Orientador: Nelson Luis Saldanha da Fonseca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T19:59:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_TiagoPedrosodaCruzde_M.pdf: 5229881 bytes, checksum: 5a29eb81b4efd53a3cab70d6a8032bca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document. / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

L’évolution technologique du web durant ces dernières années a favorisé l’arrivée d’environnements virtuels collaboratifs pour la modélisation 3D à grande échelle. Alors que la collaboration réunit dans un même espace partagé des utilisateurs distants géographiquement pour un objectif de collaboration commun, les ressources matérielles qu'ils apportent (calcul, stockage, 3D ...) avec leurs connaissances sont encore trop rarement utilisées et cela constitue un défi. Il s'agit en effet de proposer un système simple, performant et transparent pour les utilisateurs afin de permettre une collaboration efficace à la fois sur le volet computationnel mais aussi, bien entendu, sur l'aspect métier lié à la modélisation 3D sur le web. Pour rendre efficace le passage à l’échelle, de nombreux systèmes utilisent une architecture réseau dite "hybride", combinant client serveur et pair-à-pair. La réplication optimiste s'adapte bien aux propriétés de ces environnements répartis : la dynamicité des utilisateurs et leur nombre, le type de donnée traitées (3D) et leur taille. Cette thèse présente un modèle pour les systèmes d’édition collaborative en 3D sur le web. L'architecture cliente (3DEvent) permet de déporter les aspects métiers de la 3D au plus près de l’utilisateur sous la forme d’évènements. Cette architecture orientée événements repose sur le constat d’un fort besoin de traçabilité et d’historique sur les données 3D lors de l’assemblage d’un modèle. Cet aspect est porté intrinsèquement par le patron de conception event-sourcing. Ce modèle est complété par la définition d’un intergiciel en pair-à-pair. Sur ce dernier point, nous proposons d'utiliser la technologie WebRTC qui présente une API familière aux développeurs de services en infonuagique. Une évaluation portant sur deux études utilisateur concernant l’acceptance du modèle proposé a été menée dans le cadre de tâches d’assemblage de modèles 3D sur plusieurs groupes d’utilisateurs. / Web technologies evolutions during last decades fostered the development of collaborative virtual environments for 3D design at large scale. Despite the fact that collaborative environments gather in a same shared space geographically distant users in a common objective, the hardware ressources of their clients (calcul, storage, graphics ...) are often underused because of the challenge it represents. It is indeed a matter of offering an easy-to-use, efficient and transparent collaborative system to the user supporting both computationnal and 3D design visualisation and business logic needs in heterogeneous web environments. To scale well, numerous systems use a network architecture called "hybrid", combining both client-server and peer-to-peer. Optimistic replication is well adapted to distributed application such as 3D collaborative envionments : the dynamicity of users and their numbers, the 3D data type used and the large amount and size of it.This document presents a model for 3D web-based collaborative editing systems. This model integrates 3DEvent, an client-based architecture allowing us to bring 3D business logic closer to the user using events. Indeed, the need of traceability and history awareness is required during 3D design especially when several experts are involved during the process. This aspect is intrinsec to event-sourcing design pattern. This architecture is completed by a peer-to-peer middleware responsible for the synchronisation and the consistency of the system. To implement it, we propose to use the recent web standard API called WebRTC, close to cloud development services know by developers. To evaluate the model, two user studies were conducted on several group of users concerning its responsiveness and the acceptance by users in the frame of cooperative assembly tasks of 3D models.

Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt einen Entwurf für eine flexible und robuste Steuerungsarchitektur für Roboter- und Fertigungssysteme vor. Dabei wurde versucht ein offenes Konzept zu realisieren, welches einen vereinfachten Engineeringprozess ermöglicht. Hierzu wird innerhalb der Steuerung eine Trennung zwischen einem funktionellen verhaltensbasierten und einem ablauforientierten Modell vorgeschlagen. Dieser Ansatz wird durch die Verwendung von Aktionsprimitiven innerhalb einer hybriden Robotersteuerung ermöglicht. Diese garantieren durch ihre ausgeprägte Modularität eine hohe Flexibilität und Erweiterbarkeit des entstandenen Systems. Im Beitrag wird sowohl der entstandene Entwurf diskutiert als auch eine prototypische objektorientierte Implementierung vorgestellt sowie erste Ergebnisse präsentiert. / This paper presents a framework for a flexible and robust control architecture for robotic systems. The design incorporates an application independent system concept which allows a simplified engineering process. For this purpose a distinction between a functional behavioural and a sequential control system model is proposed. This approach is based on the utilisation of action primitives within a hybrid control architecture. The use of these primitives affords a high level of modularity through increasing flexibility and expandability of the resulting system. In this paper the proposed framework will be discussed as well as a prototypical object-oriented implementation and first results.

1. Main Contributions made by the supplicant: This thesis proposes an Open Computing Language (OpenCL) framework to address the challenges of implementation of graph algorithms on parallel architectures and large scale graph processing. The proposed framework uses the front-end of the existing Falcon DSL compiler, andso, programmers enjoy conventional, imperative and shared memory programming style. The back-end of the framework generates implementations of graph algorithms in OpenCL to target single device architectures. The generated OpenCL code is portable across various platforms, e.g., CPU and GPU, and also vendors, e.g., NVIDIA, Intel and AMD. The framework automatically generates code for thread management and memory management for the devices. It hides all the lower level programming details from the programmers. A few optimizations are applied to reduce the execution time. The large graph processing challenge is tackled through graph partitioning over multiple devices of a single node and multiple nodes of a distributed cluster. The programmer codes a graph algorithm in Falcon assuming that the graph fits into single machine memory and the framework handles graph partitioning without any intervention by the programmer. The framework analyses the Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) generated by Falcon to find all the necessary information about communication and synchronization. It automatically generates code for message passing to hide the complexity of programming in a distributed environment. The framework also applies a set of optimizations to minimize the communication latency. The thesis reports results of several experiments conducted on widely used graph algorithms: single source shortest path, pagerank and minimum spanning tree to name a few. Experimental evaluations show that the reported results are comparable to the state-of-art non-portable graph DSLs and frameworks on a single node. Experiments in a distributed environment to show the scalability and efficiency of the framework are also described. 2. Summary of the Referees' Written Comments: Extracts from the referees' reports are provided below. A copy of the written replies to the clarifications sought by the external examiner is appended to this report. Referee 1: This thesis extends the Falcon framework with OpenCL for parallel graph processing on multi-device and multi-node architectures. The thesis makes important contributions. Processing large graphs in short time is very important, and making use of multiple nodes and devices is perhaps the only way to achieve this. Towards this, the thesis makes good contributions for easy programming, compiler transformations and efficient runtime systems. One of the commendable aspects of the thesis that it demonstrates with graphs that cannot be accommodated In the memory of a single device. The thesis is generally written well. The related work coverage is very good. The magnitude of thesis excellent for a Masters work. The experimental setup is very comprehensive with good set of graphs, good experimental comparisons with state-of-art works and good platforms. Particularly. the demonstration with a GPU cluster with multiple GPU nodes (Chapter 5) is excellent. The attempt to demonstrate scalability with 2, 4 and 8 nodes is also noteworthy. However, the contributions on optimizations are weak. Most of the optimizations and compiler transformations are straight-forward. There should be summary observations on the results in Chapter 3, especially given that the results are mixed and don't quite clearly convey the clear advantages of their work. The same is the case with multi-device results in chapter 4, where the results are once again mixed. Similarly, the speedups and scalability achieved with multiple nodes are not great. The problem size justification in the multi-node results is not clear. (Referee 1 also indicates a couple of minor changes to the thesis). Referee 2: The thesis uses the OpenCL framework to address the problem of programming graph algorithms on distributed systems. The use of OpenCL ensures that the generated code is platform-agnoistic and vendor-agnoistic. Sufficient experimentation with large scale graphs and reasonable size clusters have been conducted to demonstrate the scalability and portability of the code generated by the framework. The automatically generated code is almost as efficient as manually written code. The thesis is well written and is of high quality. The related work section is well organized and displays a good knowledge of the subject matter under consideration. The author has made important contributions to a good publication as well. 3. An Account of the Open Oral Examination: The oral examination of Ms. Parita Patel took place during 10 AM and 11AM on 27th November 2017, in the Seminar Hall of the Department of Computer Science and Automation. The members of the Oral Examination Board present were, Prof. Sathish Vadhiyar, external examiner and Prof. Y. N. Srikant, research supervisor. The candidate presented the work in an open defense seminar highlighting the problem domain, the methodology used, the investigations carried out by her, and the resulting contributions documented in the thesis before an audience consisting of the examiners, some faculty members, and students. Some of the questions posed by the examiners and the members of the audience during the oral examination are listed below. 1. How much is the overlap between Falcon work and this thesis? Response: We have used the Falcon front end in our work. Further, the existing Falcon compiler was useful to us to test our own implementation of algorithms in Falcon. 2. Why are speedup and scalability not very high with multiple nodes? Response: For the multi-node architecture, we were not able to achieve linear scalability because, with the increase in number of nodes, communication cost increases significantly. Unless the computation cost in the nodes is significant and is much more than the communication cost, this is bound to happen. 3. Do you have plans of making the code available for use by the community? Response: The code includes some part of Falcon implementation (front-end parsing/grammar) also. After discussion with the author of Falcon, the code can be made available to the community. 4. How can a graph that does not fit into a single device fit into a single node in the case of multiple nodes? Response: Single node machine used in the experiments of “multi-device architecture” contains multiple devices while each node used in experiments of “multi-node architecture” contains only a single device. So, the graph which does not fit into single-node-single-device memory can fit into single-node-multi-device after partitioning. 5. Is there a way to permit morph algorithms to be coded in your framework? Response: Currently, our framework does not translate morph algorithms. Supporting morph algorithms will require some kind of runtime system to manage memory on GPU since morph algorithms add and remove the vertices and edges to the graph dynamically. This can be further explored in future work. 6. Is it possible to accommodate FPGA devices in your framework? Response: Yes, we can support FPGA devices (or any other device that is compatible for OpenCL) just by specifying the device type in the command line argument. We did not work with other devices because CPU and GPU are generally used to process graph algorithms. The candidate provided satisfactory answers to all the questions posed and the clarifications sought by the audience and the examiners during the presentation. The candidate's overall performance during the open defense and the oral examination was very satisfactory to the oral examination board. 4. Certificate of Corrections and Changes: All the necessary corrections and changes suggested by the examiners have been made in the thesis and these have been verified by the members of the oral examination board. The thesis has been recommended for acceptance in its revised form. 5. Final Recommendation: In view of the recommendations of the referees and the satisfactory performance of the candidate in the oral examination, the oral examination board recommends that the thesis of Ms. ParitaPatel be accepted for the award of the M.Sc(Engg.) Degree of the Institute. Response to the comments by the external examiner on the M.Sc(Engg.) thesis “Compilation of Graph Algorithms for Hybrid, Cross-Platform, and Distributed Architectures” by Parita Patel 1. Comment: The contributions on optimizations are weak. Response: The novelty of this thesis is to make the Falcon platform agnostic, and additionally process large scale graphs on multi-devices of a single node and multi-node clusters seamlessly. Our framework performs similar to the existing frameworks, but at the same time, it targets several types of architectures which are not possible in the existing works. Advanced optimizations are beyond the scope of this thesis. 2. Comment: The translation of Falcon to OpenCL is simple. While the translation of Falcon to OpenCL was not hard, figuring out the details of the translation for multi-device and multi-node architectures was not simple. For example, design of implementations for collection, set, global variables, concurrency, etc., were non-trivial. These designs have already been explained in the appropriate places in the thesis. Further, such large software introduced its own intricacies during development. 3. Comment: Lines between Falcon work and this work are not clear. Response: Appendix-A shows the falcon implementation of all the algorithms which we used to run the experiments. We compiled these falcon implementations through our framework and subsequently ran the generated code on different types of target architectures and compared the results with other framework's generated code. These falcon programs were written by us. We have also used the front-end of the Falcon compiler and this has already been stated in the thesis (page 16). 4. Comment: There should be a summary of observations in chapter 3. Response: Summary of observations have been added to chapter 3 (pages 35-36), chapter 4 (page 46), and chapter 5 (page 51) of the thesis. 5. Comment: Speedup and scalability achieved with multiple nodes are not great. Response: For the multi-node architecture, we were not able to achieve linear scalability because, with the increase in number of nodes, communication cost increases significantly. Unless the computation cost in the nodes is significant and is much more than the communication cost, this is bound to happen. 6. Comment: It will be good to separate the related work coverage into a separate chapter. Response: The related work is coherent with the flow in chapter 1. It consists of just 4.5 pages and separating it into a separate chapter would make both (rest of) chapter 1 and the new chapter very small. Therefore, we do not recommend it. 7. Comment: The code should be made available for use by the community. Response: The code includes some part of Falcon code (front-end parsing/grammar) also. After discussion with the author of Falcon, the code can be made available to the community. 8. Comment: Page 28: Shouldn’t the else part be inside the kernel? Response: There was some missing text and a few minor changes in Figure 3.14 (page 28) which have been incorporated in the corrected thesis. 9. Comment: Figure 4.1 needs to be explained better. Response: Explanation for Figure 4.1 (pages 38-39) has been added to the thesis. 10. Comment: The problem size justification in the multi-node results is not clear. Response: Single node machine used in the experiments of “multi-device architecture” contains multiple devices while each node used in experiments of “multi-node architecture” contains only a single device. So, the graph which does not fit into single-node-single-device memory can fit into single-node-multi-device after partitioning. Name of the Candidate: Parita Patel (S.R. No. 04-04-00-10-21-14-1-11610) Degree Registered: M.Sc(Engg.) Department: Computer Science & Automation Title of the Thesis: Compilation of Graph Algorithms for Hybrid, Cross-Platform and Graph algorithms are abundantly used in various disciplines. These algorithms perform poorly due to random memory access and negligible spatial locality. In order to improve performance, parallelism exhibited by these algorithms can be exploited by leveraging modern high performance parallel computing resources. Implementing graph algorithms for these parallel architectures requires manual thread management and memory management which becomes tedious for a programmer. Large scale graphs cannot fit into the memory of a single machine. One solution is to partition the graph either on multiple devices of a single node or on multiple nodes of a distributed network. All the available frameworks for such architectures demand unconventional programming which is difficult and error prone. To address these challenges, we propose a framework for compilation of graph algorithms written in an intuitive graph domain-specific language, Falcon. The framework targets shared memory parallel architectures, computational accelerators and distributed architectures (CPU and GPU cluster). First, it analyses the abstract syntax tree (generated by Falcon) and gathers essential information. Subsequently, it generates optimized code in OpenCL for shared-memory parallel architectures and computational accelerators, and OpenCL coupled with MPI code for distributed architectures. Motivation behind generating OpenCL code is its platform-agnostic and vendor-agnostic behavior, i.e., it is portable to all kinds of devices. Our framework makes memory management, thread management, message passing, etc., transparent to the user. None of the available domain-specific languages, frameworks or parallel libraries handle portable implementations of graph algorithms. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the generated code performs comparably to the state-of-the-art non-portable implementations and hand-tuned implementations. The results also show portability and scalability of our framework.

Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt einen Entwurf für eine flexible und robuste Steuerungsarchitektur für Roboter- und Fertigungssysteme vor. Dabei wurde versucht ein offenes Konzept zu realisieren, welches einen vereinfachten Engineeringprozess ermöglicht. Hierzu wird innerhalb der Steuerung eine Trennung zwischen einem funktionellen verhaltensbasierten und einem ablauforientierten Modell vorgeschlagen. Dieser Ansatz wird durch die Verwendung von Aktionsprimitiven innerhalb einer hybriden Robotersteuerung ermöglicht. Diese garantieren durch ihre ausgeprägte Modularität eine hohe Flexibilität und Erweiterbarkeit des entstandenen Systems. Im Beitrag wird sowohl der entstandene Entwurf diskutiert als auch eine prototypische objektorientierte Implementierung vorgestellt sowie erste Ergebnisse präsentiert. / This paper presents a framework for a flexible and robust control architecture for robotic systems. The design incorporates an application independent system concept which allows a simplified engineering process. For this purpose a distinction between a functional behavioural and a sequential control system model is proposed. This approach is based on the utilisation of action primitives within a hybrid control architecture. The use of these primitives affords a high level of modularity through increasing flexibility and expandability of the resulting system. In this paper the proposed framework will be discussed as well as a prototypical object-oriented implementation and first results.

El siguiente trabajo de investigación parte como respuesta a la falta de residencias universitarias en Lima, ciudad más importante del país, que a pesar de la gran oferta de estudiantes universitarios que se ha venido dando durante los últimos años, solo cuenta con una residencia universitaria propiamente dicha. Según cifras, del total de becas que se otorga todos los años en el Programa Nacional de Becas (PRONABEC), el 85% lo obtienen estudiantes del interior del país, que en su gran mayoría vienen a la capital a estudiar en universidades tanto públicas como privadas. Ante esta situación, los estudiantes optan por el alquiler de casas que no cuentan con espacios comunes donde puedan desarrollarse académica y socialmente. Es por ello que se plantea una residencia destinada exclusivamente para alumnos universitarios que se encuentran estudiando en alguna institución cercana. Por otro lado, el proyecto al estar ubicado estratégicamente en el distrito de Los Olivos, donde existen varios polos educativos y oportunidades de negocio, estará compuesto por tres tipologías: residencia, oficinas coworking y comercio local, ya que no solo se busca resolver el tema de estadía, sino que ayude a que los jóvenes tengan un mejor desarrollo profesional durante y después de su etapa universitaria, que tengan mayor conexión con su entorno directo y su comunidad, creando patios abiertos acompañados con áreas verdes de esparcimiento donde puedan intercambiar diferentes costumbres que cada uno tiene del lugar donde nacieron, logrando una interculturalidad entre los usuarios. / The research work below begins in response to the lack of student housing in Lima, the most important city in the country, which despite the great offer of university students that has been given in recent years, only has one university residence proper. According to statistics, of the total scholarships awarded every year in the National Scholarship Program (PRONABEC), 85% are obtained by students from country, who mostly come to the capital to study at both, public or private universities. Faced with this situation, students choose to rent houses that do not have common spaces where they can develop academically and socially. That is why a residence is proposed exclusively for young university students who are studying at a nearby institution. On the other hand, the project being strategically located in the district of Los Olivos, where there are several educational areas and business opportunities, because of that the project consists in three typologies: residence, coworking offices and local commerce, because not only do you seek to resolve the issue of stay, it also helps to young people have better professional development during and after their university stage , that have greater connection with their direct environment and their community, creating open plazas with green areas of recreation where they can exchange different customs that each has of the place where they were born, achieving an interculturality among users. / Tesis

The territory lies in the City of Brno, in the urban district of Zábrdovice. From the east it is demarcated by the Svitava River, from the south by the Cejl Street, and from the west by the Jan Svoboda Street. Its area is approximately 18,790 m2. From the standpoint of urban planning¸ the intensive house is a separate city block, which is, nevertheless, open in the eastern direction towards the Svitava River, thus communicating with the embankment. In the other direction there is both private and semi-private space inside the block as a relaxation green “garden” in several levels. The mass of the object links up in the prolonged line with the existing neighbouring blocks and thus respects the integrity of the territory. Intensive use of the territory consists in the achievement of high density of built-up area, and at the same time preserving the surroundings of quality for life and habitation. Functions are mixed here and a city of short distances is created here with nearly excluded traffic. In order to achieve such intensity, space urbanism is employed. The principle consists in a simple linear form of masses respecting the shape of the lot, which is vivified with an ellipsoid located in the courtyard, which is an accent towards the linear form. The ellipsoid serves as a small cultural and exhibition centre, at the same time connecting all the arms of the defining block and bringing daylight to the first floor. The block is open in the direction to the river and its half-public space is connected with the embankment with a staircase and verdure. Verdure is also made use of on the roofs. The defining mass is perforated, thus creating covered terraces. The principal architectonic intention was to create an integrated structure, where a significant role is played by the introduction of nature and polyfunctionality to the whole territory, thus increasing its attractivity. From the dispositional perspective the individual functions interpenetrate at al

[ES] La tesis doctoral analiza las contaminaciones de la arquitectura que afloran al transformar los grandes contenedores multifuncionales o hasta los edificios complejos más recientes de menor tamaño que son el resultado de una hibridación entre arquitectura, paisaje e infraestructuras. Trámite la perspectiva de la dimensión hibrida, se va perfilando, en realidad, una evolución conceptual y productiva significativa. Con este enfoque de investigación, lo híbrido se concibe como un agente teórico que se desglosa primero como contenedor híbrido (objeto-arquitectónico), luego como hibridación (arquitectura-paisaje), y por último como ámbito híbrido (arquitectura-infraestructura). Así se establece un ámbito teórico con la capacidad de reconectar los elementos en un sistema y lograr renovar constantemente el significado. Es decir que, primero, las obras ponen de relieve un desacoplamiento entre contenido y contenedor, entre forma y función, en donde se detecta una espacialidad interior dilatada, un paisaje indoor definido por la envoltura estática, donde lo híbrido se manifiesta como una presencia intrínseca que representa el concepto de “ciudad en la ciudad”, un espacio centrípeto, que se proyecta por completo hacia el interior del volumen arquitectónico. Sucesivamente dicho desacoplamiento se encamina hacia una difuminación de los límites dentro de los que trabaja la arquitectura, llegan-do luego a definir una hibridación que actúa en el espacio intermedio, como presencia liminar que se concentra en el perímetro y en el borde, como ámbitos de acoplamiento entre arquitectura y paisaje: desde esta óptica el papel más significativo de la superficie conlleva una atenuación del vínculo volumétrico. Las delimitaciones reglamentarias, por consiguiente, se van difuminando, facilitadas por el empuje vital que ofrece el paisaje. En la tesis doctoral se recoge, además, otra brecha conceptual debida a la capacidad de los elementos de organizarse en un sistema que actúa en un ámbito con mayores posibilidades de acoplamiento trámite un rebasamiento que elimina los casos anteriores. El planteamiento arquitectónico se enmarca así en un ámbito de infraestructuras más amplio, un ámbito híbrido extendido que se caracteriza por una presencia extrínseca del híbrido. De esta forma se genera un espacio centrífugo que logra crear conexiones de gran alcance acoplando arquitectura e infraestructuras trámite orientaciones de intensidad e imágenes de la extensión. El rebasamiento representa una fase nueva en la que la arquitectura alcanza una conciencia identitaria nueva mediante una ampliación de sus atribuciones y de los instrumentos teóricos y operativos. La tesis doctoral profundiza en el ámbito de la metrópolis contemporánea que se caracteriza por el paulatino abandono de los modelos urbanos reconocibles, porque se abre y acoge las contradicciones, lo plural y lo heterogéneo. La difuminación de los límites tradicionales implica un replanteamiento de la ciudad concebida ahora como un sistema abierto que se transforma indefinidamente (Sennett, 2018). La incesante urbanización y la elevada densidad implican un cambio de los valores asignados al espacio tradicional de las ciudades que tienden a estructurar-se con formas mutantes, generando fragilidad dentro a la ciudad misma: bienvenida ¡cultura de la congestión! (Koolhaas, 2001). Se analiza el enriquecimiento del ámbito específico de la arquitectura que acoge la esencia de las otras disciplinas para lograr así una difuminación de la idea de producir objetos aislados, al incorporarlos dentro de un espacio más extenso de relaciones. Esta es la idea subyacente a la noción de antiobjeto elaborada por el arquitecto japonés Kengo Kuma (Kuma, 2014), que propugna abandonar definitivamente el edificio como objeto arquitectónico y apunta en cambio a crear una red de interrelaciones e interconexiones con el entorno que lo rodea. La noción final de anti-objeto, a la que se refiere la tesis doctoral, marca el ápice de una estrategia de acciones que analizan la difuminación de la arquitectura identitaria tradicional y destacan el inicio de una relación nueva con el territorio y el paisaje. Por último, otra fase conceptual es la afirmación de la condición de ámbito híbrido (Allen 1999). Lo híbrido a este respecto opera anulando las jerarquías y facilitando los intercambios que se generan por la condición de libertad. Por su capacidad de desplazarse entre las diferentes disciplinas y las diferentes escalas, lo híbrido demuestra su fuerza transversal en términos de interescalaridad. El acoplamiento entre arquitectura, paisaje e infraestructura conlleva un potencial emancipador de los dogmas compositivos, un replanteamiento del enfoque proyectual desde su origen, es decir una revisión radical de sus elementos. Desde esta perspectiva nueva, la arquitectura se considera como un soporte y parrilla que puede ajustarse de modo flexible a los cambios. Una disciplina que no ofrece respuestas inflexibles y que actúa en una zona liminar entre ámbitos diferentes tratando de plasmar una actitud proyectual abierta que logre encarar los eventos imprevisibles y respaldar las transformaciones futuras. / [EN] The dissertation analyses architectural contaminations emerging from the development from large multifunctional containers to most recent smaller complex buildings, resulting from a hybridisation between architecture, landscape and infrastructure. Through the lens of the hybrid dimension, a significant conceptual and productive evolution emerges. In this perspective of study, the hybrid is interpreted as a theoretical operator and is developed as hybrid container (architecture-object) at first, then as Hybridisation (architecture-landscape), and finally as hybrid field (archi-tecture-infrastructure). Therefore, the theoretical scope is characterised by the systemic reconnection of elements and the constant creation of new meanings. In other words, at first the architectural works highlight the disconnection between content and container, shape and function, where internal space is extended, as in an indoor landscape defined by the static nature of the container and the hybrid is presented as an intrinsic presence representing the idea of a “city in a city”, a centripetal space, fully extended within the architectural volume. Subsequently, the afore mentioned disconnection moves towards the thinning of the boundaries in which architecture operates, to then de-fine a hybridisation operating on intermediate space as a liminal presence concentrating on the perimeter and the edge, as the reconnecting area of architecture and landscape. In this perspective, the enhanced role of the surface leads to reduced volume constraints. Disciplinary boundaries move towards their dissolution encouraged by the vital impulse provided by the landscape. The dissertation highlights also a further conceptual shift caused by the capacity of the elements to organise into a system, by acting in a freer field for reconnection through a trespassing which addresses the previous instances. Therefore, the architectural discourse expresses itself within a larger infrastructure scope, a hybrid expanded field characterised by the extrinsic presence of the hybrid. In this way, a centrifugal space, capable of large-scale connections, joining architecture and infrastructure through 13 intensity trajectories and shapes with different extensions, is created. The trespassing represents a new phase when architecture acquires renewed awareness of its identity through the extension of its attributions and its theoretical and operational tools. The focus area of the dissertation is the contemporary metropolis, charac-terised by the progressive abandonment of recognisable urban models, to embrace, contradictions, multiplicity and heterogeneity. The dissolution of traditional constraints leads to the rethinking of the city conceived now as an open system in constant transformation (Sennett, 2018), where constant urbanisation and its high density introduce a change in the values given to the traditional space of the city which tends to configurate in discontinuous forms, causing internal fragility for the city: welcome to the culture of congestion! (Koolhaas, 2001). The Enrichment of the scope of architecture is therefore explored as it welcomes the spirit of other disciplines, and by doing so reaches the dis-solution of the idea of the production of isolated objects, by reconnecting them into a larger space of relationships. This is the idea underlying the notion of anti-object, elaborated by the Japanese architect, Kengo Kuma (Kuma, 2014), who wishes for the permanent abandonment of the build-ing as architectural objects and aims at creating a network of relationships and interconnections with the surroundings. The final notion of anti-ob-ject referred to in the dissertation, marks the apex of a strategy of actions exploring the dissolution of architecture in terms of traditional identity and marks the beginning of a renewed relationship with the territory and the landscape. A further conceptual shift is finally represented by the affirmation of the notion of Hybrid field (Allen 1999). In this case, the hybrid operates by nullifying hierarchies and favouring interchanges produced by a condition of freedom. Due to its ability to move between different disciplines and scales, the hybrid shows its transversal strength in terms of interscalarity. The reconnection between architecture, landscape and infrastructure carries with it a potential freedom from the compositional dogmas, and the rethinking of the projectual approach starting from its origin, that is a radical revision of its elements. In this new perspective, architecture is seen as a support and a palimpsest able to address changes in a flexible manner. A discipline that doesn’t provide fixed answers but operates at the border between different areas and tries to build an open projectual attitude capable of facing up to unpredictable events and supporting future transformations. / [IT] La dissertazione analizza le contaminazioni dell’architettura che emergono nella trasformazione dai grandi contenitori multifunzionali fino ai più recenti edifici complessi di minori dimensioni e che sono il frutto di una ibridazione tra architettura, paesaggio e infrastruttura. Attraverso la lente della dimensione ibrida, infatti, emerge una significativa evoluzione concettuale e produttiva. In questa prospettiva di studio, l’ibrido viene letto come un operatore teorico e si declina prima come contenitore ibrido (oggetto-architettonico), poi come ibridazione (architettura-paesaggio), infine come campo ibrido (architettura-infrastruttura). Si afferma così un ambito teorico caratterizzato dalla capacità di riconnettere a sistema gli elementi e approdare a significati costantemente rinnovati.In altri termini, dapprima le opere evidenziano una disgiunzione tra contenuto e contenitore, tra forma e funzione, in cui si rileva una spazialità interna dilatata, un paesaggio indoor fissato dalla staticità dell’involucro, dove l’ibrido si manifesta come una presenza intrinseca rappresentativa di un’idea di “città nella città”, uno spazio centripeto, tutto proiettato all’interno del volume architettonico. Successivamente detta disgiunzione si orienta verso un assottigliamento dei confini entro i quali opera l’architettura, giungendo poi a definire un’ibridazione che agisce sullo spazio intermedio, come presenza liminare che si concentra sul perimetro e sul bordo, quale ambito di ricongiunzione tra architettura e paesaggio: in questa prospettiva il ruolo più significativo della superficie porta a un affievolimento del vincolo volumetrico. Le perimetrazioni disciplinari si avviano dunque a una dissoluzione, favorita dallo slancio vitale offerto dal paesaggio.La dissertazione coglie infine un ulteriore scarto concettuale, determinato dalla capacità degli elementi di organizzarsi a sistema agendo in un campo più libero di riconnessione tramite uno sconfinamento che riassorbe le istanze precedenti. Il discorso architettonico si esprime così in un ambito di infrastrutturazione più ampio, un campo ibrido espanso caratterizzato da una presenza estrinseca dell’ibrido. In questo modo si genera uno spazio centrifugo in grado di compiere connessioni ad ampio respiro con un congiungimento tra architettura e infrastruttura attraverso direttrici di intensità e figure dell’estensione. Lo sconfinamento rappresenta una nuova fase in cui l’architettura acquisisce una rinnovata consapevolezza identitaria mediante una dilatazione delle sue attribuzioni e degli strumenti teorici ed operativi. Ambito di approfondimento della dissertazione è la metropoli contemporanea, connotata dal progressivo abbandono di modelli urbani riconoscibili, per aprirsi ad accogliere le contraddizioni, il molteplice e l’eterogeneo. La dissoluzione dei limiti tradizionali porta a un ripensamento della città vista ora come sistema aperto e in continua trasformazione (Sennett, 2018), in cui l’incessante inurbamento e l’elevata densità introducono un cambio dei valori attribuiti allo spazio urbano tradizionale che tende a configurarsi in forme discontinue, generando una fragilità interna alla città stessa: benvenuta cultura della congestione! (Koolhaas, 2001). Si esplora dunque un arricchimento del campo stesso dell’architettura che accoglie lo spirito delle altre discipline e così facendo giunge a una dissoluzione dell’idea di una produzione per oggetti isolati, reinserendoli all’interno di uno spazio più ampio di relazioni. Questa è l’idea alla base della nozione di anti-oggetto elaborata dall’architetto giapponese Kengo Kuma (Kuma, 2014), che auspica il definitivo abbandono dell’edificio come oggetto architettonico e mira invece a intrecciare una rete di interrelazioni e interconnessioni con l’intorno circostante. La nozione finale di anti-oggetto, cui la dissertazione fa riferimento, segna l’apice di una strategia di azioni che esplorano la dissoluzione dell’architettura in termini identitari tradizionali e segnano l’avvio di un ritrovato rapporto con il territorio e il paesaggio. Un ulteriore passaggio concettuale è infine rappresentato dall’affermazione della condizione di campo ibrido (Allen 1999). L’ibrido a questo punto opera annullando le gerarchie favorendo interscambi generati da una condizione di libertà. Per questa sua capacità di muoversi tra le diverse discipline e alle diverse scale, l’ibrido mostra la sua forza trasversale in termini di inter-scalarità. La ricongiunzione tra architettura, paesaggio e infrastruttura porta con sé un potenziale liberatorio dai dogmi compositivi, un ripensamento dell’approccio progettuale partendo all’origine, ossia una radicale revisione dei suoi elementi. In questa nuova ottica, l’architettura viene vista quale supporto e palinsesto in grado di rispondere in modo flessibile ai cambiamenti. Una disciplina che non fornisce risposte rigide ma si muove su un terreno liminare tra ambiti differenti e cerca di costruire un atteggiamento progettuale aperto che possa fronteggiare gli eventi imprevedibili e supportare future trasformazioni. / Gironi, R. (2021). Gulliver en busca de Liliput. La dimensión híbrida de la Arquitectura [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/170334 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

The assigned territory is situated in the City of Brno, in the city district of Židenice. From the west it is limited by the railway track Brno-Židenice, from the east by Koperníkova Street, from the north by Lazaretní Street and finally from the south by Bubeníčkova Street. Its area is approximately 45, 480 m2 which is 4,55 ha. From the urban perspective it is an intensive development in a separated block of the city with a protection zone. Total area is permeated by a few lines for pedestrians. The pedestrian zone provides better permeability of the area and better accessibility of the trade parterre. The buildings connect to surrounding development and respect the density of the integrity of the area. Intensive housing structure is regarded as "the city of short distance". The achievement of high density of housing development combines lots of various functions and relatively small built-up surface. While high-quality environment is preserved, people can find job oportunities in the intensive housing development without the need for transport. For achievement conception of compact city applies space urban planning. The shape of the estate directly impacted the principle of the proposal together with the city planning context of the current buildings. In the protective zone there is established a huge park with water reservoirs. The walk-through trade parterre is filled with many various functions, on its walkable roof is created a semi-public zone with skylights and freely introduced verdure. On the walkable roof there are independent blocks of apartments and public facilities. In the northern and southern corner are located public-service utilities and in the middle of this area there is a nursery and a kindergarden. In structural terms the building it is about cast-in-place concrete reinforced frame based on a white concrete foundation which has one underground level and five above-ground levels.