O presente estudo foi realizado com 258 mulheres, com e sem sintomas de candidíase vulvovaginal, atendidas no Centro de Saúde Geraldo Paula Souza, da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP. Leveduras foram isoladas em 162 mulheres, sendo que 34% foram de mulheres assintomáticas, 34% com sintomas de candidíase vulvovaginal primária (CVV) e 32% com candidíase vulvovaginal recorrente (CVVR). As espécies mais isoladas foram C . albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata e C. tropicalis. Espécies como C. metapsilosis e C. haemulonii também foram encontradas. A produção de proteinase foi vista em 88% das amostras e de fosfolipase foi de 39%. A sensibilidade in vitro aos antifúngicos foi realizada pelo Etest e, nos isolados resistentes a anfotericina B, fluconazol e itraconazol foram realizados ensaios de microdiluição (CLSIM27S3) e EUCAST EDef7.1, que confirmaram a diminuição da sensibilidade ao itraconazol em isolados de C. parapsilosis (1); C. guilliermondii (1), C. glabrata (3) e Trichosporon spp (1). A diminuição da sensibilidade ao fluconazol foi observada em isolados de C. parapsilosis (1), C. glabrata (3), C. krusei e Rhodotorula spp (1). As leveduras do grupo das CVVRs foram as que apresentaram menor sensibilidade. Em 61 isolados de várias espécies foi realizada a cariotipagem em campo pulsado (PFGE) e não foram observadas similaridade entre elas. Os dados obtidos reforçam a importância da realização de exames laboratoriais que permitam identificar as espécies presentes no conteúdo vaginal, de modo a nortear a escolha terapêutica. / This study was conducted with 258 women, with and without symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis, seen at the Health Center \"Geraldo Paula Souza\", School of Public Health of USP. Yeasts were isolated in 162 women, 34% of women were asymptomatic, 34% with primary symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and 32% with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (CVVR). The species were more isolated C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. Species such as C. metapsilosis and C. haemulonii were also found. The production of proteinase was seen in 88% of the samples and phospholipase was 39%. Sensitivity \"in vitro\" Antifungal was by the \"Etest\" and in isolates resistant to amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole microdilution tests were performed (CLSIM27S3) and EUCAST EDef7.1, which confirmed the decreased sensitivity to itraconazole in isolates C. parapsilosis (1), C. guilliermondii (1), C. glabrata (3) and Trichosporon spp (1). The decreased sensitivity to fluconazole was observed in isolates of C. parapsilosis (1), C. glabrata (3), C. krusei and Rhodotorula spp (1). Yeasts of the group CVVRs were those who had lowest sensitivity. In 61 isolated from various species karyotyping was performed pulsed field (PFGE) and there were no similarity between them. The data emphasize the importance of laboratory tests to identify the species present in the vaginal content in order to guide the therapeutic choice.

Escherichia coli pode causar infecção intestinal e extra-intestinal, de origem comunitária ou hospitalar, prevalecendo como agente de infecção do trato urinário (ITU). O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a produção de <font face=\"Symbol\">b-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL), grupos filogenéticos, e a relação clonal em isolados clínicos de E. coli recuperados de pacientes ambulatoriais e internados atendidos em um Hospital Universitário de São Paulo, no período de 2005 a 2007. Seis por cento (34/562) dos isolados de E. coli estudados foram caracterizados como produtores de ESBL, sendo associados exclusivamente a infecções extra-intestinais, tanto nos pacientes ambulatoriais (10/28, 36%) como nos internados (18/28, 64%), dos quais 56% (19/34) foram recuperados de uroculturas. Os isolados produtores de ESBL exibiram um fenótipo multirresistente apresentando um perfil de resistência a ampicilina (100%), cefalotina (100%), cefotaxima (100%), ceftazidima (79%), sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim (62%), gentamicina (56%), ciprofloxacina (50%) e amicacina (6%) e permanecendo suscetíveis ao imipinem. A produção de ESBL esteve associada com a presença de genes do tipo blaCTX-M-2 (94%, 32/34), blaCTX-M-15 (3%, 01/34) e blaCTX-M-1 (3%, 01/34). Entre os isolados produtores de ESBL, os grupos filogenéticos B1 (53%, 18/34) e A (18%, 6/34), de baixa virulência, foram predominantes sobre os grupos filogenéticos, de alta virulência, B2 (12%, 4/34) e D (18%, 6/34). De fato, os genes de virulência pap, cnf1, sfa, hly, e iuc, associados com adesão, invasão e disseminação, não foram identificados. A tipagem genotípica por PFGE (utilizando a enzima Xbal) com posterior análise em dendrograma, identificou a presença de 31 clusters entre os 34 isolados produtores de ESBL. Em resumo, a alta incidência de isolados clonalmente não relacionados, pertencentes aos grupos filogenéticos A e B1, de baixa virulência, sugere que cepas comensais de E. coli podem adquirir genes de resistência do tipo blaCTX-M por transferência horizontal contribuindo no estabelecimento e no prognóstico de infecções extra-intestinais, principalmente do trato urinário. / Escherichia coli can produce both intestinal and extraintestinal community- or nosocomial-acquired infection, being the main agent of urinary tract infection (UTI). The aim of this study was to characterize the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, phylogenetic groups, and clonal relationship among E. coli clinical isolates recovered from inpatients and outpatients admmited at a university hospital in São Paulo. During 2005 to 2007, six percents (34/562) E. coli isolates were characterized as ESBL producers, being associated exclusively to extraintestinal infections in both inpatients (10/28, 36%) and outpatients (18/28, 64%), of which 56% (19/34) were recovered from urine cultures. ESBL-producing E. coli exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype with a resistance profile to ampicillin (100%), cephalotin (100%), cefotaxime (100%), ceftazidime (79%), sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (62%), gentamicin (56%), ciprofloxacin (50%), and amikacin (6%), and remaining susceptible to imipenem. In this regard, ESBL production was associated with the presence of blaCTX-M-2 (94%, 32/34), blaCTX-M-15 (3%,1/34) and blaCTX-M-1 (94%, 32/34) genes. On the other hand, low-virulence phylogenetic groups B1 (53%, 18/34) and A (18%, 6/34) were predominant over high-virulence phylogenetic groups B2 (12%, 4/34) and D (18%, 6/34), among ESBL-producing E. coli isolates studied. In fact, pap, cnf1, sfa, hly, and iuc virulence genes associated with adhesion, invasion and dissemination were not identified. Finally, genotyping by PFGE (using XbaI restriction) with subsequent cluster analysis (dendrogram) revealed the presence of 31 cluster among 34 ESBL-producing E. coli. In summary, the high prevalence of clonally unrelated ESBL-producing E. coli belonging to low-virulence phylogenetic groups A and B1 suggest that comensal E. coli can acquire blaCTX-M-like resistance genes through horizontal gene tranfer, contributing to the establishment and outcome of extraintestinal infections, mainly in the urinary tract.

Escherichia coli pode causar infecção intestinal e extra-intestinal, de origem comunitária ou hospitalar, prevalecendo como agente de infecção do trato urinário (ITU). O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a produção de <font face=\"Symbol\">b-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL), grupos filogenéticos, e a relação clonal em isolados clínicos de E. coli recuperados de pacientes ambulatoriais e internados atendidos em um Hospital Universitário de São Paulo, no período de 2005 a 2007. Seis por cento (34/562) dos isolados de E. coli estudados foram caracterizados como produtores de ESBL, sendo associados exclusivamente a infecções extra-intestinais, tanto nos pacientes ambulatoriais (10/28, 36%) como nos internados (18/28, 64%), dos quais 56% (19/34) foram recuperados de uroculturas. Os isolados produtores de ESBL exibiram um fenótipo multirresistente apresentando um perfil de resistência a ampicilina (100%), cefalotina (100%), cefotaxima (100%), ceftazidima (79%), sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim (62%), gentamicina (56%), ciprofloxacina (50%) e amicacina (6%) e permanecendo suscetíveis ao imipinem. A produção de ESBL esteve associada com a presença de genes do tipo blaCTX-M-2 (94%, 32/34), blaCTX-M-15 (3%, 01/34) e blaCTX-M-1 (3%, 01/34). Entre os isolados produtores de ESBL, os grupos filogenéticos B1 (53%, 18/34) e A (18%, 6/34), de baixa virulência, foram predominantes sobre os grupos filogenéticos, de alta virulência, B2 (12%, 4/34) e D (18%, 6/34). De fato, os genes de virulência pap, cnf1, sfa, hly, e iuc, associados com adesão, invasão e disseminação, não foram identificados. A tipagem genotípica por PFGE (utilizando a enzima Xbal) com posterior análise em dendrograma, identificou a presença de 31 clusters entre os 34 isolados produtores de ESBL. Em resumo, a alta incidência de isolados clonalmente não relacionados, pertencentes aos grupos filogenéticos A e B1, de baixa virulência, sugere que cepas comensais de E. coli podem adquirir genes de resistência do tipo blaCTX-M por transferência horizontal contribuindo no estabelecimento e no prognóstico de infecções extra-intestinais, principalmente do trato urinário. / Escherichia coli can produce both intestinal and extraintestinal community- or nosocomial-acquired infection, being the main agent of urinary tract infection (UTI). The aim of this study was to characterize the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, phylogenetic groups, and clonal relationship among E. coli clinical isolates recovered from inpatients and outpatients admmited at a university hospital in São Paulo. During 2005 to 2007, six percents (34/562) E. coli isolates were characterized as ESBL producers, being associated exclusively to extraintestinal infections in both inpatients (10/28, 36%) and outpatients (18/28, 64%), of which 56% (19/34) were recovered from urine cultures. ESBL-producing E. coli exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype with a resistance profile to ampicillin (100%), cephalotin (100%), cefotaxime (100%), ceftazidime (79%), sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (62%), gentamicin (56%), ciprofloxacin (50%), and amikacin (6%), and remaining susceptible to imipenem. In this regard, ESBL production was associated with the presence of blaCTX-M-2 (94%, 32/34), blaCTX-M-15 (3%,1/34) and blaCTX-M-1 (94%, 32/34) genes. On the other hand, low-virulence phylogenetic groups B1 (53%, 18/34) and A (18%, 6/34) were predominant over high-virulence phylogenetic groups B2 (12%, 4/34) and D (18%, 6/34), among ESBL-producing E. coli isolates studied. In fact, pap, cnf1, sfa, hly, and iuc virulence genes associated with adhesion, invasion and dissemination were not identified. Finally, genotyping by PFGE (using XbaI restriction) with subsequent cluster analysis (dendrogram) revealed the presence of 31 cluster among 34 ESBL-producing E. coli. In summary, the high prevalence of clonally unrelated ESBL-producing E. coli belonging to low-virulence phylogenetic groups A and B1 suggest that comensal E. coli can acquire blaCTX-M-like resistance genes through horizontal gene tranfer, contributing to the establishment and outcome of extraintestinal infections, mainly in the urinary tract.

O presente estudo foi realizado com 258 mulheres, com e sem sintomas de candidíase vulvovaginal, atendidas no Centro de Saúde Geraldo Paula Souza, da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP. Leveduras foram isoladas em 162 mulheres, sendo que 34% foram de mulheres assintomáticas, 34% com sintomas de candidíase vulvovaginal primária (CVV) e 32% com candidíase vulvovaginal recorrente (CVVR). As espécies mais isoladas foram C . albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata e C. tropicalis. Espécies como C. metapsilosis e C. haemulonii também foram encontradas. A produção de proteinase foi vista em 88% das amostras e de fosfolipase foi de 39%. A sensibilidade in vitro aos antifúngicos foi realizada pelo Etest e, nos isolados resistentes a anfotericina B, fluconazol e itraconazol foram realizados ensaios de microdiluição (CLSIM27S3) e EUCAST EDef7.1, que confirmaram a diminuição da sensibilidade ao itraconazol em isolados de C. parapsilosis (1); C. guilliermondii (1), C. glabrata (3) e Trichosporon spp (1). A diminuição da sensibilidade ao fluconazol foi observada em isolados de C. parapsilosis (1), C. glabrata (3), C. krusei e Rhodotorula spp (1). As leveduras do grupo das CVVRs foram as que apresentaram menor sensibilidade. Em 61 isolados de várias espécies foi realizada a cariotipagem em campo pulsado (PFGE) e não foram observadas similaridade entre elas. Os dados obtidos reforçam a importância da realização de exames laboratoriais que permitam identificar as espécies presentes no conteúdo vaginal, de modo a nortear a escolha terapêutica. / This study was conducted with 258 women, with and without symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis, seen at the Health Center \"Geraldo Paula Souza\", School of Public Health of USP. Yeasts were isolated in 162 women, 34% of women were asymptomatic, 34% with primary symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and 32% with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (CVVR). The species were more isolated C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. Species such as C. metapsilosis and C. haemulonii were also found. The production of proteinase was seen in 88% of the samples and phospholipase was 39%. Sensitivity \"in vitro\" Antifungal was by the \"Etest\" and in isolates resistant to amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole microdilution tests were performed (CLSIM27S3) and EUCAST EDef7.1, which confirmed the decreased sensitivity to itraconazole in isolates C. parapsilosis (1), C. guilliermondii (1), C. glabrata (3) and Trichosporon spp (1). The decreased sensitivity to fluconazole was observed in isolates of C. parapsilosis (1), C. glabrata (3), C. krusei and Rhodotorula spp (1). Yeasts of the group CVVRs were those who had lowest sensitivity. In 61 isolated from various species karyotyping was performed pulsed field (PFGE) and there were no similarity between them. The data emphasize the importance of laboratory tests to identify the species present in the vaginal content in order to guide the therapeutic choice.

This diploma thesis deals with selected thermophilic representatives of genera Geobacillus, Saccharococcus and Bacillus, taking screening of its biotechnological potential into account. Bacteria from the first two genera came from Czech and German collection of microorganisms, while bacteria of genus Bacillus were natural isolates. Researched strains were examined from a viewpoint of carbon source utilization and furthermore, production of biosurfactants, extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase, cellulase, xylanase), organic acids, antimicrobial agents and microbial plastics – polyhydroxyalkanoates was also tested. Bacteria S. thermophilus, G. uzenensis and G. zalihae evinced a substantial ability of biosurfactant production. Strains G. jurassicus, G. uzenensis, G. gargensis and G. lituanicus were capable of intensive production of all tested, technologically significant enzymes. Highest antimicrobial effects were reached with bacteria G. stearothermophilus and G. thermocatenulatus. Largest production of acetic acid was achieved with G. jurassicus and lactic acid with G. thermodenitrificans. Ability to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates was proved at genotype level by some cultures only, however at fenotype level, response was negative. On the contrary, bacteria genus Bacillus were able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates, although in small amounts under given circumstances. With remaining researched metabolites, production ability was considerably lower, compared to genera Geobacillus and Saccharococcus.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir poli-3-hidroxibutirato (P3HB) e poli-3-hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato (PHB-co-3HV), polímeros biodegradáveis, utilizando hidrolisado hemicelulósico, rico em xilose, de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. O estudo dos fluxos metabólicos de xilose in silico indicou que, através do redirecionamento do metabolismo, é possível aumentar o rendimento P3HB a partir de xilose de 0.25 g g-1 para 0.40 g g-1. Obtiveram-se mutantes no sistema repressão catabólica nos quais se verificaram consumo simultâneo de carboidratos e redução do tempo de consumo dos açúcares. Porém, diferenças de fluxos de carbono resultaram em menores valores de crescimento e produção de PH3B em relação às linhagens parentais. Um programa de bioprospecção destacou Burkholderia sp. F24, em experimentos em biorreator obteve-se 25.04 g l-1 de biomassa, 49.31% de acúmulo de P3HB na massa seca celular, alcançando uma produtividade de 0.28 g l-1 h-1. Além disso, foi possível controlar a fração molar de 3HV na síntese PHB-3HV em F24 utilizando xilose e ácido levulínico. / The aim of this thesis is to produce poly3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) and poli-3-hidroxibutirate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHB-co-3HV), biodegradable polymers, using hemicellulosic hydrolysate, rich in xylose, from sugarcane bagasse. Metabolic flux analysis in silico of xylose metabolism indicated that, though metabolism redirection is possible to increase P3HB yield from 0.25 g g-1 to 0.40 g g-1. It was observed simultaneous consumption of sugars and reduction of time necessary to exhaust of all sugars in the media culture in mutants with catabolite repression partially abolished. However, differences in carbon flux resulted in lower growth and P3HB production in comparison to the parental strain. A bioprospecting program selected Burkholderia sp. F24, in experiments in bioreactor it reached 25.04 g l-1, 49.31% of P3HB accumulation of the dry cell mass and 0.28 g l-1 h-1 of productivity. Moreover, it was possible to modulate to molar fraction of 3HV in PHB-co-3HV biosyntheses with Burkholderia sp. F24 using xylose and levulinic acid.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir poli-3-hidroxibutirato (P3HB) e poli-3-hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato (PHB-co-3HV), polímeros biodegradáveis, utilizando hidrolisado hemicelulósico, rico em xilose, de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. O estudo dos fluxos metabólicos de xilose in silico indicou que, através do redirecionamento do metabolismo, é possível aumentar o rendimento P3HB a partir de xilose de 0.25 g g-1 para 0.40 g g-1. Obtiveram-se mutantes no sistema repressão catabólica nos quais se verificaram consumo simultâneo de carboidratos e redução do tempo de consumo dos açúcares. Porém, diferenças de fluxos de carbono resultaram em menores valores de crescimento e produção de PH3B em relação às linhagens parentais. Um programa de bioprospecção destacou Burkholderia sp. F24, em experimentos em biorreator obteve-se 25.04 g l-1 de biomassa, 49.31% de acúmulo de P3HB na massa seca celular, alcançando uma produtividade de 0.28 g l-1 h-1. Além disso, foi possível controlar a fração molar de 3HV na síntese PHB-3HV em F24 utilizando xilose e ácido levulínico. / The aim of this thesis is to produce poly3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) and poli-3-hidroxibutirate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHB-co-3HV), biodegradable polymers, using hemicellulosic hydrolysate, rich in xylose, from sugarcane bagasse. Metabolic flux analysis in silico of xylose metabolism indicated that, though metabolism redirection is possible to increase P3HB yield from 0.25 g g-1 to 0.40 g g-1. It was observed simultaneous consumption of sugars and reduction of time necessary to exhaust of all sugars in the media culture in mutants with catabolite repression partially abolished. However, differences in carbon flux resulted in lower growth and P3HB production in comparison to the parental strain. A bioprospecting program selected Burkholderia sp. F24, in experiments in bioreactor it reached 25.04 g l-1, 49.31% of P3HB accumulation of the dry cell mass and 0.28 g l-1 h-1 of productivity. Moreover, it was possible to modulate to molar fraction of 3HV in PHB-co-3HV biosyntheses with Burkholderia sp. F24 using xylose and levulinic acid.

"2003". / Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental & Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, 2004. / Bibliography: leaves 136-160. / Introduction: The Antarctic environment; Antarctic inhabitants; Microfungi; Identification of microfungi; Physiological factors affecting Antactic microfungi; Flow cytometry and microfungi; Hydrolytic enzymes of industrial interest; Isolation of genes from microfungi; Aims of this study -- Materials and methods: Fungal strains and cultivation conditions; Molecular identification of fungal isolates; Fungal physiology; Hydrolase activity of secreted proteins; Gene cloning and expression -- Results and discussion: Microfungal identification; Physiological factors affecting Antarctic microfungi; Activity in microfungi when grown on solid media; Characterisation of hemicellulases from selected Antarctic microfungi; Cloning of an Antarctic Penicillium allii lipase gene and its expression in Trichoderma reesei -- Conclusions and future prospects. / The Antarctic occupies that region of the planet that falls below the 60th parallel of South latitude. Although it has been frequented by adventurers, journeyman scientists and tourists for the past 100 years, the Continent has remained virtually unoccupied. The intense cold, the absence of human occupation and the limited range of local higher animal species have combined to create the impression that the Continent is virtually devoid of life. -- Although the microbiota of the Antarctic has attracted some small level of attention in the past, the examination of filamentous microfungi has been largely overlooked and fallen to a small group of dedicated investigators. In this study it will be shown that far from being an insignificant component of the Antarctic network, microfungi represent a potentially large and so far untapped bioresource. -- From just 11 bryophyte samples collected at four sites in the Ross Sea/Dry Valleys region of Southern Antarctica, some 30 microfungal isolates were recovered. Using molecular techniques, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) was sequenced to reveal no less than nine unique microfungal species. For only two of these species did the ITS sequence data produce a 100% match with records held on the public databases. This investigation also highlighted the problems inherent in the traditional morphological identification system which are now being perpetuated in the molecular database records. -- A set of seven notionally identified isolates obtained from ornithogenic soil samples gathered in the Windmill Islands in Eastern Antarctica (offshore from the Australian Antarctic Division's Casey Station) were also subjected to molecular identification based on ITS sequence data. Each of the seven isolates was identified as a unique species; six were cosmopolitan in nature and the one remaining bore very little resemblance at the molecular level to any of the recorded species although it was provided with an epithet commonly used in the identification of Antarctic microfungal species. -- To evaluate their potential as a bioresource, samples of Antarctic microfungi were examined to determine if the same physiological factors common to mesophilic species also applied to their Antarctic analogues. It is known that when placed under stress, trehalose can act as a protectant against cold (cryoprotection) and dehydration in mesophilic yeasts and fungi. The level of trehalose produced by the Antarctic isolates and their mesophilic analogues when subjected to stress was compared. A similar comparison was made for the production of glycerol which is well established as a compatible solute providing protection to mesophilic species against osmotic stress. Only in the case of trehalose production by an Antarctic Embellisia was there any indication that either of these two compounds could play a significant role in providing protection to the Antarctic fungi against the rigours of their environment, which leaves open to question what in fact does. -- In the course of investigating the means by which Antarctic microfungi guard against the damage which can ensue when subjected to oxidative stress, flow cytometry was introduced as an investigatory tool. It was established that there is a window of opportunity during which flow cytometry can be used to undertake a detailed analysis of the early stages of fungal growth from germination through hyphal development. -- Of major significance in determining the potential of Antarctic microfungi as a resource is their ability to produce new and novel enzymes and proteins. The microfungal isolates were screened for hydrolytic activity on solid media containing indicative substrates and proved to be a fruitful source of enzymes active over a range of temperatures. A detailed characterisation of two hemicellulases, β-mannanase and xylanase, secreted into a liquid medium by a subset of the Antarctic fungi and a high producing mesophilic reference strain permitted direct comparisons to be made. It was shown that the maximum hemicellulase activity of the Antarctic strains occurred at least 10°C and as much as 30°C lower than that of the reference strain and that mannanase activity for two of the Antarctic isolates exceeded 40% of their maximum at 0°C. These assay results highlight the potential of Antarctic microfungi to yield novel cold-active enzymes. -- As a final measure of the capacity of the Antarctic to yield novel enzymes from its microfungal stock, a lipase gene was selected as a target for isolation and expression in a heterologous fungal host. Using PCR techniques, the gene of interest was isolated from an Antarctic isolate of Penicillium allii, transformed into the mesophilic production host Trichoderma reesei and the active protein successfully produced in the growth medium. The recombinant lipase was assayed and found to exhibit novel characteristics consistent with a cold-adapted enzyme. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / 186 leaves ill