As vespas sociais são importantes no estudo da evolução do comportamento social por suas colônias apresentarem diferentes graus de diferenciação de castas ? desde morfologicamente similares até distintas, associado à eventual presença de fêmeas intermediárias, que apresentam ovários desenvolvidos e não são inseminadas. Dentro da família Vespidae são encontrados três subfamílias de vespas sociais, Stenogastrinae, Polistinae e Vespinae. A diferenciação entre as castas é interessante, pois ausência de diferenciação entre as castas foi visto em Stenogastrinae, enquanto que em Vespinae, o dimorfismo entre elas é bastante evidente. Já em Polistinae, a diferenciação de castas tanto pode ser tanto discreta quanto distinta, tornando-a intermediária entre Vespinae e Stenogastrinae. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as diferenças morfológicas e fisiológicas entre as castas de Protopolybia chartergoides (Polistinae) e Dolichovespula maculata (Vespinae) por meio de análises morfométricas, associadas com análises estatísticas multivariadas e avaliações fisiológicas do desenvolvimento ovariano das fêmeas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as diferenças morfológicas entre as castas de P. chartergoides foram baixas e diferenças fisiológicas foram encontradas, destacando três tipos de fêmeas: rainhas, operárias e intermediárias. Em D. maculata, a diferenciação morfológica é evidente e as diferenças fisiológicas indicaram a clara distinção entre rainhas e operárias, e ausência de intermediárias. Deste modo foi possível sugerir que Protopolybia chartergoides apresenta diferenciação de castas pós-imaginal (ou uma forma muito sutil de diferenciação pré-imaginal) e Dolichovespula maculata apresenta determinação pré-imaginal.

In this thesis, I use field experiments to test whether a potentially universal benefit of sociality operates in the facultatively eusocial hover wasp Liostenogaster flavolineata (Stenogastrinae). The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is a potential reason why individuals come together to provision offspring. I report the results of an original experiment designed to test the central tenets of the CLT by manipulating the variance of food inputs to L. flavolineata nests. I show that with increased variance there was no effect on levels of brood abortion, or larval development rates. However, some assumptions of the CLT were found to hold, such as smaller groups producing more brood per-capita with higher rates of brood removal. Theoretically, genetic relatedness between adult nest-mates should have an important influence on how reproduction is partitioned (reproductive skew). However, reproductive skew in newly initiated colonies of L. flavolineata, where nest-mate relatedness is low, is not significantly different to that in mature colonies, and is unaffected by group size. Genetic relatedness between subordinates and the dominant egg-layer could potentially vary systematically according to position in the age-based queue to inherit the egg-laying role in L. flavolineata groups. Using newly developed microsatellite markers, in combination with manipulations to determine queue position, I test for systematic associations between a worker's relationship to the dominant, inheritance rank and group size. I find that there is an increasing likelihood for daughters and nieces to occur at the lowest ranks, i.e. those with the greatest indirect fitness pay-offs and greatest foraging effort. I also investigate how genetic relatedness and group size influence foraging effort, and suggest that smaller groups might experience effects of the CLT, but work harder to compensate. I integrate theories of reproductive skew and my findings from L. flavolineata into a framework of potential behavioural concessions in larger groups.

Submitted by Inácio de Oliveira Lima Neto (inacio.neto@inpa.gov.br) on 2018-01-12T13:36:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Ana Cristina da Silva Utta.pdf: 1034361 bytes, checksum: 85a919ad06add7a92f0e3dfac06ad017 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-12T13:36:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ana Cristina da Silva Utta.pdf: 1034361 bytes, checksum: 85a919ad06add7a92f0e3dfac06ad017 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The little of knowledge about ecosystems and the constant degradation related mainly to anthropogenic action makes difficult the collection of data by researchers in a timely manner, as a consequence many organisms can disappear before they are even described. As a way of expediting a survey and management of these areas, an alternative would be to focus on a smaller number, surrogate taxa, which are able to provide satisfactory answers within a short time and to know how these species are distributed in that environment. One group that can help with this are the ants, which represent a large proportion of animal biomass and play an important role in the trophic networks in which they participate. The study was carried out in a 25 km2 trails system in the Ducke Reserve, the ants were collected through pit-fall traps, in the years of 2006 and 2012, identified at species level through specific keys. In order to investigate how the exclusion of rare / infrequent species affects the prediction power of the reduced assemblages in relation to the total assemblage, a dissimilarity analysis was first carried out, followed by a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and then the matrices were compared with the Procrustes test. It was also evaluated if the matrices with reduced number of species and those with the total of species had similar responses against the environmental variables. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to estimate how much of the variation in response data (matrices with number of reduced species and total species) is explained jointly by the environmental variables mentioned above. Correlations of Procrustes for the years 2006 and 2012 indicated that the reduced datasets were able to predict the main pattern observed with the original matrix. MANOVA indicated that the ground-dwelling ants assemblage is related to the variables clay content, slope of terrain and leaf litter volume, this result is maintained even with the removal of the most infrequent species independently of the year. Despite the reduction in the original matrix and considering the values obtained for the most 9frequent species, it was still possible to observe a composition similar to the total collected assembly and the relationships with the environmental variables had results comparable to the maximum number of species. The present study addressed for the first time the possibility of the use of frequent species of ants as surrogate taxa for assemblages of species in the Amazon. This tool helps in future work the reduction of time, and costs of sorting and identification of material collected, in addition to potentializing area management. / O pouco conhecimento sobre os ecossistemas e a constante degradação relacionada principalmente à ação antrópica dificultam a coleta de dados por pesquisadores em tempo hábil, como consequência muitos organismos podem desaparecer antes mesmo de serem descritos. Como forma de agilizar um levantamento e um manejo dessas áreas, uma alternativa seria se concentrar em um número menor, táxons substitutos, que são capazes de fornecer respostas satisfatórias dentro de um curto espaço de tempo e conhecer de que forma essas espécies estão distribuídas naquele meio. Um grupo que pode auxiliar nessa questão são as formigas, que representam uma grande proporção da biomassa animal e possuem um papel expressivo nas redes tróficas das quais participam. O estudo foi realizado em um sistema de trilhas de 25 km2 na Reserva Ducke, as formigas foram coletadas através de armadilhas de queda (pitfall), nos anos de 2006 e 2012, identificadas em nível de espécie através de chaves específicas. Para investigar como a exclusão de espécies raras/pouco frequentes afeta o poder de predição das assembleias reduzidas em relação à assembleia total, inicialmente foi realizada uma análise de dissimilaridade, seguida de uma análise de coordenadas principais (PCoA) e depois as matrizes foram comparadas com o teste de Procrustes. Também foi avaliado se as matrizes com número de espécies reduzidas e aquelas com o total de espécies tiveram respostas semelhantes frente às variáveis ambientais. E foi utilizada a análise de variância multivariada (MANOVA) para estimar o quanto da variação nos dados de resposta (matrizes com número de espécies reduzidas e espécies totais) é explicado em conjunto pelas variáveis ambientais mencionadas acima. As correlações de Procrustes para os anos de 2006 e 2012 indicaram que os conjuntos de dados reduzidos foram capazes de predizer o padrão de ordenação observada com a matriz original. A MANOVA indicou que a assembleia de formigas de solo está relacionada com as variáveis teor de argila, inclinação do terreno e volume de serapilheira, este resultado se mantém mesmo com a remoção das espécies menos frequentes independente do ano. Apesar da redução na matriz original e considerando os valores obtidos para as espécies mais frequentes, ainda foi possível observar uma composição similar a assembleia total coletada e as relações com as variáveis ambientais tiveram resultados comparáveis ao número máximo de espécie. O presente estudou tratou pela primeira vez da possibilidade do uso de espécies frequentes de formigas como táxons substitutos para assembleia de espécies, na Amazônia. Essa 8ferramenta auxilia em futuros trabalhos a redução de tempo, e custos de triagem e identificação de material coletado, além de potencializar gestão de áreas.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in Biology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-54, 144-151). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ66387.

Cynipid galls are atypical plant growths induced by wasps in the family Cynipidae that provide larvae with shelter and nutrition. Larvae gain control of attacked plant organs and send them on a new developmental trajectory, with three developmental phases known as initiation, growth, and maturation. Each of the approximately 1400 species of cynipid gall wasps manipulates plant tissues in a slightly different manner such that galls of each species are structurally distinct. Although the means by which cynipids initiate galls has fascinated naturalists for hundreds of years, the basic events in gall induction are still poorly understood. In an attempt to understand the galling strategies and developmental processes responsible for species-specific galls, I chose to compare the intimate details of life history strategies of two taxonomically related species attacking the same plant organs. The strategies included host specificity, phenology, and oviposition strategies, along with gall development to highlight basic events in gall biology and reveal possible stages in past speciation events. It is argued that differences in phenology and gall development played a role in driving speciation and thus, the patterns observed today are a result of extensive ecological interactions in the past that have influenced the evolution of these complex insect-plant relationships. Two species of cynipid wasps of the genus Diplolepis that occur on the wild roses of central Ontario proved to be ideal candidates for the study. One species, Diplolepis polita, induces single-chambered, prickly galls found in clusters on the adaxial surface of leaflets of Rosa acicularis whereas, the other species, D. nebulosa, induces single- iv chambered, smooth-surfaced galls found in clusters on the abaxial surface of the leaflets of Rosa blanda. Galls at all stages of development, from freshly oviposited eggs to maturation, were found in large numbers for both species. Leaf tissues from the bud stage to maturity of both species of rose were fixed in FAA, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained for histological study. Likewise, leaf tissues with freshly oviposited eggs of both species and galls from immaturity to maturity were fixed, sectioned, and stained. Comparing the several thousand slides made for the study revealed that galls of D. polita and D. nebulosa differ in their developmental events as well as the anatomy of their mature galls. Like the galls of all species of cynipids, those of D. polita and D. nebulosa are composed of distinct layers of gall cells known as nutritive, parenchymatous nutritive, sclerenchyma, cortex, and epidermis. Galls of D. polita consist of nutritive cells, parenchymatous nutritive cells, and an epidermis throughout the initiation and growth phases. Larvae remain small in relation to chamber volume until the maturation phase, when a hard layer of sclerenchyma differentiates. In contrast, galls of D. nebulosa have a delayed initiation phase, where galls remain nearly undetectable on leaflets for several weeks after oviposition before they enter the growth phase. Freshly-hatched larvae are protected by two layers of bowl-shaped patches of sclerenchyma that differentiates soon after initiation, along with nutritive cells and parenchymatous nutritive cells that surround the larval chambers, but galls of this species develop without an external layer of epidermis. Galls become spherical as they mature and a second layer of sclerenchyma differentiates within the walls of the galls, as does a layer of spongy cortex that appears between the second layer of sclerenchyma and the gall exterior. Larvae of D. nebulosa occupy nearly the entire volume of their larval chambers throughout gall development. v The size of each type of cell found within developing galls of both species, from gall initiation to gall maturity were measured and compared. Cells in the galls of both species continue to increase in size throughout development; however, the cells comprising the galls induced by D. polita are significantly larger than those induced by D. nebulosa. Comparing the biologies and galls of these two species, demonstrates how niche partitioning has occurred. It also shows that striking differences in structures occur within the galls of closely taxonomically related species as a result of differences in adult phenology, oviposition strategies, egg placement, and environmental conditions such as moisture levels. Although it has been proposed by other authors that diversity in cynipid galls results from differentiation of tissues found in the outer parts of galls, such as cortex and epidermis, the present study indicates the reasons are more complex. Furthermore, it is apparent that many aspects of gall development and anatomy have been overlooked by previous researchers and a variety of ecological factors contribute to differences in gall structure. To further complicate the already complex series of events that occur over the course of gall development, galls of D. polita and D. nebulosa are inhabited and structurally modified by inquilines of the genus Periclistus. These insects are also cynipid wasps, and have evolved a close relationship with Diplolepis galls whereby they kill the inducer larvae, feed on gall cells, and change the developmental trajectory of attacked galls. Galls of D. polita and D. nebulosa are attacked by two undescribed, but gall-specific species of Periclistus. Here, the inquiline associated with the galls of D. polita is referred to as Periclistus 1 and the inquiline associated with galls of D. nebulosa is referred to as Periclistus 2. The purpose of this study was to histologically examine all phases of vi modification by the two species of Periclistus to establish the events that are developmentally unique to inquilines. Periclistus 1 and 2 are phenologically distinct as Periclistus 1 oviposits into immature galls of D. polita in late May soon after galls are induced, and Periclistus 2 oviposits into immature galls of D. nebulosa in July. Modified galls of D. polita differ from modified galls of D. nebulosa as they are significantly enlarged compared to normal galls. Periclistus 1 chambers are arranged around the periphery of the inner gall whereas modified galls of D. nebulosa are of a similar size to normal galls. Chambers of Periclistus 2 are evenly distributed throughout the inner gall. Periclistus 1 and 2-modified galls undergo four phases of development identified as the egg phase, gall enlargement, chamber formation, and maturation phases. Both Periclistus 1 and 2 oviposit into immature galls, killing the inducer larvae with their ovipositors, and then the presence of Periclistus eggs along the inner chamber surface cause changes in gall structure. Diplolepis-induced nutritive cells degrade and Diplolepis-induced parenchymatous nutritive cells enlarge. Galls become significantly enlarged compared to those inhabited by inducer larvae and then feeding by first-instar Periclistus larvae stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of Periclistus-induced parenchymatous nutritive cells and nutritive cells. Immature larvae of both species of Periclistus initially feed around the inner surface of the Diplolepis-induced chamber, and then restrict their feeding to one spot. This results in cell proliferation such that each larva becomes restricted to the centre of a bowl-shaped growth of cells. Continued proliferation causes Periclistus nutritive and parenchymatous nutritive cells to rise up and completely encase the larvae. As this is occurring in modified galls of D. polita, a layer of sclerenchyma, referred to here as the vii inquiline-induced primary sclerenchyma, differentiates and circumscribes the periphery of the entire gall. This does not occur in galls of D. nebulosa until maturity. In modified galls of both species, nutritive cells and parenchymatous nutritive cells appear in dense clusters throughout the inside surface of Periclistus chambers. Once modified galls enter the maturation phase, inquiline-induced primary sclerenchyma differentiates, circumscribing the periphery of galls of D. nebulosa. In addition, Periclistus 1 and 2-inhabited galls both develop a second layer of inquiline-induced sclerenchyma, known as secondary sclerenchyma, around each inquiline chamber. Secondary sclerenchyma cells in the walls of Periclistus chambers are smaller than primary sclerenchyma cells circumscribing the entire gall. Gall cells induced by Periclistus 1 are larger than those induced by Periclistus 2; however, gall cells induced by both species of Periclistus are larger than those of their host Diplolepis galls. Based on differences in phenology, gall development, and final gall structure, modified galls of D. polita and D. nebulosa are anatomically distinct with each species of Periclistus responsible for gall tissues that are species-specific. In addition, the developmental pattern of Periclistus-modified galls is distinct from that of Diplolepis galls, illustrating the level of control inquilines have over the tissues of their host galls. This thesis demonstrates the complex nature of the interrelationships between cynipid wasps of the genera Diplolepis and Periclistus and their host roses. Diplolepis are true gall inducers that have an intimate relationship with the genus Rosa and there are many attributes of the genus Rosa that have contributed to the success of Diplolepis and allowed for their extensive radiation and divergence in their galls. Similarly, Periclistus viii inquilines have an intimate relationship with Diplolepis and the rose hosts. Periclistus have evolved the ability to manipulate rose tissues that have previously been under the influence of Diplolepis. Based on two species of inquilines examined in this thesis, Periclistus have also evolved an array of phenologies and modification strategies and like the developmental patterns of the Diplolepis, the developmental trajectories of Periclistus are also species-specific. This project has shown that the histological approach to studying cynipid galls, as well as those occupied by Periclistus inquilines, is highly rewarding and contributes to our overall understanding of these fascinating insects.

A phylogenetic character analysis of the wing venation within Apocrita (Hymenoptera) was conducted in order to examine the phylogenetic significance of wing characters. The venational data were then combined with published studies of other character suites to produce a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among apocritan superfamilies and families. Whereas the cladograms obtained from the collection of papers on character suites provide strong support for the sister group relationship between Orussidae and Apocrita, the ones derived from wing venation did not establish such a relationship, although they provided more support for relationships within Apocrita. A ground plan is proposed for the wing venation of each taxon examined; for Apocrita, it is close to the groundplan established for Aculeata. The variability of wing venation is higher between and within apocritan taxa than in Symphyta. This research confirms that groupings such as the Symphyta, Siricoidea, Evanioidea and possibly the Proctorupoidea are artificial.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1997. / Corrigenda pasted on verso of leaf 267. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 239-253).

Orientador: Angelo Pires do Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T23:58:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_MariaAparecidaFerreirade_M.pdf: 3438050 bytes, checksum: 95c1ac8407e786c4d31053d4661ee411 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996 / Resumo: Foi realizado um levantamento para verificar a abundância relativa e sazonal de Musca domestica L. 1758, e seus parasit6ides associados, em esterqueiras de estábulo de ordenha de gado bovino. Foram feitas 52 coletas, entre março/1994 e fevereiro/1995, no Campus da Universidade de São Paulo, em Pirassununga-SP. Pupários de M. domestica e outros dípteros sinantr6picos foram coletados, em pontos pré-detemúnados de duas esterqueiras. No laborat6rio, foram individualizados, em cápsulas de gelatina, para aguardar a emergência dos adultos e os pupários que não apresentaram emergência, em 40dias, foram dissecados para identificação. Foram coletadas as seguintes espécies de Diptera: Musca domestica L., Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Physiphora aenea (Fabr.) e Sarcophagula sp. Os parasitóides identificados foram: Aleochara puberula (K1ug), Aleochara bipustulata (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae); Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia endius Wa1ker, Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, Spalangia gemina Boucek, e duas morfoespécies de Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). A.puberula, S. cameroni e S. endius foram as espécies que apresentaram maior abundância durante o ano e sã~ portanto, as mais indicadas para o controle da M. domestica. Além disso, as espécies parasit6ides apresentaram diferentes picos de sazonalidade indicando que durante o ano cada uma atua num momento, no controle das populações naturais da mosca. A população de M domestica apresentou padrão de sazonalidade proporcional às mudanças de temperatura e precipitação oconidas durante o experimento, já as espécies parasit6ides apresentaram sazonalidade marcada pela presença da mosca, o que confinna a possibilidade de estar ocorrendo uma relação de densidade-dependência entre ambos / Abstract: A survey was conducted to verifY the rei ative and sazonal aboodance of Musca domestica L. 1758 and its parasitoids, in microhabitats of a dairy cattle farm. The experiment was conducted for one year, collecting weeldy samples, ftom march/1994 until february/1995, at the farm ofSão Paulo University, in Pirassununga, SP. Puparium ofM. domestica and other synanthropic dipterous were coll~ in certain places oftwo microhabitats. In the laboratory, these puparium were placed in gela tine capsules waiting for the adult emergence and, after 40 days, the puparium which presented no emergence, were dissected to analyse the causes of death. These causes were quantified and statistically analised. The following species of Diptera were collected: Musca domestica L., Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Physiphora aenea (Fabr.) and Sarcophagula sp. Associated to them, the parasitoids collected were: Aleochara puberula (K1ug), Aleochara bipustulata (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae); Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia endius Walker, Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, Spalangia gemina Boucek, and two especies of Muscidifurax ( Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The species A. puberula, S. comeroni and S. endius were the most important species parasitizing M. domestica, althougb they have showed different sazonality. The population of M. domestica was influenced by temperature and precipitation, but parasitoid species were influenced by the flies density, showing the possibility that could be a density-dependence relationshi / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Ciências Biológicas