanto, não foi possível detectar níveis de FVIIr no sobrenadante de 48 horas do cultivo dessas células pelo teste ELISA. As células foram transduzidas com um segundo ciclo de lentivírus (MOI = 2). A quantificação por ELISA do sobrenadante de 48 horas de cultivo das três células detectou 240,96 ng/mL, 217,42 ng/mL e 78,46 ng/mL de FVII total, respectivamente, nos cultivos das células HKB-11-F7-2C, SK-Hep-1-F7-2C e Huh-7-F7-2C. A expressão relativa de RNA mensageiro por RT-PCR também foi observada nos três cultivos. Paralelamente, foi analisado o proteoma das três células adaptadas e não-adaptadas em triplicata sendo identificadas de forma abundante proteínas do citoesqueleto, do metabolismo celular, da síntese, enovelamento e degradação de proteínas, relacionadas à apoptose, ao ciclo celular e ao crescimento, proteínas contra estresse oxidativo e osmótico, com ação antioxidante, entre outras. / Human cell lines have attracted great interest as a plarform for recombinant therapeutic proteins production, due their ability to perform complex posttranslational modification in a similar manner to human proteins. These proteins do not carry immunogenic epitopes as occurs with proteins produced in mammalian cells. These therapeutic proteins should be produced in a animal-free process avoiding virus and prion contamination, as recommended by regulatory agencies for quality control. Thus, this work aims the production of recombinant blood coagulation factor VII (rFVII) used in the treatment of hemophiliacs with inhibitors in human cell lines adapted to serum-free suspension cultures. Human cell lines SK-Hep-1, HKB-11 and Huh-7 were adapted to suspension and serum-free media. These adapted cells were transiently transfected with p1054-GFP lentiviral vector and the polyethyleneimine reagent. However, low transfection efficiency in SK-Hep-1 and Huh-7 cells showed that these cells are difficult to transfect by this method, and even transfection of HKB-11 cell was only possible after varying some parameters, resulting in a 49,5% HKB-11 GFP-positive cells. Stable transfection was assessed and adapted cells were transduced with lentivirus particles containing p1054-FVII vector in one cycle (MOI=1). Percentages of GFP-positive cells above 35% were observed in three modified human cell lines. Transduced cells were sorted by FACS and more than 90% of GFP-positive cells were obtained. The expression of rFVII were evaluated by ELISA test after vitamin K supplementation, however, it was not possible to detect FVII levels in the 48 hour culture supernatant. Cells were transduced again with a second lentivirus cycle (MOI = 2). ELISA quantification of the 48 hour culture supernatant detected 240,96 ng/mL, 217,42 ng/mL and 78,46 ng/mL total FVII, respectively, in the cultures of HKB-11-F7-2C, SK-Hep-1-F7-2C and Huh-7-F7-2C cells. Relative expression of mRNA by RT-PCR was also observed in the three cultures assessed. In parallel, a proteomic analysis of adapted and non-adapted cells was performed in triplicate. Proteins related to cellular metabolism, cytoskeletal structure, apoptosis, cell cycle and cell growth, against oxidative and osmotic stress, antioxidant action were found.

Linhagens celulares humanas têm atraído grande interesse devido a sua capacidade de glicosilar proteínas de maneira mais semelhante às proteínas nativas humanas, reduzindo o potencial de respostas imunológicas contra epítopos não humanos. No entanto, por se tratar de uma aplicação recente, essas células ainda não foram extensamente caracterizadas e cultivadas em condições reprodutíveis da escala industrial, ou seja, em suspensão e em meios de cultura livres de soro fetal bovino (SFB). Em função disso, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estabelecer culturas livres de SFB e em suspensão para as linhagens celulares humanas SK-Hep-1, HepG2 e HKB-11, que têm despertado grande interesse devido ao potencial de produção de proteínas recombinantes. Para isso, quatro formulações comerciais livres de SFB foram avaliadas. As células que apresentaram bons resultados na adaptação aos meios realizada em garrafas estáticas foram então adaptadas para crescimento em suspensão. Foi possível realizar a adaptação satisfatória da célula HKB-11 ao meio FreeStyle e da célula SK-Hep-1 ao meio SFMII bem como a criopreservação das mesmas também em condições livres de SFB. A caracterização cinética das células adaptadas mostrou que a célula HKB-11 apresentou concentração celular quatro vezes superior a da célula SK-Hep-1 (8,6x106 e 1,9x106 células/mL, respectivamente) e apresentou crescimento celular durante 18 dias em cultura. A velocidade específica de crescimento máxima (?max) foi semelhante nas duas células (0,0159 h-1 para a HKB-11 e 0,0186 h-1 para SK-Hep-1). A limitação do crescimento das células adaptadas não parece estar associada à exaustão de glicose e glutamina, tampouco à formação de lactato em concentrações inibitórias. Todavia, para ambos os casos, foi observada produção de amônia em concentrações consideradas inibitórias (2 - 5 mM). De maneira geral, foi possível estabelecer culturas celulares em condições compatíveis com o desenvolvimento de um bioprocesso reprodutível, seguro e em concordância com as boas práticas de fabricação. / Human cell lines have attracted great interest since they are capable of producing glycosylated proteins in a more similar way to native human proteins, reducing the potential for immune responses against non-human epitopes. However, these human cell lines have not been extensively characterized and cultured in large scale and in serum-free suspension conditions. As a result, the main objective of this work was to adapt three human cell lines: SK-Hep-1, HepG2 and HKB-11 to serum-free suspension cultures, since they are promising systems of recombinant protein expression. For this task, four commercial serum-free media were tested. Adapted cell lines in T-flasks were further adapted to suspension cultures. Results showed that both HKB-11 and SK-Hep-1 were adapted to serum-free suspension cultures in FreeStyle and SFMII, respectively and were cryopreservated in serum-free formulations. Kinetic characterization showed that HKB-11 cell concentration was four times higher than SK-Hep-1 cell (8,6x106 and 1,9x106 cells/ml, respectively) and showed cell growth in culture over 18 days. The maximum specific growth rate (?max) was similar for both cell lines (0,0159 h-1 to HKB-11 and 0,0186h-1 to SK-Hep-1). Growth limitation of adapted human cell lines does not seem to be associated with depletion of glucose and glutamine, nor with the formation of lactate in inhibitory concentrations. However, in both cases, ammonia production achieved inhibitory concentrations (2 - 5 mM). In general, it was possible to establish human cell cultures that are compatible with reproducible and safe bioprocess conditions and in compliance with good manufacturing practices.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes viral encephalitis in new born and young adults that is prevalent in different parts of India and other parts of South East Asia with an estimated 6000 deaths per year. JEV is a single stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flavivirusgenus of the family Flaviviridae. It is a neurotropic virus which infects the central nervous system (CNS). The virus follows a zoonotic life-cycle involving mosquitoes and vertebrates, chiefly pigs and ardeid birds, as amplifying hosts. Humans are dead end hosts. After entry into the host following a mosquito bite, JEV infection leads to acute peripheral leukocytosis in the brain and damage to Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). The exact role of the endothelial cells during CNS infection is still unclear. However, disruption of this endothelial barrier has been shown to be an important step in entry of the virus into the brain. Humoral and cell mediated immune responses during JEV infection have been intensively investigated. Previous studies from our lab have shown the activation of cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) upon JEV infection. MHC molecules play pivotal role in eliciting both adaptive (T-cells) and innate (NK cells) immune response against viral invasion. Many viruses such as HIV, MCMV, HCMV, AdV and EBV have been found to decrease MHC expression upon infection. On the contrary, flaviviruses like West Nile Virus (WNV) have been found to increase MHC-I and MHC-II expression. More recently, data from our lab has shown that JEV infection can lead to upregulation of mouse non-classical MHC class Ib molecules like Qb1, Qa1 and T-10 along with classical MHC molecules. Non-classical MHC molecules are important components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Non-classical MHC molecules differ from their classical MHC class I counterparts by their limited polymorphism, restricted tissue distribution and lower levels of cell surface expression. Human classical MHC class I molecules are HLA-A, -B and –C while non-classical MHC Class Ib molecules are HLA-E, -G and –F. HLA-E, the human homologue of the mouse non-classical MHC molecule, Qa-1b has been shown to be the ligand for the inhibitory NK, NKG2A/CD94 and may bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. In this thesis, we have studied the expression of human classical class I molecules HLA-A, -B, -C and the non-classical HLA molecule, HLA-E in immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), human endothelial like cell line ECV304 (ECV), human glioblastoma cell line U87MG and human foreskin fibroblast cells (HFF). We observed an upregulation of classical HLA molecules and HLA-E mRNA in endothelial and fibroblast cells upon JEV infection. This mRNA increase also resulted in upregulation of cell surface classical HLA molecules and HLA-E in HFF cells but not in both the human endothelial cell lines, ECV and HBMECs. Release of soluble classical HLA molecules upon cytokine treatment has been a long known phenomenon. Recently HLA-E has also been shown to be released as a 37 kDa protein from endothelial cells upon cytokine treatments. Our study suggests that JEV mediated upregulation of classical HLA and HLA-E upregulation leads to release of both Classical HLA molecules and HLA-E as soluble forms in the human endothelial cell lines, ECV and HBMEC. This shedding of sHLA-E from human endothelial cells was found to be mediated by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) proteolytic activity. MMP-9, a protease implicated in release of sHLA molecules was also found to be upregulated upon JEV infection only in endothelial cell lines but not in HFF cells. Our study provides evidence that the JEV mediated solubilisation of HLA-E could be mediated by MMP-9. Further, we have tried to understand the role of the MAPK pathway and NF-κB pathway in the process of HLA-E solubilisation by using specific inhibitors of these pathways during JEV infection of ECV cells. Our data suggests that release of sHLA-E is dependent on p38 and JNK pathways while ERK 1/2 and NF-κB pathway only had a minor role to play in this process. Treatment of endothelial cells with TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ is known to result in release of sHLA-E. In addition to TNF-α and IFNtreatment, we observed that activating agents like poly (I:C), LPS and PMA also resulted in the shedding of sHLA-E from ECV as well as U87MG but not from HFF cells. Treatment of endothelial cells with IFN-β, a type-I interferon also led to release of sHLA-E. IFN-γ, a type II interferon and TNF-α are known to show additive increase in solubilisation of HLA-E. We studied the interaction between type I interferon, IFN-β and TNF-α with regard to shedding of sHLA- E. Both IFNand TNF, when present together caused an additive increase in the shedding of sHLA-E. These two cytokines were also found to potentiate the HLA-E and MMP-9 mRNA expression. Hence, our data suggest that these two cytokines could be working conjunctly to release HLA-E, when these two cytokines are present together as in the case of virus infection of endothelial cells. HLA-E is known to be a ligand for NKG2A/CD94 inhibitory receptors present on NK and a subset of T cells. Previous reports have suggested that NKG2A/CD94 mediated signaling events could inhibit ERK 1/2 phosphorylation leading to inhibition of NK cell activation. IL-2 mediated ERK 1/2 phosphorylation is known to play a very important role in maintenance and activation of NK cells. We studied the effects of sHLA-E that was released, either by JEV infection or IFN-γ treatment on IL-2 mediated ERK 1/2 phosphorylation in two NK cell lines, Nishi and NKL. The soluble HLA-E that was released upon JEV infection was functionally active since it inhibited IL-2 and PMA induced phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 in NKL and Nishi cells. Virus infected or IFN-γ treated ECV cell culture supernatants containing sHLA-E was also found to partially inhibit IL-2 mediated induction of CD25 molecules on NKL cells. CD25 is a component of the high affinity IL-2 receptor and hence could play an important role in proliferation and activation of NK cells. sHLA-E was also found to inhibit IL-2 induced [3H]-thymidine incorporation suggesting that, similar to cell surface expressed HLA-E, sHLA-E could also inhibit the proliferation and activation of NK cells. In summary, we found that establishment of JEV infection and production of cytokines like IFN-β, TNF-α, IL-6 along with MMP-9 in human endothelial cells. These cytokines may also indirectly lead to the reported damage and leukocyte infiltration across infected and uninfected vicinal endothelial cells. The increased surface expression of HLA-E in fibroblast and release of sHLA and sHLA-E molecules from endothelial cells may have an important immunoregulatory role. HLA-E is an inhibitory ligand for NKG2A/CD94 positive CD8+ T and NK cells. Hence our finding that sHLA-E can inhibit NK cell proliferation suggests an immune evasive strategy by JEV.

Linhagens celulares humanas têm atraído grande interesse devido a sua capacidade de glicosilar proteínas de maneira mais semelhante às proteínas nativas humanas, reduzindo o potencial de respostas imunológicas contra epítopos não humanos. No entanto, por se tratar de uma aplicação recente, essas células ainda não foram extensamente caracterizadas e cultivadas em condições reprodutíveis da escala industrial, ou seja, em suspensão e em meios de cultura livres de soro fetal bovino (SFB). Em função disso, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estabelecer culturas livres de SFB e em suspensão para as linhagens celulares humanas SK-Hep-1, HepG2 e HKB-11, que têm despertado grande interesse devido ao potencial de produção de proteínas recombinantes. Para isso, quatro formulações comerciais livres de SFB foram avaliadas. As células que apresentaram bons resultados na adaptação aos meios realizada em garrafas estáticas foram então adaptadas para crescimento em suspensão. Foi possível realizar a adaptação satisfatória da célula HKB-11 ao meio FreeStyle e da célula SK-Hep-1 ao meio SFMII bem como a criopreservação das mesmas também em condições livres de SFB. A caracterização cinética das células adaptadas mostrou que a célula HKB-11 apresentou concentração celular quatro vezes superior a da célula SK-Hep-1 (8,6x106 e 1,9x106 células/mL, respectivamente) e apresentou crescimento celular durante 18 dias em cultura. A velocidade específica de crescimento máxima (?max) foi semelhante nas duas células (0,0159 h-1 para a HKB-11 e 0,0186 h-1 para SK-Hep-1). A limitação do crescimento das células adaptadas não parece estar associada à exaustão de glicose e glutamina, tampouco à formação de lactato em concentrações inibitórias. Todavia, para ambos os casos, foi observada produção de amônia em concentrações consideradas inibitórias (2 - 5 mM). De maneira geral, foi possível estabelecer culturas celulares em condições compatíveis com o desenvolvimento de um bioprocesso reprodutível, seguro e em concordância com as boas práticas de fabricação. / Human cell lines have attracted great interest since they are capable of producing glycosylated proteins in a more similar way to native human proteins, reducing the potential for immune responses against non-human epitopes. However, these human cell lines have not been extensively characterized and cultured in large scale and in serum-free suspension conditions. As a result, the main objective of this work was to adapt three human cell lines: SK-Hep-1, HepG2 and HKB-11 to serum-free suspension cultures, since they are promising systems of recombinant protein expression. For this task, four commercial serum-free media were tested. Adapted cell lines in T-flasks were further adapted to suspension cultures. Results showed that both HKB-11 and SK-Hep-1 were adapted to serum-free suspension cultures in FreeStyle and SFMII, respectively and were cryopreservated in serum-free formulations. Kinetic characterization showed that HKB-11 cell concentration was four times higher than SK-Hep-1 cell (8,6x106 and 1,9x106 cells/ml, respectively) and showed cell growth in culture over 18 days. The maximum specific growth rate (?max) was similar for both cell lines (0,0159 h-1 to HKB-11 and 0,0186h-1 to SK-Hep-1). Growth limitation of adapted human cell lines does not seem to be associated with depletion of glucose and glutamine, nor with the formation of lactate in inhibitory concentrations. However, in both cases, ammonia production achieved inhibitory concentrations (2 - 5 mM). In general, it was possible to establish human cell cultures that are compatible with reproducible and safe bioprocess conditions and in compliance with good manufacturing practices.