Die Gemeine Eibe (Taxus baccata L.) und die Stechpalme (Ilex aquifolium L.) gehören in Deutschland zu den seltenen Baumarten und sind nach Bundesartenschutzverordnung unter besonderen Schutz gestellt. Die Schutz- und Erhaltungsbemühungen erstrecken sich meist auf die Freistellung von Individuen und Verjüngung, um durch einen höheren Strahlungseinfall deren Wachstum zu fördern. Untersuchungen an Individuen in unterschiedlicher Belichtungssituation zeigen aber, dass das Wachstumsverhalten von Taxus baccata und Ilex aquifolium bei vermehrtem Strahlungsgenuss nicht den Strategien der meisten heimischen Baumarten folgt, die ihr Höhenwachstum in diesem Falle steigern. Das bedeutet, dass die durchgeführten Maßnahmen zur Förderung und Erhaltung nicht oder nur zu einem geringen Teil dem angestrebten Zweck dienen. Mögliche Ursachen für das abweichende Wachstumsverhalten können in den hydraulischen Eigenschaften der Baumarten liegen. Anhaltspunkt ist die Wasserversorgung der Nadeln bzw. Blätter, die vom Wasserhaushalt, speziell von der Xylemleitfähigkeit, beeinflusst wird. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es, die hydraulischen Eigenschaften an Zweigen der Baumarten Gemeine Eibe und Gemeine Stechpalme auf anatomischer und physiologischer Ebene zu analysieren und nachfolgend übliche waldbauliche Förderungs- und Erhaltungsmaßnahmen unter dem Gesichtspunkt ihrer Eignung zu bewerten. Zur Durchführung der ökophysiologischen Untersuchungen wurden auf zwei sich in der Sonneneinstrahlung unterscheidenden Standorten (Standort „schattig“ und Standort „sonnig“) im Forstbotanischen Garten Tharandt an je vier bis fünf Individuen der Arten Stechpalme, Eibe und Rot-Buche das Minimum-Wasserpotential der Blätter gemessen und der Gaswechsel in physiologischen Lichtkurven und im Tagesgang unter Umgebungsbedingungen aufgezeichnet. Die Rot-Buche dient dabei als Referenzbaumart. Im Labor wurden an Zweigproben aller drei Baumarten Messungen der hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit durchgeführt, die Xylemanatomie anhand von Querschnitten erfasst, die Blattflächen analysiert sowie an Eibe die Stomatadichte aufgenommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die untersuchten Eiben eine große Umweltstabilität in der Ausprägung ihrer hydraulischen Eigenschaften aufweisen. Unter sonnigen Standortbedingungen sind sie größerem Stress ausgesetzt, was sich z. B. im Auftreten von Photoinhibition und einer stärkeren Verminderung der Mittags-Blattwasserpotentiale bei ansteigenden Wasserdampfdefizit der Luft ausdrückt. Es konnten keine anatomischen Anpassungen an sonnige oder schattige Wuchsbedingungen gefunden werden. Die untersuchten Stechpalmen sind dagegen sowohl physiologisch als auch unter anatomischen Gesichtspunkten gut an ihren jeweiligen Standort angepasst. Es lassen sich z. B. Anpassungen einer erhöhten Leitfähigkeit unter sonnigen Wuchsbedingungen erkennen. Im Vergleich von Individuen der Art Stechpalme am Standort Tharandt, der östlichen Verbreitungsgrenze der Art, mit Individuen aus Schleswig-Holstein, aus dem ökologischen Optimum der Art, zeigt sich kein Unterschied in der Richtung der physiologischen Antworten unter verschiedenen Belichtungssituationen. Teilweise sind die Reaktionen an Stechpalmen aus Tharandt deutlicher zu erkennen. Die Referenzbaumart Rot-Buche weist in zahlreichen untersuchten Größen im Vergleich zu den beiden immergrünen Baumarten entgegengesetzte physiologische und anatomische Anpassungen auf die unterschiedlichen Strahlungsangebote an den Standorten auf. Es wird gezeigt, dass alle drei untersuchten Arten unterschiedliche hydraulische und ökologische Strategien verfolgen. Die Eibe weist eine sehr breite ökologische Amplitude auf und ist perfekt an schattige Wuchsbedingungen im Waldinnenklima angepasst. Daher ist es nicht förderlich, durch starke Eingriffe im Oberstand das Lichtregime und damit auch die kleinklimatischen Verhältnisse ihres Standortes plötzlich stark zu verändern. Im Gegensatz dazu ist für die Art Stechpalme eine Förderung der Wuchsform durch eine vorsichtige und langsame Auflichtung des Oberstandes im Rahmen von regulären Durchforstungseingriffen durchaus möglich und erfolgversprechend.:Inhalt 1 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 4 1 Einleitung 6 1.1 Forschungsziele 7 1.2 Hypothesen und Fragestellungen 8 2 Stand des Wissens 10 2.1 Verbreitung, ökologische Strategie und waldbauliche Behandlung der Baumarten 10 2.1.1 Reaktion der Arten auf den Standortfaktor Sonneneinstrahlung 12 2.1.2 Waldbauliche Behandlung 14 2.2 Untersuchung hydraulischer und physiologischer Eigenschaften und Anpassungen dieser an unterschiedliche Standort-bedingungen 17 3 Material und Methoden 20 3.1 Aufbau der Untersuchungen 20 3.1.1 Untersuchungsgebiet Forstbotanischer Garten Tharandt 20 3.1.1.1 Hemisphärische Fotografie 20 3.1.1.2 Standortcharakteristik 22 3.1.2 Versuchsdesign 23 3.1.3 Untersuchungsgebiet Fröruper Holz 24 3.1.4 Vergleich des Standortfaktors Licht der Untersuchungsgebiete Forstbotanischer Garten Tharandt und Fröruper Holz/Schleswig-Holstein 26 3.2 Bestimmung des volumetrischen Bodenwassergehaltes 27 3.3 Untersuchung der axialen hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit 27 3.4 Xylemanatomische Untersuchungen 29 3.5 Analyse der Blattflächen 31 3.6 Erfassung der Stomatadichte an Eibe 31 3.7 Gaswechseluntersuchung 32 3.7.1 Messungen von Tagesgängen der Photosynthese 35 3.8 Untersuchung des Minimum-Blattwasserpotentials 36 3.9 Statistische Auswertung 37 4 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 40 4.1 Volumetrischer Bodenwassergehalt 40 4.1.1 Einordnung und Bedeutung des volumetrischen Wassergehaltes der Standorte 40 4.2 Ergebnisse für die Baumart Eibe 44 4.2.1 Hydraulische Leitfähigkeit 44 4.2.2 Xylemanatomie der Zweigquerschnitte 46 4.2.3 Blattflächen 47 4.2.4 Stomatadichte 49 4.2.5 Gaswechsel 50 4.2.5.1 Netto-Photosyntheserate 50 4.2.5.2 Transpiration 52 4.2.5.3 stomatäre Leitfähigkeit gS 53 4.2.5.4 Wassernutzungseffizienz WUE 54 4.2.5.5 intrinsische Wassernutzungseffizienz WUEintr 55 4.2.6 Tagesgang der Photosynthese 56 4.2.7 Minimum-Blatt-Wasserpotentiale und Einfluss von Umweltparametern 64 4.2.8 Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse Eibe 67 4.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse der Baumart Eibe 68 4.4 Ergebnisse für Stechpalme 76 4.4.1 Hydraulische Leitfähigkeit von Stechpalmen im Forstbotanischen Garten Tharandt 76 4.4.2 Hydraulische Leitfähigkeit von Stechpalme im Fröruper Holz/Schleswig-Holstein und Vergleich mit Stechpalme im Forstbotanischen Garten Tharandt 78 4.4.3 Xylemanatomie der Zweigquerschnitte von Stechpalmen im Forstbotanischen Garten Tharandt 82 4.4.4 Xylemanatomie der Zweigquerschnitte von Stechpalme im Fröruper Holz/Schleswig-Holstein und Vergleich mit Stechpalme im Forstbotanischen Garten Tharandt 84 4.4.5 Blattflächen von Ilex im Forstbotanischen Garten Tharandt 87 4.4.6 Blattflächen von Stechpalme im Fröruper Holz und Vergleich mit Stechpalme im Forstbotanischen Garten Tharandt 88 4.4.7 Gaswechsel 92 4.4.7.1 Netto-Photosyntheserate 92 4.4.7.2 Transpiration 93 4.4.7.3 stomatäre Leitfähigkeit gS 93 4.4.7.4 Wassernutzungseffizienz WUE 94 4.4.7.5 Intrinsische Wassernutzungseffizienz WUEintr 95 4.4.8 Tagesgang der Photosynthese 96 4.4.9 Minimum-Blattwasserpotentiale und Einfluss von Umweltparametern 102 4.4.10 Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse Stechpalme 105 4.5 Diskussion der Ergebnisse der Baumart Stechpalme 106 4.6 Ergebnisse für die Referenzbaumart Rot-Buche 110 4.6.1 Hydraulische Leitfähigkeit 110 4.6.2 Anatomie der Zweigquerschnitte 111 4.6.3 Blattflächen 113 4.6.4 Gaswechsel 114 4.6.4.1 Netto-Photosyntheserate 114 4.6.4.2 Transpiration 115 4.6.4.3 stomatäre Leitfähigkeit gS 116 4.6.4.4 Wassernutzungseffizienz WUE 117 4.6.4.5 intrinsische Wassernutzungseffizienz WUEintr 118 4.6.5 Minimum-Blattwasserpotentiale und Einfluss von Umweltfaktoren 118 4.6.6 Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse Rot-Buche 120 4.7 Diskussion der Ergebnisse der Referenzbaumart Rot-Buche 122 5 Vergleichende Darstellung der Ergebnisse der Baumarten 126 5.1 Hydraulische Leitfähigkeit 126 5.2 Anatomie der Zweigquerschnitte 128 5.3 Blattflächen 129 5.4 Gaswechsel 131 5.4.1 Netto-Photosyntheserate 131 5.4.2 Transpiration 131 5.4.3 stomatäre Leitfähigkeit gS 132 5.4.4 Wassernutzungseffizienz WUE 133 5.4.5 intrinsische Wassernutzungseffizienz WUEintr 134 5.5 Minimum-Blattwasserpotentiale 135 6 Zusammenführung, weiterführende Diskussion und Bedeutung der hydraulischen Eigenschaften 138 7 Bewertung waldbaulicher Handlungsmöglichkeiten 147 8 Ausblick 155 9 Zusammenfassung 157 10 Literatur 159 Abbildungsverzeichnis 171 Tabellenverzeichnis 176 Danksagung 178 Anhang I

Die Wurzelwasseraufnahme aus dem Boden wird durch die Rhizosphäre beeinflusst. Die Rhizosphäre ist eine dünne Bodenschicht, die sich um Wurzeln herum bildet. Die Rhizosphäre wird durch Mucilage beeinflusst. Mucilage ist ein polymeres Gel, was von Wurzeln abgesondert wird und vor allem die hydraulischen Eigenschaften der Rhizosphäre verändert. Wenn es im Kontakt mit Wasser ist, kann Mucilage große Mengen an Wasser aufnehmen, aber wenn es trocken ist, wird seine Oberfläche hydrophob. Hier konzentrieren wir uns auf den Effekt von Mucilage auf die hydraulischen Eigenschaften des Bodens. Zunächst präsentieren wir experimentelle und numerische Studien, die die hydraulischen Prozesse in der Rhizosphäre nach der Bewässerung von trockenem Boden beschreiben. Bei Mucilagekonzentrationen, die niedriger als ein gewisser Schwellwert waren, konnte Wasser durch die Rhizosphärenschicht fließen, über dieser Konzentration wurde die Schicht wasserundurchlässig während der ersten Minuten bis zu Stunden nach Bewässerung. Wir präsentieren eine analytische Abschätzung der Mucilagekonzentration an der Perkolationsschwelle als Funktion von mittlerer Teilchengröße und Bodenwasserpotential nach Bewässerung. Die Abschätzung wurde an Hand von Experimenten des kapillaren Aufstiegs in Bodensäulen validiert. Wir entwickelten ein effektives Model um zu beschreiben, wir Mucilage die hydraulischen Funktionen des Bodens verändert: (a) Quell- und Trocknungsprozesse von Mucilage resultieren in Nicht-Gleichgewichtsdynamiken zwischen Wassergehalt und Wasserpotential, (b) die Präsenz von Mucilage im Boden reduziert das Wasserpotential bei einem gegebenen Wassergehalt und (c) Mucilage ist viskos und reduziert dadurch die hydraulische Leitfähigkeit des Bodens bei einem gegebenen Wassergehalt. In Experimenten mit Boden-Mucilage-Mischungen testeten wir das Model und wandten es an, um Beobachtungen von früheren Experimenten mit echten Pflanzen zu simulieren, die veränderte hydraulische Dynamiken in der Rhizophäre zeigen. Im Anhang dieser Arbeit sind zwei Studien zur Wärmeausbreitung von Erdkabeln. Hier können hydraulische Dynamiken autreten, die dem radialen Wasserfluss zu einer einzelnen Wurzel ähneln.

Les arbres, enracinés au sol, adaptent leur développement à leur environnement fluctuant et en particulier aux conditions mécaniques imposées en permanence par le vent. Les tempêtes des dernières décennies ont mis en lumière le rôle majeur, pour la survie à long-terme des arbres, du processus d’acclimatation aux contraintes mécaniques dues au vent. Au premier ordre, le vent exerce principalement des efforts de flexion répétés sur les branches et tiges des arbres qui tendent à osciller pendant les épisodes venteux. Ces flexions entrainent une modification de la croissance des arbres en hauteur, en diamètre ou au niveau du système racinaire mais également la formation d’un bois à l’anatomie et aux propriétés particulières ; lequel est désigné par le terme « bois de flexion ». Au cours de ces travaux de thèse, nous avons développé des dispositifs expérimentaux originaux nous permettant, d’une part, d’appliquer des traitements de flexions unidirectionnelles répétées sur des tiges de jeunes peupliers, en contrôlant l’amplitude des déformations appliquées à la tige, et d’autre part, de contrôler différents niveaux de stress hydrique. Les suivis de croissance pendant une saison de végétation complète ont montré que l’acclimatation mécanique des arbres est un processus qui, bien que très couteux en matière de construction de biomasse, s’avère primordial et se met en place même lors de conditions de stress hydrique sévère. De plus, nous avons pu démontrer que l’augmentation de biomasse liée à cette acclimatation s’effectue principalement dans les zones où les déformations tissulaires sont les plus fortes ; conduisant ainsi à des géométries de sections particulières qui accroissent considérablement la rigidité de flexion des tiges. Une modélisation mécanique par éléments finis a aussi permis de révéler que ces configurations issues de l’acclimatation conduisent à une meilleure répartition des contraintes mécaniques, en abaissant en particulier l’intensité des contraintes maximales de compression subies par le bois. Afin de descendre dans les échelles spatiales, nous avons développé des outils et des méthodes de caractérisation originaux qui ont permis de mesurer, au niveau tissulaire, l’impact des différents types de sollicitations (compression et/ou traction répétées), engendrées au cours d’une flexion de tige, sur les propriétés hydrauliques et mécaniques du bois vert ; tant du point de vue des propriétés usuelles (comportement élastique, conduction hydraulique) que du point de vue des fonctions de sécurité (rupture, sensibilité à la cavitation, …). Nous avons alors pu mettre en évidence le comportement singulier du bois formé sous sollicitations de compressions répétées qui montre en particulier une nette augmentation de sa capacité à subir des déformations importantes avec un endommagement très réduit. L’ensemble des résultats expérimentaux et de modélisation aux échelles tissulaires comme de l’organe entier, indique que les acclimatations de la croissance secondaire et des propriétés intrinsèques du matériau bois procurent un bénéfice mécanique pour la pérennité de l’arbre dans son environnement venteux fluctuant. / Trees, anchored in the ground, adjust their development to their fluctuating environment and particularly to the mechanical conditions daily imposed by wind. Storms of last decades enlightened that acclimation of trees to mechanical stresses due to wind is a vital requirement for their long-term survival. Wind mainly leads to repeated bending of the branches and stems of trees that swing during windy events. These bending cause a modulation of trees growth in height, in diameter or at the level of the root system but also imply the formation of a wood with specific anatomy and properties; this wood was defined as “Flexure wood”. In our work, we developed original experimental setups in order to apply a treatment of repeated unidirectional bending to the stem of young poplars, while controlling the magnitude of the strains applied to the stem. The setup controlled different levels of hydric stress too. The monitoring of the growth during a growing season showed that the mechanical acclimation is a process that, although costly in terms of biomass construction, turns out to be essential and takes place even under severe hydric stress. Besides, we demonstrated that the increase of biomass, linked to this acclimation, is mainly provided in the areas where tissue strains are the highest; leading to specific cross-section geometries that considerably increase the stem bending rigidity. A mechanical modelling using Finite Elements also enlightens that these configurations, due to acclimation, lead to a better distribution of mechanical stresses, especially by decreasing the intensity of maximal compressive stresses endured by wood. In order to investigate the microscopic scale, original experimental devices were developed at the tissue scale to measure the effect of different mechanical stresses (repeated compression and/or tension), applied by stem bending, on the hydraulic and mechanical properties of green wood; as much in terms of usual properties (elastic behaviour, hydraulic conduction) as in terms of security functions (rupture, sensibility to cavitation, …). Thus, we enlighten the specific behaviour of wood formed under repeated compressive stresses that shows a significant increase of its ability to withstand high levels of strains with a very reduced damaging. The whole experimental and modelling results, as much at the tissue scale as at the tree scale, points out that the acclimations of secondary growth and wood properties provide a mechanical benefit for tree sustainability in its fluctuating windy environment.

Soil hydraulic properties, such as saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), have high spatial variation, but little is known about how to vary a few measurements of Ks over an area to model hydrology in a watershed with complex topography and multiple land uses. Variations in soil structure, macropores (especially in soil that shrink and swell), land use, and soil development can cause large variations in Ks within one soil type. Characterizing the impacts of soil properties that might vary systematically with land use and terrain attributes on Ks rates would provide insight on how management and human activity affect local and regional hydrology. The overall objective of this research was to develop a strategy for using published infiltration and Ks measurements by the Natural Resources Conservation Service for watershed hydrology applications in a Vertisol, and to extend this knowledge toward developing recommendations for future infiltration measurements. To achieve this goal, soil infiltration measurements were collected across three catenas of Houston Black and Heiden clays (fine, smectitic, thermic Udic Haplusterts) under three land uses (improved pasture, native prairie, and conventional tillage row crop). Measurement locations were selected to account for variation in terrain attributes. Overall, Ks values were not significantly different across different landscape positions; however, in fields under similar land uses, Ks values were found to be lower in the footslope positions and higher in the backslope positions. The pedotransfer function, ROSETTA, provided estimates of 64 percent of the overall variability in Ks while also providing accurate estimates of the mean of Ks when particle size distribution and bulk density are used as inputs in the model. Through the use of multiple regression analysis, soil antecedent water content, bulk density, clay content, and soil organic carbon along with two indicator variables for the catenas were highly correlated (r2 = 0.59) with Ks. The indicator variables explained 17 percent of the variation in Ks that could not be explained by measured soil properties. It is recommended that when NRCS measures Ks on benchmark soils, especially high clay soils, that they collect particle size distribution, bulk density, organic carbon, and antecedent water content data.

Die Berücksichtigung der flächenhaften bodenhydraulischen Variabilität gilt bei der Modellierung von Wasser- und Stofftransportprozessen als problematisch. Dies liegt vorrangig an ihrer Erfassung, die kosten- und zeitintensiv ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht verschiedene Messstrategien, die zur Abbildung der flächenhaften Bodenhydraulik mit wenigen, einfach zu bestimmenden und physikalisch begründeten Bodenparametern führen. Die Vorgehensweise erfolgt mit der Anwendung eines Ähnlichkeitskonzeptes, das die Böden in bodenhydraulisch ähnliche Klassen unterteilt. Innerhalb einer Klasse kann die Variabilität der Retentions- und hydraulischen Leitfähigkeitcharakteristik auf einen freien Parameter (Skalierungsparameter) reduziert werden. Die Analyse der Zusammenhänge zwischen Boden- und Skalierungsparametern führt letztendlich zu den geeigneten Parametern die eine flächenhafte Abbildung möglich machen. Diese Untersuchungen bilden die Grundlage für die weitere Entwicklung eines stochastischen Modellansatzes, der die Variabilität der Bodenhydraulik bei der Modellierung des Bodenwassertransportes im Feldmaßstab berücksichtigen kann. An Hand von drei Datensätzen unterschiedlicher Skalenausbreitung konnte dieses Konzept angewendet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Beschreibung der hydraulischen Variabilität nur für die vertikale (Profil) nicht aber für die flächenhafte Ausbreitung mit einfachen Bodenparametern möglich ist. Mit einer ersten Modellanwendung konnte gezeigt werden, dass über die Variabilität der Bodenparameter Trockenrohdichte und Tongehalt auch die Variabilität der Bodenhydraulik und damit die Berechnung des Bodenfeuchteverlaufs am Standort darstellbar ist. / The consideration of the spatial variability of the unsaturated soil hydraulic characteristics still remains an unsolved problem in the modelling of the water and matter transport in the vadose zone. This can be mainly explained by the rather cumbersome measurement of this variability, which is both, time-consuming and cost-intensive. The presented thesis analyses various measurement strategies which aim at the description of the soil-hydraulic heterogeneity by a small number of proxy-parameters, which should be easily measurable and still have a soil-physical meaning. The developed approach uses a similarity concept, which groups soils into similar soil hydraulic classes. Within a class, the variability of the retention and hydraulic conductivity curves can be explained by a single parameter (scaling parameter). The analysis of the correlation between the soil parameters and the scaling parameters can eventually indicate which soil parameters can be used for describing the soil hydraulic variability in a given area. This investigation forms the basis for the further development of a stochastic model, which can integrate the soil-hydraulic variability in the modelling of the soil water transport. Three data sets, all covering different scales, were subsequently used in the application of the developed concept. The results show that depth development of the soil-hydraulic variability in a soil profile can be explained by a single soil parameter. Contrarily, the explanation of the horizontal variability of the soil-hydraulic properties was not possible with the given data sets. First model applications for a soil profile showed that including the variability of the soil parameters bulk density and clay fraction in the water transport simulations could describe the variability of the soil-hydraulic variability and thus, the dynamics of the soil water content at the investigated profile.

<p>This study tested a dynamic modelling approach based on salt application, meteorological data and generic descriptions of hydrogeological environments for describing the spread of deicing salt to the surroundings and the corresponding increase in chloride storage in soil. Both the amount of chloride storage and the annual variation pattern were significantly altered due to deicing salt application and spread to the roadside environment. Data from field investigations comprising different hydrogeological environments and different methods of measurement were used to examine the variability of the salt deposition pattern in the vicinity of the road, and to test the performance of the model with respect to different soils and vegetation types. The use of typical hydrogeological environments to represent inputs to the model was shown to be useful to demonstrate the importance of soils, vegetation type and groundwater conditions for modelling the impact of deicing salt on soil water and the response to environmental changes in the vadose zone. However, the use of hydrogeological environment could also be misleading in view of the high degree of variability at the field scale. The different methods of measurements and simulations represented different spatial and temporal scales that were shown to be complementary useful to quantify the different pathways of deicing salt in the roadside environment. Continuous simulations complemented with selected field monitoring should therefore be promoted.</p> / QC 20100526

Agricultural management practices including tillage and irrigation have a considerable effect on soil physical and hydraulic properties in space and time. Tillage practices initially alter the soil physical and hydraulic properties depending on the type and depth of tillage. These changes are reverted back to original conditions due to reconsolidation during cycles of wetting and drying. Irrigation techniques can manipulate the reversion process dynamically due to different modes of wetting. The combined effects of tillage and irrigation have rarely been investigated. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different tillage practices and irrigation techniques on soil physical properties and temporal variations in soil hydraulic properties, one on wheat and second on the following maize crop grown on the same plots. The tillage and irrigation treatments implemented for the wheat crop were repeated for the subsequent maize crop restoring the same treatment layout plan. Intact soil core samples were collected, in the middle of the wheat crop before irrigation and the end of the maize crop season, for the determination of soil physical and hydraulic properties. Field saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_fs) was determined using the Guelph pressure infiltrometer method and volumetric soil water content (θ_v) and potential (ψ_m) was measured in the field using water content sensors and tensiometers, respectively. The wheat crop received rain showers from time to time, while in maize, a heavy spell of monsoon rains following tillage caused most of the soil reconsolidation. So, the greater intensity of rains, rather than the cycles of wetting and drying, became primarily responsible for the differences in soil physical and hydraulic properties between the two crops. Moldboard plow resulted in an increase in yield and improvement of soil hydraulic properties during both crop seasons. Flood irrigation reverted back the effects of tillage on soil hydraulic properties greater than sprinkler irrigation, while it did not affect the yield significantly. The dynamics of volumetric soil water content (θ_v) differed, depending on tillage type, irrigation technique and crop season. Moldboard plow was the wettest after rain or irrigation events but it dried quicker than other tillage treatments. Flood irrigation caused higher wetting than sprinkler irrigation. These wetting effects were greater in wheat as compared to maize crop. Temporal variability calculated as time averaged relative difference in θ_v was greater during wheat as compared to maize, while temporal stability calculated as standard deviation of temporal stability decreased with flood irrigation in both crops. Soil bulk density (ρ_b) and water retention characteristics (θ_v (ψ_m )) measured on the intact soil cores and total porosity (φ), plant available water capacity (θ_PAWC) and pore size distribution calculated from water retention data depended on the time of sampling. During wheat, the ρ_b was lower resulting in a higher φ than after maize. Moldboard plow decreased ρ_b increasing φ, while the effect of flood irrigation was opposite in both crops with greater magnitude in wheat. Similarly, the effects of tillage on θ_v (ψ_m ) were observed in both crops, while those of irrigation were observed in maize only. Cultivator treatment retained higher θ_v at higher ψ_m (−30 and −100 kPa), followed by chisel and moldboard plow. Plant available water capacity (θ_PAWC) was greater in maize as compared to the wheat crop. Cultivator had higher θ_PAWC than chisel and moldboard plow in both crops. Wheat had greater volume of larger pores (> 10 μm, φ_(>10)), whereas extraordinary rains as well as irrigations after tillage caused these larger pores to decrease in maize. Moldboard plow had higher φ_(>10) at 10 cm depth in both crops with greater magnitude in wheat. Field saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_fs) determined before irrigations and at the end of both crop seasons was greater in wheat than in maize especially in the first determination. Moldboard plow exhibited greater K_fs followed by chisel plow and cultivator in both crops and it decreased significantly with time in wheat but not in maize. Flood irrigation was responsible for a reduction in K_fs and the effect was greater in wheat as compared to maize. It was concluded that a greater intensity of water application in the form of rains or irrigations can revert the changes in soil physical and hydraulic properties induced by tillage more effectively than the cycles of wetting and drying. Soil hydraulic properties may be optimized with the combination of suitable tillage and irrigation for efficient utilization of water resources.

[pt] Um perfil de alteração de granito-gnaisse é estudado objetivando um melhor conhecimento das propriedades mecânicas e hidráulicas de solos residuais. A feição estudada encontra-se no município de Campo Magro, região Metropolitana de Curitiba. A região situa-se na borda da Bacia de Curitiba, acima de 900 metros, fortemente sujeita aos fenômenos tectônicos que deram origem à calha da Bacia. As investigações geotécnicas contemplam a caracterização física, química e mineralógica dos materiais. O comportamento dos solos no estado compactado e indeformado é analisado. Curvas características de sucção e de resistividade fornecem dados que auxiliam no entendimento das propriedades hidráulicas. A influência do intemperismo e da sucção são avaliados na resistência à tração e na resistência à compressão não confinada. Parâmetros de resistência em cinco diferentes níveis de intemperismo são apresentados. Ensaios de adensamento fornecem parâmetros de quebra da estrutura (yelding) dos solos. O comportamento tensão- deformação do solo mais intemperizado, no estado não saturado, é analisado através de ensaios triaxiais com medida de deformação local, em compressão axial com tensão controlada e deformação controlada. As conclusões da pesquisa permitem identificar a variabilidade de comportamento de resistência e compressibilidade, efeito do material de origem e intemperismo a que os solos foram submetidos. / [en] A granite-gneiss weathering profile is studied with the aim of achieving a better understanding of mechanical and hydraulic properties of residual soils. The site in focus is located at the city of Campo Magro, in Curitiba Metropolitan Area. The region under research lies at the border of Curitiba Basin, above 900 m of elevation, and it was heavily influenced by tectonic events that originated the basin. The geotechnical investigation comprised physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization. The soil behavior was assessed in both natural and compacted conditions. Suction and resistivity characteristic curves provide useful information for assessing the hydraulic properties. The weathering degree and suction levels influence are assessed in respect to unconfined compressive and tensile strength. The resistance properties are analyzed according five distinct weathering degrees. Consolidation tests are used for identifying yielding stress levels. Unsaturated triaxial tests with local strain measurements in both stress and strain control conditions are used to study the deformation behavior of the most weathered soil. The conclusions provide an overall assessment of the soil strength and compressibility variability, origin material influence and weathering evolution effects.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The Central Depression is an area with sedimentary rocks, presenting a large variety of soils. In highlands Alfisols are found, whereas in lowlands Planosols and Endoaqualf. The morphological, physical and chemical characteristics define the ability of the use and management of theses soils. In the Alfisols, grain production in no-till system is a very common practice. The Endoaqualfs, because of its hydromorphic characteristics, are used for rice cultivation. In general, the agricultural use changes the soil properties. With the intention to analyze the effect of agricultural use on soil properties two studies were performed: (1) Physico-hydraulic and mechanical behavior of an Endoaqualf under different uses; (2) Soil physico-hydraulic and mechanical properties and chisel energy demand in a compacted Alfisol. Both soils are located in the experimental area of de Soil Department of the UFSM. The objective of the first study was to identify the influence of the soil use with irrigated rice in the physico-hydraulic and mechanical properties when compared to the soil maintained without agricultural use. In the second study, were evaluated the effect of soil compaction on its physicohydraulic and mechanical properties and on chisel energy demand, and to quantify the behavior of these properties below the chisel working depth. For both studies, the particle size, bulk density, porosity and soil compressibility were determined. In the first study the water retention curve was also determined. In the second study the soil resistance to mechanical penetration, the hydraulic conductivity, the area and mobilized volume and the efforts required by the chisel were also determined. The agricultural use affected the physical quality of the Endoaqualf, increasing the bulk density and reducing the macroporosity values, without cause, however, larger changes in total porosity and microporosity when compared with the treatments maintained without agricultural use. The compression index was significantly influenced by the soil bulk density, initial degree of saturation, silt content, silt + clay content and total organic carbon content, while the preconsolidation stress was not significantly affected by the soil properties evaluated. The soil use with irrigated rice did not alter the preconsolidation stress and the compression index when compared the condition of absence of agricultural use. In the second study, compaction increased both soil the bulk density and resistance to mechanical penetration, reducing the total porosity and the macroporosity, without causing significant effects in microporosity. The traffic of the 10 Mg loader reduced the susceptibility to compaction and increased the load bearing capacity to a depth of 0.20 m. The compaction increased the chisel energy demand in 21,64%, increasing the mean value of traction effort from 5,33 kN to 6,35 kN. Soil chiseling did not increase soil compaction below the chisel working depth in the Alfisol. The use of soil, generally, change the physico-hydraulic and mechanical properties, and these changes are dependent on the soil properties, mainly, how much and under what conditions the soil is used and managed. / A Depressão Central é uma área com rochas sedimentares diversas, apresentando grande variedade de solos. Nas coxilhas são encontrados Argissolos, enquanto que nas várzeas, Planossolos e Gleissolos. As características morfológicas, físicas e químicas definem aptidões quanto ao uso e ao manejo dessas classes de solo. Nos Argissolos, a produção de grãos sob o sistema de semeadura direta é uma prática bastante difundida. Os Gleissolos, pelas suas características hidromórficas, são aptos ao cultivo de arroz irrigado. De maneira geral, o solo mantido em estado natural apresenta características físicas adequadas ao desenvolvimento normal das plantas. No entanto, o uso agrícola altera, normalmente, as propriedades do solo. Com o intuito de analisar o efeito do uso agrícola no solo, foram realizados dois estudos: (1) Comportamento físico-hídrico e mecânico de um Gleissolo Háplico sob diferentes usos; (2) Propriedades físico-hídricas e mecânicas e demanda energética requerida pela haste escarificadora em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo sob compactação adicional. Ambos os solos estão localizados na área experimental do Departamento de Solos da UFSM. O primeiro estudo objetivou identificar a influência do uso do solo com cultivo de arroz irrigado nas propriedades físico-hídricas e mecânicas, quando comparado ao solo mantido sem uso agrícola. No segundo estudo, avaliou-se o efeito da compactação nos atributos físico-hídricos e mecânicos e na demanda energética solicitada pela haste escarificadora e analisou-se o comportamento das propriedades físico-hídricas e mecânicas abaixo da profundidade de trabalho da haste escarificadora. Para ambos os estudos, foram realizadas as determinações de granulometria, densidade, porosidade e compressibilidade do solo. No primeiro estudo, foi determinada ainda a curva de retenção de água. No segundo estudo, avaliou-se ainda a resistência mecânica à penetração, a condutividade hidráulica saturada, a área e volume mobilizado e esforços solicitados à haste escarificadora. O uso agrícola afetou a qualidade física do Gleissolo Háplico em estudo, elevando os valores de densidade e reduzindo os valores de macroporosidade, sem causar, porém, maiores alterações na porosidade total e na microporosidade, quando comparado ao tratamento mantido sem uso agrícola. O índice de compressão foi significativamente influenciado pela densidade do solo, grau de saturação inicial, teor de silte, teor de silte + argila e teor de carbono orgânico total, enquanto que a pressão de preconsolidação não foi afetada significativamente pelos atributos do solo avaliados. O uso do solo com cultivo de arroz irrigado não alterou a pressão de preconsolidação e o índice de compressão, quando comparado à condição de ausência de uso agrícola. No segundo estudo, observou-se que a compactação elevou a densidade e a resistência mecânica à penetração do Argissolo, reduziu a porosidade total e a macroporosidade, porém sem causar efeitos significativos na microporosidade. O tráfego da pá carregadora de 10 Mg reduziu a suscetibilidade à compactação e elevou a capacidade de suporte de carga até a profundidade de 0,20 m. A compactação aumentou a demanda energética da haste escarificadora em 21,64%, o que elevou os valores médios de esforço de tração de 5,33 para 6,35 kN. A escarificação não elevou o estado de compactação do solo abaixo da profundidade de trabalho da haste escarificadora no Argissolo. O uso do solo, de maneira geral, altera as propriedades físicas, hídricas e mecânicas, sendo que essas alterações são dependentes das características do solo e, principalmente, quanto e em que condições o solo é utilizado e manejado.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The natural pastures characterize important food source for the creation of cattle and sheep. These often are subjected to intensive grazing schemes, which may result in physical deterioration of the soil. Sustainable strategies to the triad soil-plant-animal should be considered to enhance the restoration and maintenance of soil physical quality in fragile environments, and consequently improve the efficiency of production systems. It is hypothesized that the system of rotational native grazing pasture with the improvement of soil fertility, contributes to achieving this balance and empower soil physical recovery when it is stage of degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, mechanical and water of an Alfisol submitted to different grazing of sheep and pasture management in an area of pasture. The specific objectives were: (i) determine the soil physical quality through evaluations of the density (Ds), macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity (Pt ) in different layers and different times, (ii) evaluate the mechanical properties by soil resistance to penetration (RP) and indicators of carrying capacity and compressibility of the soil, (iii) to assess the hydraulic properties of the soil by means of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and soil water retention, and (iv) determine the relation between soil physical properties with the mechanical properties and water. The study was conducted on a farm in the municipality of Itaara / RS . The soil is an Alfisol, which particle size analysis indicated clay textural class to a 0,15 m depth. The studied area, in native, had been used for intensive animal beef grazing systems. The continuous and rotational grazing were conducted on native improved pasture and chemically not improved. Was carried out determinations of particle size, Ds, Pt, macro, micro, RP, pre-consolidation pressure, compression index, Ksat and water retention of soil before and after the grazing cycle (season 1 and 2 respectively). The results indicated that after the grazing cycle was obtained, especially in the treatment of improved rotational grazing field (RM), not only reduction of the values of the RP but also, besides increasing the macroporosity. The compression index showed higher values after the grazing cycle in all treatment, especially in RM, which showed increased susceptibility to suffer soil compaction independent of the different systems of grazing sheep and management of native pastures, while the soil ability support did not vary significantly. The different systems of sheep grazing did not significantly affect the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil. The water retention of soil in the various potential tended to be smaller after the grazing cycle, which may be due to reduced microporosity. / As pastagens naturais caracterizam importante fonte alimentar para a criação de bovinos e de ovinos. Essas, muitas vezes, são submetidas a regimes intensivos de pastejo, o que pode resultar na degradação física do solo. Estratégias sustentáveis à tríade solo-planta-animal devem ser consideradas para potencializar a recuperação e manutenção da qualidade física do solo em ambientes frágeis e, consequentemente, melhorar a eficiência dos sistemas produtivos. Hipotetiza-se que o sistema de pastoreio rotativo da pastagem nativa conjuntamente com a melhoria da fertilidade do solo contribui para atingir esse equilíbrio, além de potencializar a recuperação física do solo quando em estágio de degradação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento físico, mecânico e hídrico de um Argissolo submetido a diferentes sistemas de pastoreio de ovinos e manejo das pastagens em área de campo nativo. Os objetivos específicos foram (i) determinar a qualidade física do solo por meio de avaliações da densidade (Ds), macroporosidade, microporosidade e porosidade total (Pt) em diferentes camadas e diferentes épocas; (ii) avaliar as propriedades mecânicas do solo por meio da resistência do solo à penetração (RP) e de indicadores da capacidade de suporte e compressibilidade do solo; (iii) avaliar as propriedades hídricas do solo por meio da condutividade hidráulica saturada (Ksat) e retenção de água do solo e, (iv) determinar a relação entre as propriedades físicas do solo com as propriedades mecânicas e hídricas. O estudo foi conduzido em uma propriedade rural situada no município de Itaara/RS. O solo do local é um Argissolo, cuja análise granulométrica indicou classe textural argilosa até a profundidade de 0,15 m. A área do estudo, em campo nativo, vinha sendo utilizada para pastejo animal intensivo de bovinos. Os sistemas de pastoreio contínuo e rotativo foram conduzidos em campo nativo melhorado e não melhorado quimicamente. Foi realizado determinações da granulometria, Ds, Pt, macro, micro, RP, pressão de pré-consolidação, índice de compressão, Ksat e retenção de água do solo antes e após o ciclo de pastejo (época 1 e 2 respectivamente). Os resultados indicaram que após o ciclo de pastejo obteve-se, principalmente no tratamento de pastejo rotativo em campo melhorado (RM), não somente redução dos valores de Ds mas também da RP, além do aumento da macroporosidade do solo. O Índice de compressão apresentou maiores valores após o ciclo de pastejo em todos os tratamentos, principalmente no RM, o que indicou maior suscetibilidade do solo em sofrer compactação adicional independente dos diferentes sistemas de pastoreio dos ovinos e manejo das pastagens nativas, enquanto que a capacidade de suporte do solo não variou significativamente. Os diferentes sistemas de pastoreio dos ovinos não afetaram significativamente a condutividade hidráulica saturada do solo. A retenção de água do solo nos diferentes potenciais apresentou tendência de ser menor após o ciclo de pastejo, o que pode ser devido à menor microporosidade.