Wildfire is a destructive and devastating phenomenon experienced all around the world, which is predicted to increase in frequency and geographical range as climate change continues throughout the 21st century and beyond. This paper used a GIS approach to analyse the expected change in wildfire geographical range by 2050 using a Global Climate Model of the worst case scenario. After new wildfire-prone regions were identified, an analysis of these regions was undertaken regarding human-risk to ignition, currently the largest cause of wildfire outbreaks. This was performed using a ranking system of variables known to increase the human-risk, namely rural exodus, density of agricultural machinery, prevalence of tobacco smoking, and camping tourism popularity. The results were in consensus with the scientific community regarding the effect of climate change on the geographical range of wildfire outbreaks, and identified Europe as a key area of future concern. Within Europe, Austria was seen as having the highest risk to human-ignition. This could be of utmost importance to European, especially Austrian, management agencies as they look to restrict the future impact of climate change on their communities. This paper serves as an example of how spatiotemporal patterns of extreme weather events and climate change can be projected using GIS. / Skogsbrand är ett destruktivt och förödande fenomen över hela världen och förutspås att öka i frekvens och geografisk utbredning med förändrade klimatförutsättningar under det tjugoförsta århundradet och framöver. Den här studien har använt GIS som metod för att analysera den förväntade förändringen av skogsbränders geografiska utbredning år 2050, baserat på värsta scenariot framtaget i en global klimatmodellering. Efter att nya skogsbrandsbenägna regioner identifierats, gjordes en analys av regionerna avseende mänskliga faktorer som ökar risken för antändning, för närvarande den största orsaken till skogbrandssutbrott. Riskanalyserna utfördes med ett rankingsystem av variabler som är kända för att öka risken, nämligen avfolkning av landsbygden, densitet av jordbruksmaskiner, förekomsten av tobaksrökning, och campingturismens popularitet. Studiens resultat stämmer överens med vetenskapliga studier avseende klimatförändringens effekter på geografisk utbredning av skogbrandssutbrott. I studien identifierades Europa som ett nyckelområde för framtida risker. Inom Europa hade Österrike den högsta risken för mänsklig antändning. Resultatet kan vara av yttersta vikt för europeiska, särskilt österrikare, förvaltningsorgan som försöker att begränsa den framtida inverkan av klimatförändringar på deras samhällen. Den här studien är ett exempel på hur rumsliga fördelningsmönster av extrema väderförhållanden och klimatförändringar kan projiceras genom att använda GIS.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-Paola Souto Campos.pdf: 13013765 bytes, checksum: 9a8aa6d184596308ad9d073f1696bab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / pesticides. This indiscriminate and incorrect use of pesticides in the Amazon State is threatening the environment and the health of farmers and consumers. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental and health risk associated with pesticide use in agricultural areas of the district of Manaus, Careiro the Varzea and Iranduba. Residues of pesticides (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion and parathion methyl) were determined in samples of fruits, vegetables, water and soil. From May 2007 to December 2008 16 samples of soil and 25 samples of water, and 190 samples of fruit and vegetables were collected at the production areas, markets and supermarkets. Pesticides residues were determined by gas chromatograph with selective electron capture detector (GC-ECD) after micro-solid phase extraction headspace method (HS-SPME). Environmental risk assessment was calculates using the Exposure/Toxicity ratio (ETR) and human risk by diet as the reason between pesticide daily intake and acute reference dose (ARfD) or Acceptable Daily Intake (IDA). Parathion methyl was present in a greater number of samples in concentrations above the maximum residue levels (MRLs) in both, pre-harvest and post-harvest phase, for all crops, followed by lambda cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and malathion in descending order of samples and cultures that had residues above the maximum allowed. The average concentration of pesticide residues in post-harvest samples were from 2 to 5 times higher than the concentration on pre-harvest samples, except for deltamethrin, suggesting that farmers apply pesticides until the moment just before harvest and transportation to market. Chronic and acute health risk was established for lambda-cyhalothrin and parathion methyl. To malathion was observed only chronic risk. The deltamethrin posed only acute and chronic risk for pre-harvest phase in Iranduba. Concentrations of pesticides found in soil represented only risk to the case of parathion methyl and malathion in Iranduba. In the case of water, the risk was to chronic parathion methyl, malathion and deltamethrin in Iranduba, and for parathion methyl and malathion in Manaus and Careiro of Várzea. In the acute risk, was only set for deltamethrin in Iranduba. For groundwater the risk situation was established for methyl-parathion in Manaus. The use of pesticide in the Amazon s state clearly represents an environmental and health problem since the population and environment are subject to acute and chronic risks. The study also highlights the need for monitoring the use of pesticide in the Amazon State, assessing the environmental and food levels with a higher frequency, considering the seasonality of agriculture and the use of pesticides on different crops. / O plantio de frutas e hortaliças no Estado do Amazonas está sendo realizado com intensivo uso de agrotóxicos. Esta utilização abusiva e incorreta pode estar acarretando a contaminação ambiental e também dos agricultores e consumidores das frutas e verduras produzidas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o risco para o ambiente e a saúde humana associado ao uso de agrotóxico em áreas agrícolas do município de Manaus, Iranduba e Careiro da Várzea. Resíduos de agrotóxicos (deltametrina, lambda-cialotrina, malationa e parationa metílica) foram determinados em amostras de frutas, verduras água e solo. Foram coletadas 16 amostras de solo e 25 amostras de água e 190 amostras de frutas e verduras das áreas de plantio, feiras e supermercados no período entre maio de 2007 a dezembro de 2008. As amostras foram analisadas utilizando cromatografia à gás com captura de elétrons (GC-ECD) após micro-extração em fase sólida (HS-SPME) método headspace.. A avaliação de risco ambiental foi calculada pela ração Exposição/Toxicidade (ETR) e a avaliação de risco humano pela dieta como razão entre a ingestão diária e a Dose Aguda de Referência (ARfD) ou a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA). Dos quatro agrotóxicos analisados, a parationa metílica se destacou por estar presente em um número maior de amostras em concentrações acima do limite máximo permitido, tanto na situação pré-colheita como pós-colheita para todas as culturas, seguida da lambda cialotrina, deltametrina e malationa, em ordem decrescente de amostras e culturas que apresentaram resíduos acima do limite máximo permitido. A concentração média de resíduos de agrotóxicos na fase pós-colheita foram 2 a 5 vezes maiores que a concentração pré-colheita, com exceção da deltametrina, sugerindo que os agricultores aplicam agrotóxicos até o momento da colheita e mesmo antes do transporte das mesmas para o mercado. Risco crônico e agudo para a saúde do consumidor foi estabelecido para a lambda-cialotrina e a parationa metílica. Para a malationa somente foi observado risco crônico. A deltametrina somente apresentou risco agudo e crônico na situação pré-colheita em Iranduba. As concentrações de agrotóxicos observados no solo somente representaram risco para o caso da parationa metílica e a malationa em Iranduba. No caso da água, o risco crônico foi estabelecido para parationa metílica, malationa e deltametrina em Iranduba, e para a parationa metílica e malationa em Manaus e Careiro da Várzea. Em relação ao risco agudo, somente foi estabelecido para a deltametrina em Iranduba. Para as águas subterrâneas a situação de risco ficou estabelecida para a parationa-metílica em Manaus. Evidencia-se claramente a problemática que envolve o uso de agrotóxico no Estado do Amazonas. A população exposta pela ingestão de alimentos contaminados com resíduos de agrotóxicos e o ambiente estão sujeita a riscos agudo e crônico. O estudo evidencia também a necessidade de monitoramento dos agrotóxicos mais utilizados nas regiões, avaliando os níveis com uma maior periodicidade, respeitando a sazonalidade da agricultura e o uso para diferentes culturas.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a synthetic organic chemical that consists of an 8 carbon alkyl chain with a terminal carboxyl group in which the carbon-hydrogen bonds have been replaced with carbon-fluorine bonds except at the terminal carboxyl end. This perfluoralkyl carboxylate is a contemporary synthetic chemical that does not occur naturally in the environment and has only seen widespread use within the last 50 years. PFOA is environmentally persistent and is ubiquitously found in human serum. PFOA has been shown to induce a tumor triad consisting of liver adenomas, Leydig cell adenomas and pancreatic acinar cell tumors in male Spraque-Dawley rats. The ability of PFOA to produce tumors in rodents compounded by the fact that PFOA is accumulating not only in those occupationally exposed, but also in the general population, justifies concern about the carcinogenic potential of PFOA in humans. This paper reviews the data from current published research and reveals that some carcinogenic pathways identified in the tumors produced by PFOA in experimental animals may provide a plausible mode of action for human carcinogenesis.

O aumento crescente da população brasileira em combinação com o uso abusivo de medicamentos no mercado nacional, aliados à falta de saneamento básico e de políticas públicas para o correto gerenciamento de alguns tipos de resíduos têm resultado na presença de compostos farmacêuticos em ambientes aquáticos. Estudos indicam que várias dessas substâncias parecem ser persistentes no ambiente e algumas vezes, resistem até mesmo às estações de tratamento de água, fazendo-se presentes na água tratada, que chega à população. O presente trabalho visou analisar quantitativamente a presença dos anti-inflamatórios e do analgésico mais comumente consumido no Brasil: diclofenaco, cetoprofeno, naproxeno, indometacina, ibuprofeno e o paracetamol em águas superficiais, por LC-MS/MS com extração em fase sólida, antes e depois do tratamento convencional, em escala laboratorial pelo ensaio de Jar-Test, bem como caracterizar o risco humano pela presença destes compostos na água após o tratamento. Os métodos utilizados na quantificação destes fármacos apresentaram bons resultados: a análise cromatográfica obteve coeficientes de correlação entre 0,9952-0,9991, com limites de quantificação de 0,5ng/mL- 50ng/mL e desvios padrões entre (0,08-2,08); na recuperação do método de extração em fase sólida o diclofenaco, o cetoprofeno, o naproxeno e a indometacina apresentaram cerca de 100% de recuperação, o ibuprofeno apresentou apenas 48%(±9,37) de recuperação e o paracetamol aproximadamente 19,84% (±2,52); no ensaio de jar-test, observou-se que apenas o cetoprofeno e o ibuprofeno não foram removidos completamente no tratamento utilizado (remoção de 0-15% do cetoprofeno e de 0-35% do ibuprofeno). Amostras ambientais foram coletadas e tratadas pelo ensaio de Jar-Test, e os valores obtidos para o cetoprofeno e ibuprofeno após o tratamento foram de 18,67-19,65ng/L e 147ng/L, respectivamente. Através de cálculos, com a dose de referência de cada um dos compostos e considerando as características desta exposição, foi possível concluir que nestas concentrações o cetoprofeno e o ibuprofeno não causam risco à saúde humana. / The increasing population growth in combination with the misuse of drugs in the domestic market, coupled with the lack of sanitation and public policies for proper management of some types of waste have resulted in the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environments. Studies indicate that several of these substances appear to be persistent in the environment and sometimes even resistant to water treatment plants, being present in the treated water which reaches the population. This study aimed to analyze quantitatively the presence of anti-inflammatory and analgesic most commonly consumed in Brazil: diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, ibuprofen and paracetamol in surface waters by LC-MS/MS with solid phase extraction prior and after conventional treatment in a laboratory scale by using Jar-test assay, and to determine the human risk posed by the presence of these compounds in the water after treatment. The methods used to quantify these drugs showed good results: a chromatographic analysis obtained correlation coefficients between 0.9952 to 0.9991, with limits of quantification of 0.5 ng/mL- 50ng/mL and standard deviations between (0.08 - 2.08); recovery method of solid phase extraction to diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen and indomethacin showed about 100% recovery, ibuprofen showed only 48% (± 9.37) and paracetamol approximately 19 84% (± 2.52) recovery; in the jar-test, it was observed that only ketoprofen and ibuprofen were not completely removed (removal: 0-15% of ketoprofen and 0-35% of ibuprofen). Environmental samples were collected and handled by jar-test test, and the values obtained for ketoprofen and ibuprofen after treatment were 18.67 to 19.65 ng / L and 147ng / L, respectively. By calculation with a reference dose of each compound and considering the characteristics of this display, it was concluded that these concentrations of ketoprofen and ibuprofen do not cause risk to human health.

O aumento crescente da população brasileira em combinação com o uso abusivo de medicamentos no mercado nacional, aliados à falta de saneamento básico e de políticas públicas para o correto gerenciamento de alguns tipos de resíduos têm resultado na presença de compostos farmacêuticos em ambientes aquáticos. Estudos indicam que várias dessas substâncias parecem ser persistentes no ambiente e algumas vezes, resistem até mesmo às estações de tratamento de água, fazendo-se presentes na água tratada, que chega à população. O presente trabalho visou analisar quantitativamente a presença dos anti-inflamatórios e do analgésico mais comumente consumido no Brasil: diclofenaco, cetoprofeno, naproxeno, indometacina, ibuprofeno e o paracetamol em águas superficiais, por LC-MS/MS com extração em fase sólida, antes e depois do tratamento convencional, em escala laboratorial pelo ensaio de Jar-Test, bem como caracterizar o risco humano pela presença destes compostos na água após o tratamento. Os métodos utilizados na quantificação destes fármacos apresentaram bons resultados: a análise cromatográfica obteve coeficientes de correlação entre 0,9952-0,9991, com limites de quantificação de 0,5ng/mL- 50ng/mL e desvios padrões entre (0,08-2,08); na recuperação do método de extração em fase sólida o diclofenaco, o cetoprofeno, o naproxeno e a indometacina apresentaram cerca de 100% de recuperação, o ibuprofeno apresentou apenas 48%(±9,37) de recuperação e o paracetamol aproximadamente 19,84% (±2,52); no ensaio de jar-test, observou-se que apenas o cetoprofeno e o ibuprofeno não foram removidos completamente no tratamento utilizado (remoção de 0-15% do cetoprofeno e de 0-35% do ibuprofeno). Amostras ambientais foram coletadas e tratadas pelo ensaio de Jar-Test, e os valores obtidos para o cetoprofeno e ibuprofeno após o tratamento foram de 18,67-19,65ng/L e 147ng/L, respectivamente. Através de cálculos, com a dose de referência de cada um dos compostos e considerando as características desta exposição, foi possível concluir que nestas concentrações o cetoprofeno e o ibuprofeno não causam risco à saúde humana. / The increasing population growth in combination with the misuse of drugs in the domestic market, coupled with the lack of sanitation and public policies for proper management of some types of waste have resulted in the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environments. Studies indicate that several of these substances appear to be persistent in the environment and sometimes even resistant to water treatment plants, being present in the treated water which reaches the population. This study aimed to analyze quantitatively the presence of anti-inflammatory and analgesic most commonly consumed in Brazil: diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, ibuprofen and paracetamol in surface waters by LC-MS/MS with solid phase extraction prior and after conventional treatment in a laboratory scale by using Jar-test assay, and to determine the human risk posed by the presence of these compounds in the water after treatment. The methods used to quantify these drugs showed good results: a chromatographic analysis obtained correlation coefficients between 0.9952 to 0.9991, with limits of quantification of 0.5 ng/mL- 50ng/mL and standard deviations between (0.08 - 2.08); recovery method of solid phase extraction to diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen and indomethacin showed about 100% recovery, ibuprofen showed only 48% (± 9.37) and paracetamol approximately 19 84% (± 2.52) recovery; in the jar-test, it was observed that only ketoprofen and ibuprofen were not completely removed (removal: 0-15% of ketoprofen and 0-35% of ibuprofen). Environmental samples were collected and handled by jar-test test, and the values obtained for ketoprofen and ibuprofen after treatment were 18.67 to 19.65 ng / L and 147ng / L, respectively. By calculation with a reference dose of each compound and considering the characteristics of this display, it was concluded that these concentrations of ketoprofen and ibuprofen do not cause risk to human health.

Des particules ultrafines y compris nanométriques, enrichies en métaux (PM) sont émises dans l'atmosphère en zones industrielles et urbaines, puis sont transférées vers les écosystèmes terrestres et aquatiques, avec des conséquences sur la qualité des plantes et la santé humaine. Dans un contexte socio-scientifique mondial où la réglementation sur l’impact (éco)toxicologique des substances et les pressions de l'espace public se renforcent, des études d'impacts environnement-santé sur tout le cycle de vie des PM sont indispensables. La thèse visait tout d'abord l’étude du devenir et de l’impact des métaux des PM: leur cinétique de transfert, les mécanismes de phytodisponibilité, phytotoxicité, et les risques pour la santé humaine lors de l’ingestion de végétaux pollués. Ensuite, à travers le cas de potagers urbains en Chine, une étude socio-scientifique a été réalisée afin de proposer des moyens de gestion durable des risques environnement-santé. Les légumes peuvent accumuler des quantités importantes de métaux par absorption foliaire lorsque des PM pénètrent par les stomates. Des PM de PbO et des nano-CuO induisent une forte phytotoxicité (réduction de la biomasse et des échanges gazeux, nécroses). La phytotoxicité n’est pas simplement régie par la concentration totale en métaux car des bio-transformations se produisent et modifient les formes chimiques des métaux. L’analyse par résonance paramagnétique électronique (EPR) a mis en évidence un changement de spéciation du cuivre dans les tissus des feuilles. Par ailleurs, une influence significative de la nature du métal, de l’espèce végétale et du type d’exposition (foliaire/racinaire) sur la bioaccessibilité gastro-intestinale des éléments a été démontrée. A proximité d’un incinérateur de déchets ou d’une autoroute, l’absorption foliaire des PM induit des concentrations élevée en métaux dans les plantes, en plus du transfert sol-plante. Une bioaccessibilité humaine relativement élevée (60-79%) a été mesurée, suggérant un risque potentiel pour la santé en cas de consommation régulière. Les jardins potagers étudiés présentent un risque sanitaire faible (cas de l’incinérateur) ou modéré (cas de l’autoroute) à l'égard de la consommation humaine des légumes étudiés. Mais, une exposition à différents polluants organiques en plus des métaux est souvent possible. Cette thèse souligne l'importance de prendre en compte l'influence de l'atmosphère en plus de la qualité du sol pour estimer la qualité des plantes consommées cultivées en zones anthropisées (fermes et jardins urbains), pour la gestion durable des agricultures urbaines / Ultrafine particles including nanosized enriched with metal(loid)s (PM) are emitted into the atmosphere of industrial or urban areas, these PM can transfer into soil and water ecosystems and have consequences on plant quality and human health. In a global socio-scientific context that regulation on (eco)toxicity of chemicals and public space pressures are recently increased, studies of environmental and health impacts throughout the life cycle of PM are of crucial sanitary concern. The PhD aims first to study metal(loid)s present in the PM: their transfer kinetic and mechanism of phytoavailability, phytotoxicity, and human health risks-ingestion bioaccessibility. Then, through the case of vegetable gardens near an incinerator and a highway in China, a socio-scientific study was performed in order to give suggestions for sustainable environmental and health risk management for these sites. Vegetables can significantly accumulate metal(loid)s by foliar uptake when PM directly enter into leaves through stomata apertures. Ultrafine PbO and nano-CuO particles caused serious phytotoxicity (reduced biomass and gaseous exchange, and necrosis) after interaction with leaf surface. Phytotoxicity of metal(loid)s is not simply governed by their total concentration, but also depended on the potential bio-transformation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis clearly evidenced copper speciation change in leaf tissues. Moreover, a significant influence of the nature of metal, plant species and the exposure pathways (foliar/root) on gastro-bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s had been demonstrated. For a social-scientific study near waste incinerator and roadside, we found that atmosphere PM fallouts can induce significant metal foliar uptake in addition to soil-plant transfer. The relatively high human bioaccessibility of metal (60-79%) was measured, suggesting a potential health risk in the case of regular consumption of polluted vegetables. Vegetable gardens present a low (waste incinerator) or moderate (highway) health risk with respect to human consumption quantity of the investigated vegetables, but exposure to different organic pollutants in addition to metals is often possible. Our studies highlight the importance of taking atmosphere and soil quality into account for estimating the quality of consumed plants grown in anthropic areas (farms and kitchen gardens), and for sustainable management of urban agricultures.