Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-05T14:41:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Lopes da Silva.pdf: 2279594 bytes, checksum: 9d16b5a4a812568f5d4017907f2695cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T14:41:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Lopes da Silva.pdf: 2279594 bytes, checksum: 9d16b5a4a812568f5d4017907f2695cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos - Finep / For any study involving the movement of soil water becomes essential to know the physical and hydraulic properties and their correlations. Both proprieties are of fundamental importance in the storage and transport of water and nutrients, in controlling infiltration and runoff, as well as soil conservation. In this context, this study aimed to do a physical-water characterization of three experimental basins (Jatoba and Mimoso / Pesqueira-PE and Xaréu / Fernando Noronha-PE) in the semiarid, in order to generate information for hydrological modeling and subsidies for soil and water management and conservation. It has been evaluated the physical and hydraulic behavior of soil at different depths and vegetation cover. Physical characterization of soils was carried out by laboratory tests on disturbed and undisturbed samples. The hydraulic characterization was conducted through moisture retention curves and through of hydraulic conductivity (K) tests in the field with the Guelph permeameter. Possession of physical variables and soil organic matter pedotransfer functions (PTF) have been tested to estimate the K0 and moisture in particular tensions in order to compare field and laboratory measurements. Among the attributes analyzed, the organic matter was the one with the highest coefficient of variation in depth in the basins and Mimoso Jatoba. There was also high variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K0) in depth, in the three basins. It was concluded that the hydraulic conductivity no significant difference in hydraulic conductivity means has been verified for the different vegetation covers. Among soils, the Vertisol presented the highest capacity to retain water. It is concluded that the proposed PTF showed low prediction of K0. The PTF for estimatingsoil moisture, also showed low prediction for soils at Xaréu Basins. In the Jatoba and Mimoso Basins, the best prediction for soil moisture at field capacity was obtained by the model proposed by Meng et al. (1987) and the humidity at wilting point, the equation based on the mean texture proposed by Oliveira et al. (2002) showed the best performance. For the water available content for the equation based on unique data set proposed by Oliveira et al. (2002), and Massuti (1997) model showed a good prediction. / Para qualquer estudo que envolva o movimento da água no solo torna-se imprescindível o conhecimento das propriedades físicas e hidráulicas, bem como suas correlações. Ambas têm fundamental importância no armazenamento e transporte de água e de nutrientes, no controle da infiltração e escoamento superficial, bem como na conservação do solo. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo buscou realizar uma caracterização físico-hídrica de três bacias experimentais (Jatobá e Mimoso/Pesqueira-PE e Xaréu/Fernando Noronha-PE) do semiárido, a fim de gerar informações para suporte à modelagem hidrológica e subsídios para o gerenciamento e conservação do solo e da água. Avaliou-se o comportamento físico-hídrico dos solos em diferentes profundidades e coberturas vegetais. A caracterização física dos solos se deu por análises de laboratório com amostras indeformadas e deformadas. A caracterização hidráulica foi realizada por meio de curvas de retenção de umidade e através de testes de condutividade hidráulica (K) em campo com permeâmetro de Guelph. De posse das variáveis físicas e da matéria orgânica do solo, foram testadas funções de pedotransferência (FPT) para estimativa da K0 e umidade em tensões específicas, a fim de comparar com as medidas em campo e laboratório. Dentre os atributos do solo analisados, a matéria orgânica foi o que apresentou o maior coeficiente de variação, em profundidade, nas Bacias do Jatobá e do Mimoso. Verificou-se também, alta variabilidade da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (K0) em profundidade, nas três bacias. Concluiu-se que a condutividade hidráulica não apresentou diferença significativa entre médias, para as diferentes coberturas vegetais. Dentre os solos estudados, o Vertissolo foi o que apresentou a maior capacidade de retenção de água. Conclui-se que as FPT propostas apresentaram baixa predição da K0. As FPT para estimativa da umidade retida a potenciais específicos, também apresentaram baixa predição para os solos da Bacia do Xaréu. Nas Bacias do Jatobá e do Mimoso a melhor predição para umidade na capacidade de campo foi obtida pelo modelo de Meng et al. (1987) e para a umidade no ponto de murcha permanente, a equação baseada na textura média proposta por Oliveira et al. (2002) mostrou o melhor desempenho. Para água disponível a equação baseada no conjunto único de dados proposta por Oliveira et al. (2002), e o modelo de Massuti (1997) apresentaram boa predição.

L'importance des enjeux liés à la qualité et à la connaissance de l'eau souterraine nécessite de caractériser le fonctionnement des nappes d’eaux souterraines. En hydrogéologie, les méthodes qui permettent de réaliser le modèle conceptuel d’un aquifère reposent généralement sur l’observation et la caractérisation du milieu, à partir notamment de la mise en place de forages et la réalisation de pompages d’essai. Cependant, ces méthodes présentent des limites pour caractériser la variabilité spatiale des aquifères hétérogènes. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’approches expérimentales qui utilisent des informations issues de traçage thermique ou salin pour la caractérisation des paramètres hydrauliques des milieux hétérogènes poreux. Ce choix expérimental a été justifié 1) par les difficultés de prise en compte des hétérogénéités hydrauliques dans les milieux poreux naturels et 2) pour une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu en situation contrôlée. Dans les travaux réalisés, nous avons tout d’abord proposé d’utiliser des mesures thermiques ponctuelles, puis obtenues dans l'infrarouge thermique pour estimer les paramètres hydrauliques en milieux poreux hétérogènes. Cependant, les méthodes de traçage thermiques étant limitées dans les zones faiblement perméables, nous avons fait évoluer notre approche en la combinant avec une méthode géophysique (Potentiel Spontané). Cette méthode, sensible aux écoulements des fluides et aux processus thermoélectrique et électrochimique, nous a permis de collecter des données temporelles intéressantes pour surveiller des variations thermiques ou saline provoquées dans les milieux. Les mesures obtenues ont été par la suite utilisées dans des algorithmes d’inversion pour estimer les distributions spatiales des propriétés hydrauliques. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis de montrer l’efficacité de ces approches pour la caractérisation des milieux hétérogènes et par conséquent pour la modélisation des écoulements des fluides dans ces milieux. / The importance of issues related to the quality of groundwater requires characterizing the operation of groundwater aquifers. Hydrogeological methods used to carry out conceptual model of an aquifer are generally based on the observation and characterization of the medium, by using boreholes and carrying out of pumping test operations. However, these methods present some limitations in characterizing the spatial variability of heterogeneous aquifers. In this thesis, we develop experimental approaches that use information from thermal or saline tracing for the characterization of hydraulic parameters in heterogeneous porous media. The choice of using experimental approaches was justified 1) by difficulties of taking into account hydraulic heterogeneities in natural porous media and 2) for a better understanding of the phenomena involved in a controlled situation. In this work, we first proposed the use of punctual thermal measurements, then measurements obtained by using thermal infrared to estimate hydraulic parameters in heterogeneous porous media. However, as thermal tracing methods are limited in low permeability areas, we improved our approach by combining it with a geophysical method (Spontaneous Potential). This method, sensitive to fluid flows and thermoelectric and electrochemical processes, has allowed us to collect interesting temporal data to monitor thermal or saline variations in the media. The measurements obtained were then used in inversion algorithms to estimate the spatial distributions of hydraulic properties. The results obtained allowed to demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches for the characterization of heterogeneous media and consequently for the modelling of fluid flows.

Moisture in a sandstone body plays a notable role in hydrological, weathering, biological and other processes. Knowledge about presence and movement of moisture within porous medium of natural sandstone exposures is, however, rather limited. Aim of the doctoral thesis was thus to quantify selected moisture characteristics of several natural sandstone exposures in Český ráj (Czech Republic). According to long-term logging, mean annual temperature at studied areas was between 8.5 řC to 11.5 řC, mean annual relative humidity was between 73 % to 85 %. Deforested area was found warmer and drier and amplitude of the values was higher there than at the forested areas. Values of water content (more than 400 measurements) and suction (more than 150 measurements) of the exposures including their spatial-temporal changes were obtained. Mean volumetric water content in zone from the sandstone's surface to 12 cm depth was from 3 % to 10 % and mean suction in depth 2-12 cm was from 2 kPa to more than 130 kPa. Using uranine powder coloring, spatial distribution of moisture near the sandstone's surface was visualized repeatedly for the first time. The coloring divided the surficial area of the sandstone into capillary (wet) and diffusion (dry) zone. The sharp transition between the two zones was represented by...

This study tested a dynamic modelling approach based on salt application, meteorological data and generic descriptions of hydrogeological environments for describing the spread of deicing salt to the surroundings and the corresponding increase in chloride storage in soil. Both the amount of chloride storage and the annual variation pattern were significantly altered due to deicing salt application and spread to the roadside environment. Data from field investigations comprising different hydrogeological environments and different methods of measurement were used to examine the variability of the salt deposition pattern in the vicinity of the road, and to test the performance of the model with respect to different soils and vegetation types. The use of typical hydrogeological environments to represent inputs to the model was shown to be useful to demonstrate the importance of soils, vegetation type and groundwater conditions for modelling the impact of deicing salt on soil water and the response to environmental changes in the vadose zone. However, the use of hydrogeological environment could also be misleading in view of the high degree of variability at the field scale. The different methods of measurements and simulations represented different spatial and temporal scales that were shown to be complementary useful to quantify the different pathways of deicing salt in the roadside environment. Continuous simulations complemented with selected field monitoring should therefore be promoted. / QC 20100526

Soil and agricultural management practices (AMP) that are able to provide for an increasing population while meeting environmental existential challenges have gained considerable attention in recent times. Such AMP influence the soil profile and hydrological components for varying depths and patterns, depending on site-specific and environmental conditions. Though it is well known that management-induced changes of soil structure have consequences on soil hydraulic properties (SHP) and water fluxes, their dynamics through a season or on a long-term basis are hardly studied. Typically, an invariant soil pore system is assumed when modeling the transport of water and solutes in the soil system which leads to incorrect predictions of the dynamics of water balance components. Ultimately, this may lead to poor decision making and mismanagement of environmental resources. Hence, the present study quantifies the dynamics of SHP from existing studies and evaluates a model that is able to capture soil pore space dynamics following tillage. The objectives were to (1) investigate the quantitative effects of agricultural practices on soil structure and hydraulic properties and the subsequent response of the water balance components (2) evaluate a pore space evolution model for its capability in predicting the evolution of soil pore size distribution (PSD) for two cases: a) when there is a change in the tillage regime and/or land-use change b) in the months following tillage (3) derive corresponding soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions to incorporate them in hydrological models To achieve these objectives, first, a review of contemporary literature was undertaken to analyze the impacts of anthropogenic and environmental influences on SHP. The analysis indicated the relevance of studying temporal alterations of soil structure and SHP. Thereafter, a numerical model was evaluated for its ability to capture the dynamics of soil pore space with respect to time and pore radius using water retention parameter data sets from different parts of the world. The physically based coefficients of the model simulated the processes that were expected to occur after tillage. Furthermore, saturated hydraulic conductivity was obtained from the initial and final pore size distributions. Using the final pore size distribution curve and water retention function, the hydraulic conductivity function was also derived. The resulting water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves can directly be used as input in hydrological modeling studies. The results of the literature review indicate that, generally, soils show an abundance of large pores immediately after tillage. Those pores are not stable with time mainly due to precipitation and biological activity. Saturated hydraulic conductivity decreases in periods of rainfall along with the number of macropores and the overall porosity. Thus, the infiltration rates and capacities also decrease. However, the results of existing studies cannot be generalized owing to discrepancies in the dynamics of SHP, infiltration rates and soil moisture dynamics for soils under similar agricultural management practices. They are attributed mainly to a lack of standardization of research methodology as well as to site-specific conditions. Furthermore, it was also seen that incorporating the temporal dynamics of SHP in hydrological models produce more reliable and accurate modeling outcomes in comparison to studies with constant SHP as model input. The evaluation of the pore evolution model illustrated its suitability in capturing the temporal dynamics of soil pore space in response to tillage and environmental influences. High effective rainfalls and plant growth stages at which measurements were done affected the model performance. The use of sink/source terms and providing new initial conditions after high intensity rainfall events were provided as a means to improve the modeling outcomes. Though the model performed quite well in obtaining the water retention function as well as the saturated hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic conductivity functions, the high spatial variability in the sampling sites hampered with the model output. However, the main limitation lay in the lack of availability of sufficient data sets to calibrate and validate the model and its coefficients as well as for the derivation of SHP from the model. Overall, this study is a forerunner in predicting the temporal dynamics of soil structure and hydraulic properties. The established dynamics in the water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions can be used in hydrological simulations for planning land-use and management measures. The current study also reveals the need for more measurements and data sets that capture the alterations in soil hydraulic properties on a long-term basis.

Die Berücksichtigung der flächenhaften bodenhydraulischen Variabilität gilt bei der Modellierung von Wasser- und Stofftransportprozessen als problematisch. Dies liegt vorrangig an ihrer Erfassung, die kosten- und zeitintensiv ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht verschiedene Messstrategien, die zur Abbildung der flächenhaften Bodenhydraulik mit wenigen, einfach zu bestimmenden und physikalisch begründeten Bodenparametern führen. Die Vorgehensweise erfolgt mit der Anwendung eines Ähnlichkeitskonzeptes, das die Böden in bodenhydraulisch ähnliche Klassen unterteilt. Innerhalb einer Klasse kann die Variabilität der Retentions- und hydraulischen Leitfähigkeitcharakteristik auf einen freien Parameter (Skalierungsparameter) reduziert werden. Die Analyse der Zusammenhänge zwischen Boden- und Skalierungsparametern führt letztendlich zu den geeigneten Parametern die eine flächenhafte Abbildung möglich machen. Diese Untersuchungen bilden die Grundlage für die weitere Entwicklung eines stochastischen Modellansatzes, der die Variabilität der Bodenhydraulik bei der Modellierung des Bodenwassertransportes im Feldmaßstab berücksichtigen kann. An Hand von drei Datensätzen unterschiedlicher Skalenausbreitung konnte dieses Konzept angewendet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Beschreibung der hydraulischen Variabilität nur für die vertikale (Profil) nicht aber für die flächenhafte Ausbreitung mit einfachen Bodenparametern möglich ist. Mit einer ersten Modellanwendung konnte gezeigt werden, dass über die Variabilität der Bodenparameter Trockenrohdichte und Tongehalt auch die Variabilität der Bodenhydraulik und damit die Berechnung des Bodenfeuchteverlaufs am Standort darstellbar ist. / The consideration of the spatial variability of the unsaturated soil hydraulic characteristics still remains an unsolved problem in the modelling of the water and matter transport in the vadose zone. This can be mainly explained by the rather cumbersome measurement of this variability, which is both, time-consuming and cost-intensive. The presented thesis analyses various measurement strategies which aim at the description of the soil-hydraulic heterogeneity by a small number of proxy-parameters, which should be easily measurable and still have a soil-physical meaning. The developed approach uses a similarity concept, which groups soils into similar soil hydraulic classes. Within a class, the variability of the retention and hydraulic conductivity curves can be explained by a single parameter (scaling parameter). The analysis of the correlation between the soil parameters and the scaling parameters can eventually indicate which soil parameters can be used for describing the soil hydraulic variability in a given area. This investigation forms the basis for the further development of a stochastic model, which can integrate the soil-hydraulic variability in the modelling of the soil water transport. Three data sets, all covering different scales, were subsequently used in the application of the developed concept. The results show that depth development of the soil-hydraulic variability in a soil profile can be explained by a single soil parameter. Contrarily, the explanation of the horizontal variability of the soil-hydraulic properties was not possible with the given data sets. First model applications for a soil profile showed that including the variability of the soil parameters bulk density and clay fraction in the water transport simulations could describe the variability of the soil-hydraulic variability and thus, the dynamics of the soil water content at the investigated profile.

Agricultural system models integrate many different processes that cannot all be measured in field experiments and help quantify soil water dynamics, crop evapotranspiration, and crop growth with high temporal resolution. Understanding soil water dynamics and crop evapotranspiration is essential to improve agricultural management of field crops. For example, the interaction between nitrogen application rate and water dynamics is not sufficiently understood. In most cases, model simulations deviate from field measurements, especially when model input parameters are indirectly and unspecifically derived. The extent to which measured soil hydraulic property inputs decrease the discrepancy between measured and simulated soil water status is not well understood. Consequently, this study: (i) investigated thr use of measured soil hydraulic properties as Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) inputs compared to indirectly derived inputs; (ii) explored the capability of calibrating measured soil hydraulic property input parameters for one crop and using them for other crops without further calibration; (iii) studied the effect of the nitrogen application rate on the behavior of soil water dynamics and crop evapotranspiration using RZWQM2 under different rainfall amounts. To evaluate the model in different field management conditions, a field experiment with soybean, corn, wheat, and fallow soil was conducted from 2015 – 2017 to collect field data to calibrate and validate the RZWQM2 model. The model presented a satisfactory response to using measured soil hydraulic property inputs and a satisfactory capability to quantify the effect of nitrogen rates on daily crop evapotranspiration, soil water dynamics, and crop growth. With sufficient measurements of soil hydraulic parameters, it was possible to build a RZWQM2 model that produced reasonable results even without calibration.

Wald weist gegenüber anderen Landnutzungen meist die günstigeren Wasserrückhalteigenschaften auf. Diese sind jedoch begrenzt. Ob zusätzlicher Wald in einem Einzugsgebiet zur Reduktion eines Hochwassers führt, hängt ab von der Vorwitterung, den Eigenschaften des Bodens, auf dem die Aufforstung etabliert wurde, Dauer und Intensität des hochwasserauslösenden Niederschlagsereignisses und Lage und Größe der Aufforstungsfläche im betrachteten Einzugsgebiet. Weiterhin spielt das Waldmanagement, welches in dieser Arbeit nur am Rande diskutiert wurde, eine bedeutende Rolle. Bei der Umwandlung einer anderen Landnutzung in Wald sind noch nicht alle Prozesse, die den Wasserrückhalt betreffen, ausreichend untersucht und beschrieben. Dies gilt besonders für die Änderungen in der hydraulischen Architektur der Böden. Es wurde dargestellt, dass aufwachsende Wälder schon nach wenigen Jahren die Porenverteilung besonders in den oberen Bodenhorizonten verändern. Obwohl experimentelle Felduntersuchungen besonders durch die Suche nach geeigneten Teststandorten schwierig sind, wären weitere Messergebnisse von anderen Böden mit anderen Baumarten hier wünschenswert. Eine modellhafte Beschreibung einer Landnutzungsänderung hin zu Wald in Bezug auf den Hochwasserrückhalt ist demnach mit hohen Unsicherheiten behaftet. Modelle bleiben dennoch die einzige Möglichkeit, Auswirkungen von Landnutzungsänderungen mit vertretbarem Aufwand quantifizierend abzuschätzen. Allgemein gilt bei der Anwendung hydrologischer Modelle zur Prognose von Auswirkungen veränderter Landnutzungen, dass bislang wenig quantitativ verwertbares Wissen über Änderungen im Boden besteht. Weder der Zielzustand noch der Verlauf der Transformation können hier sicher prognostiziert werden. Vernachlässigt man aber solche Prozesse, dürfen bei einer Ergebnisdiskussion auch nur die berücksichtigten Prozesse angeführt werden. Die Weiterentwicklung der Modelle mit gezielter paralleler Datenerhebung ist hier unabdingbar. Die zunehmenden Fragestellungen hinsichtlich veränderter Landnutzungssysteme erfordern auch innovative Formen der Parametrisierung und Kalibrierung der Modelle. Der zunehmende Grad an Prozessabbildungen in den Modellen darf die Parametrisierbarkeit nicht unmöglich machen. Eine adäquate Prozessabbildung ist jedoch der Schlüssel für die szenarienfähige Modellierung. Die Kommunikation der Ergebnisse muss deshalb eine hohe Transparenz mit der Benennung aller bekannten Unsicherheiten aufweisen, da Entscheidungen in der Landnutzung Konsequenzen über sehr lange Zeiträume hinweg nach sich ziehen. Die qualifizierte Prognose von Landnutzungsänderungen ist eine disziplinübergreifende Aufgabe. Hier wirken soziologische, ökonomische und ökologische Prozesse zusammen, deren Resultat die zukünftige Landnutzung ist. Eine weitere wichtige Schlussfolgerung der vorliegenden Arbeit ist daher, dass für die Umsetzung von Maßnahmen, zur Erhöhung des Wasserrückhaltes, wie hier der Aufforstung, ein breiter wissenschaftlicher und gesellschaftlicher Konsens herrschen muss. Es braucht integrierte Ansätze zur disziplinübergreifenden Beschreibung von Auswirkungen veränderter Landnutzung. Trotz aller Unsicherheiten bei der wissenschaftlichen Beweisführung wird erwartet, dass bis zur Umsetzung der Hochwasserrisiko-Managementpläne „nachhaltige Flächennutzungen“ zur „Verbesserung des Wasserrückhaltes“ definiert sind. Besonders für die politischen Entscheidungsträger ist zur Entwicklung geeigneter Steuerelemente festzuhalten, das Hochwasserschutzmaßnahmen in der Fläche ihre hauptsächliche Wirkung nicht am Punkt der Implementierung entfalten, sondern erst weiter flussabwärts. Daher sind die bisherigen Förderinstrumente der EU-Agrarflächenförderung für den Hochwasserschutz in der Fläche nahezu nicht anwendbar. Es gilt hier sektorales Denken zu überwinden. Unterschiedliche Ansprüche an Landnutzungssysteme sind durch Lösungsansätze auszubalancieren, die die unterschiedlichen Landschaftsfunktionen berücksichtigen, von denen Wasserrückhalt ein Teil sein kann. Andere Schutzziele wie Naturschutz, Bodenschutz, Ziele der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, Fragen eines ästhetischen Landschaftsbildes und nicht zuletzt Fragen der wirtschaftlichen Ansprüche an die einzelnen Flächen spielen hier eine wichtige Rolle. Bei der Entwicklung begründeter Zukunftsszenarien ist diese transdisziplinäre Herangehensweise unbedingt zu empfehlen. Hochwasserschutz kann aber nicht die Aufgabe haben, Hochwasserereignisse vollkommen auszuschließen. Schon heute ist bekannt, dass das Ausbleiben kleiner und mittlerer Hochwässer ökologische Konsequenzen hat. Vielmehr könnte in Gebieten, wie dem hier untersuchten, eine Erhöhung des Waldanteils dazu beitragen, die anthropogenen Störungen zu reduzieren und den Wasserrückhalt dahingehend zu erhöhen, dass hochwasserverschärfende Eingriffe in den Einzugsgebieten zurückgebaut werden. / Forests show, compared to other land uses, in many cases good water retention potential. This is however limited. Whether additional forest area in a catchment leads to a reduction of flooding depends on the pre-event atmospheric conditions, the soil characteristics at the afforested site, the duration and intensity of the rain storm event, and location and size of the afforested area. Further, the forest management, which is only briefly discussed in this thesis, plays an important role. Many water retention related processes occurring during the transformation of a landuse into forest are not yet sufficiently investigated an described. This applies especially to the changes in the hydraulic architecture of the soil. It was shown that after a few years growing forests have already changed the pore distribution, especially in the upper soil horizons. However, further research under different soil and tree type would be desirable. Therefore, a model-based description of land use change towards forest with regard to flood retention comprises uncertainties which should be taken into consideration. Nevertheless, models are the only possibility to assess land use change effects with justifiable expenditure. In general, the application of hydrological models comprised sparse useful information about changes in the soil due to a changed land use. Neither the target state nor the progression of the transformation can be predicted with certainty. Further development of models with parallel observations and data gathering is essential. With increasing number of questions regarding modified land use systems, a need arises for innovative forms of parameterisation and model calibration. The increasing degree of process mapping in models may make parameterability difficult, however, adequate process mapping is the key to scenario capable modelling. The communication of results must therefore include a high degree of transparency in the definition of all known uncertainties, because decisions have long lasting consequences. A qualified prediction of land use changes is a cross-disciplinary task. Ecological, economical, and sociological processes together form the future land use distribution. An important conclusion from this thesis is that the implementation of measures targeting increased water retention requires must result in a consensus with society and economics. Integrated approaches and transdisciplinary assessment of impacts of land use modifications are needed. Although, the uncertainties in model-based land use change assessment are high, there is a need for the definition of “sustainable land use” and “increase of water retention” for the flood risk management plans. Adapted land use as a component of integrated flood risk management has a major constraint: the benefits of water retention in the landscape are mostly not directly noticeable at the place where a measure is implemented. This is highly important for stakeholders and decision makers. However, given that most of the land available for afforestation is a private property, it may be necessary to provide subsidies to encourage landowners to increase the percentage of forested land. Competitive land use system requirements need to be balanced with approaches dealing with different landscape functions. Water retention is part of this functioning. Other protection aims like nature protection, soil protection, aims of the Water Framework Directive, aesthetic land use pattern but also the agrar-economic production play an important role. Well-founded future land use scenarios should use this transdisciplinary view. Finally, it is also important to keep in mind that floods belong to a healthy river runoff regime. Floods are an important part of the natural hydrological cycle, and therefore the goal of watershed management should not be to eliminate them entirely. Additional forest can help to re-establish the natural water retention potential in anthropogenically disturbed river basins and to decrease the human-made contribution to flood generation.

On s'intéresse dans le présent travail au comportement au gel des sols fins limono-argileux traités à la chaux seule, sols valorisables qui sont couramment rencontrés sur les chantiers de terrassement. Trois sols appartenant aux classifications A1, A2, A3 selon la norme NF P 11300, ont été choisis pour cette étude. Ces sols sont traités à 3 dosages en chaux correspondant à 3 objectifs : 1) amélioration (dosage en chaux minimal), 2) stabilisation et insensibilité à l'eau (dosage en chaux intermédiaire), 3) stabilisation et résistance au gel (dosage en chaux le plus élevé). Les sols traités sont ensuite conservés pendant quatre périodes de cure : 7 jours, 28 jours, 90 jours et 365 jours. Les deux processus de gel - le géligonflement et la gélifraction sont étudiés, parallèlement à l'évaluation des performances mécaniques, hydrauliques et microstructurales. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les propriétés hydrauliques (la succion au front de gel, sp et la conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé, kunsat) sont les paramètres qui gouvernent le phénomène de géligonflement des sols, traités ou non. Les résultats ont également mis en évidence le lien direct existant entre la microstructure (la distribution porale) et les propriétés hydrauliques du sol, principalement en termes de capacité de rétention d'eau et conductivité hydraulique. Le traitement augmente les performances mécaniques des sols d'une part, et amène d'autre part à des modifications de leur microstructure ; ceci induit des changements vis-à-vis de leur sensibilité au gel. Les sols sont plus gélifs directement après le traitement, cette sensibilité au gel diminuant avec le temps de cure. Une modélisation simple permettant d'estimer le gonflement au gel à partir de la succion au front de gel et de la valeur de conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé a été proposée et validée. Vu que la détermination de la conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé n'est pas un essai couramment pratiqué au sein de la plupart des laboratoires, un critère basé sur la succion au front de gel, sp, et la conductivité hydraulique à l'état saturé, ksat a été proposé pour évaluer la sensibilité des sols au gel. L'essai de gélifraction consiste à évaluer un coefficient de résistance de l'éprouvette de sol après 10 cycles de gel/dégel, RFT (%) - « retained strength factor after freeze-thaw testing ». Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la valeur RFT des sols traités varie de 0% (lorsque les éprouvettes de sol perdent totalement leur résistance à la compression simple et sont détruites après 10 cycles de gel/dégel) à 90%. Quand RFT ≥ 60%, aucune dégradation visuelle de la surface des éprouvettes des sols traités n'est constatée. Ainsi, cette valeur est proposée comme critère d'acceptation des matériaux constitutifs d'une couche de forme subissant le gel avant son recouvrement. L'étude de l'effet du nombre des cycles de gel/dégel montre une diminution importante de la performance mécanique (RFT) durant trois premiers cycles de gel/dégel, et ce paramètre se stabilisant après 10 cycles. A l'aide de la technique de µ Tomographie X, l'endommagement interne des éprouvettes de sol ayant subi des cycles de gel/dégel a été quantifié. Une corrélation directe entre la diminution de performance mécanique et l'augmentation de l'indice de l'endommagement de l'éprouvette a été mise en évidence. Enfin, un modèle d'endommagement permettant d'évaluer la dégradation de la performance mécanique avec l'augmentation de l'indice d'endommagement a été établi / The present work deals with the behaviour of fine-grained silty and clayey soils treated with lime under frost. Those soils are frequently encountered in earthworks. Three soils corresponding to A1, A2, A3 classes according French NF P 11-300 standard were chosen for this study. These soils were treated with 3 lime dosages corresponding to three objectives: 1) improvement (minimum dosage), 2) stabilization and insensitivity to water (intermediate dosage), 3) stabilization and frost resistance (highest dosage). Lime-treated soils were subsequently cured for different times: 7, 28, 90, 365 days. Two frost processes, frost heave and freeze-thaw cycles, were applied in parallel with the assessment of mechanical, hydraulic and microstructural properties. Experimental results evidenced that it is the hydraulic properties (suction at frost front, sp and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, kunsat) that govern the frost heave phenomenon of soils, treated or not. In addition, this study demonstrates the direct link between the microstructure (the pore size distribution) and the hydraulic properties (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity). The treatment on one hand improves the mechanical performances of soils, and on the other hand modify their microstructure, and thus changes their frost sensitivity. The frost susceptibility increases directly after treatment, and then decreases with curing time. Based on the suction at frost front and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, a simple model was proposed and validated allowing to estimate the frost heave. Considering that the determination of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is not a test commonly performed by most laboratories, a criterion based on the suction at frost front and the saturated hydraulic conductivity was proposed to estimate the frost sensibility of soils. The second frost resistance test consists of measuring the retained strength factor after 10 freeze-thaw cycles, RFT (%). The results obtained show that RFT of lime treated soil varies from 0% (when soil specimen completely loses its resistance and collapses after 10 freezethaw cycles) to 90%. When RFT is higher than 60%, no visual damage was observed on the specimen surface; consequently, this value is proposed as a criterion for acceptance of lime treated soil in capping layer before covering. In addition, the study of effect of freeze-thaw cycles showed a significant decrease of mechanical performance (RFT) during the first three cycles, and a stabilization after 10 cycles. Using X-ray Tomography, the intern damage of specimens due to freeze-thaw cycles was quantified. A correlation between the decrease of mechanical performance and the increase of damage index was evidenced. A model was then developed to evaluate the degradation of mechanical performance with the increase of damage index

On s'intéresse dans le présent travail au comportement au gel des sols fins limono-argileux traités à la chaux seule, sols valorisables qui sont couramment rencontrés sur les chantiers de terrassement. Trois sols appartenant aux classifications A1, A2, A3 selon la norme NF P 11300, ont été choisis pour cette étude. Ces sols sont traités à 3 dosages en chaux correspondant à 3 objectifs : 1) amélioration (dosage en chaux minimal), 2) stabilisation et insensibilité à l'eau (dosage en chaux intermédiaire), 3) stabilisation et résistance au gel (dosage en chaux le plus élevé). Les sols traités sont ensuite conservés pendant quatre périodes de cure : 7 jours, 28 jours, 90 jours et 365 jours. Les deux processus de gel - le géligonflement et la gélifraction sont étudiés, parallèlement à l'évaluation des performances mécaniques, hydrauliques et microstructurales. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les propriétés hydrauliques (la succion au front de gel, sp et la conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé, kunsat) sont les paramètres qui gouvernent le phénomène de géligonflement des sols, traités ou non. Les résultats ont également mis en évidence le lien direct existant entre la microstructure (la distribution porale) et les propriétés hydrauliques du sol, principalement en termes de capacité de rétention d'eau et conductivité hydraulique. Le traitement augmente les performances mécaniques des sols d'une part, et amène d'autre part à des modifications de leur microstructure ; ceci induit des changements vis-à-vis de leur sensibilité au gel. Les sols sont plus gélifs directement après le traitement, cette sensibilité au gel diminuant avec le temps de cure. Une modélisation simple permettant d'estimer le gonflement au gel à partir de la succion au front de gel et de la valeur de conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé a été proposée et validée. Vu que la détermination de la conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé n'est pas un essai couramment pratiqué au sein de la plupart des laboratoires, un critère basé sur la succion au front de gel, sp, et la conductivité hydraulique à l'état saturé, ksat a été proposé pour évaluer la sensibilité des sols au gel. L'essai de gélifraction consiste à évaluer un coefficient de résistance de l'éprouvette de sol après 10 cycles de gel/dégel, RFT (%) - « retained strength factor after freeze-thaw testing ». Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la valeur RFT des sols traités varie de 0% (lorsque les éprouvettes de sol perdent totalement leur résistance à la compression simple et sont détruites après 10 cycles de gel/dégel) à 90%. Quand RFT ≥ 60%, aucune dégradation visuelle de la surface des éprouvettes des sols traités n'est constatée. Ainsi, cette valeur est proposée comme critère d'acceptation des matériaux constitutifs d'une couche de forme subissant le gel avant son recouvrement. L'étude de l'effet du nombre des cycles de gel/dégel montre une diminution importante de la performance mécanique (RFT) durant trois premiers cycles de gel/dégel, et ce paramètre se stabilisant après 10 cycles. A l'aide de la technique de µ Tomographie X, l'endommagement interne des éprouvettes de sol ayant subi des cycles de gel/dégel a été quantifié. Une corrélation directe entre la diminution de performance mécanique et l'augmentation de l'indice de l'endommagement de l'éprouvette a été mise en évidence. Enfin, un modèle d'endommagement permettant d'évaluer la dégradation de la performance mécanique avec l'augmentation de l'indice d'endommagement a été établi / The present work deals with the behaviour of fine-grained silty and clayey soils treated with lime under frost. Those soils are frequently encountered in earthworks. Three soils corresponding to A1, A2, A3 classes according French NF P 11-300 standard were chosen for this study. These soils were treated with 3 lime dosages corresponding to three objectives: 1) improvement (minimum dosage), 2) stabilization and insensitivity to water (intermediate dosage), 3) stabilization and frost resistance (highest dosage). Lime-treated soils were subsequently cured for different times: 7, 28, 90, 365 days. Two frost processes, frost heave and freeze-thaw cycles, were applied in parallel with the assessment of mechanical, hydraulic and microstructural properties. Experimental results evidenced that it is the hydraulic properties (suction at frost front, sp and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, kunsat) that govern the frost heave phenomenon of soils, treated or not. In addition, this study demonstrates the direct link between the microstructure (the pore size distribution) and the hydraulic properties (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity). The treatment on one hand improves the mechanical performances of soils, and on the other hand modify their microstructure, and thus changes their frost sensitivity. The frost susceptibility increases directly after treatment, and then decreases with curing time. Based on the suction at frost front and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, a simple model was proposed and validated allowing to estimate the frost heave. Considering that the determination of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is not a test commonly performed by most laboratories, a criterion based on the suction at frost front and the saturated hydraulic conductivity was proposed to estimate the frost sensibility of soils. The second frost resistance test consists of measuring the retained strength factor after 10 freeze-thaw cycles, RFT (%). The results obtained show that RFT of lime treated soil varies from 0% (when soil specimen completely loses its resistance and collapses after 10 freezethaw cycles) to 90%. When RFT is higher than 60%, no visual damage was observed on the specimen surface; consequently, this value is proposed as a criterion for acceptance of lime treated soil in capping layer before covering. In addition, the study of effect of freeze-thaw cycles showed a significant decrease of mechanical performance (RFT) during the first three cycles, and a stabilization after 10 cycles. Using X-ray Tomography, the intern damage of specimens due to freeze-thaw cycles was quantified. A correlation between the decrease of mechanical performance and the increase of damage index was evidenced. A model was then developed to evaluate the degradation of mechanical performance with the increase of damage index