Orientador: Domiciano P. de Souza Dias / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Rio Claro / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T01:41:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_VilmaMaule_D.pdf: 8848097 bytes, checksum: d7b1a99b6a038332cc0bdc3689acada0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1968 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Not informed / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Mohamed E. M. Habib / Tese (doutorado) - UniversidadeEstadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T21:00:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_SergioLuisde_D.pdf: 15193611 bytes, checksum: d7816f2079271eebd97d837054d88898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, realizar estudos de ecologia e de biologia comparada de Bracon vulgaris Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), um ectoparasito de Anthonomus grandis BOHEMAN, 1843 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), o bicudo do algodoeiro e de Pectinophona gossypiella SAUNDERS, 1843 (LEPIDOPTERA: Gelechiidae), a lagarta rosada, ambos considerados como pragas chaves desta cultura no Brasil e em vários países do mundo. Para tanto, foram realizadas observações a nível de campo e de laboratório. As observações foram realizadas durante o período de 1991 a 1992 em duas áreas não submetidas a tratamento inseticida, além de uma outra área submetida a um Programa de Manejo Integrado de Pragas, procurando-se com isso preservar ao máximo a diversidade de inimigos naturais existentes na cultura. Os levantamentos foram realizados semanalmente coletando-se as estruturas reprodutivas do algodão (botões florais, flores e frutos), ligadas às plantas e sobre o solo, as quais foram examinadas em laboratório quanto a presença de ovos, larvas, pupas ou adultos do parasito. As observações foram realizadas durante todo o ciclo da cultura, acompanhando-se os diferentes estágios fenológicos da planta. Foram feitas também avaliações dos níveis de ataque às estruturas e os índices de parasitismo durante o período. O exame das estruturas em laboratório era realizado através de microscópio estereoscópico. Nos casos em que se encontrava larvas de A. grandis e/ou P. gossypiella parasitadas, estas, eram colocadas em um frasco com a abertura vedada por um tecido de náilon e mantidas em estufa a 27ºC, até a emergência dos adultos. Após a emergência, os adultos eram colocados em gaiolas de criação com dimensões de 50x50x50 cm revestidas com tecido fino transparente e alimentados com uma solução de água e mel a 10%. Nas investigações em laboratório, foram uti1izados 5 hospedeiros para avaliação da melhor adequabilidade à B. vulgaris, a saber: A. grondis, Anagayta kühniella ZELLER, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Anticasia gemmatalis HÜBNER, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. SMI1H, 1797 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e Alabama argillacea HÜBNER, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). As larvas hospedeiras eram colocadas em pecíolos secos de mamona, impregnados anteriormente com uma solução de macerado dos botões florais e também vedados nas suas extremidades com chumaços de algodão. Após 24 horas de exposição ao parasito, as placas de petri eram então retiradas e as larvas no interior dos pecíolos eram examinadas. As larvas parasitadas eram então colocadas em estufa e reexaminadas a cada 24 horas, acompanhando-se os diversos estágios do parasito até a emergência dos adultos. Estes procedimentos foram realizados também quando se utilizou P. gossypiella isoladamente como hospedeiro. Foram realizados também estudos onde procurou-se determinar a atratividade dos parasitas a diversos macerados, para os quais utilizou-se também da mesma metodologia. As soluções utilizadas foram: botões florais, maçãs e folhas, além da testemunha com água. Os resultados indicaram que a população do parasito acompanha a flutuação populacional do hospedeiro, com tendência de aumento do parasitismo do meio para o final do ciclo do algodão. O parasitismo foi maior para as larvas de A. grandis nas estruturas das plantas. Os níveis máximos de parasitismo alcançados em A. grandis a nível de campo nas três áreas estudadas foram: Santo Antonio de Posse 28,57%: Cosmópolis 85% e Casa Branca 67,57%. O nível de parasitismo em larvas de P. gossypiella foi bem menor que em A. grandis a nível de campo, mas a nível de laboratório o índice de parasitismo foi sempre alto alcançando em alguns casos 100%. Nos ensaios de laboratório houve "preferência" do parasito por dois hospedeiros: A. grandis e A. kühniella Estes dois hospedeiros foram também os que mostraram maior adequação ao parasito. Em relação aos macerados de algodão, a solução dos botões mostrou-se a mais atrativa, vindo a seguir, a de frutos e folhas em ordem decrescente. De forma geral, B. vulgaris apresentou um elevado potencial de controle de populações de A. grandis na cultura do algodoeiro, colocando-se como um dos agentes mais promissores em programas de manejo integrado nesta cultura / Abstract: The objetive of this work was to investigate ecological aspects and comparative biology of Brcron vulgaris Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an ectoparasite of both Anthonomus grandis BOHEMAN, 1843 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the boll wevil and Pectinophora gossypiella SAUNDERS, 1843 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), the pink bollwonn, which are considered as key pests of cotton in Brazil and several other countries. These investigations were carried out under field and laboratory conditions. Field observations were conducted during 1991-1992 in two untreated plots and one subjected to integrated pest management program, in wich the diversity of existing natural enemies were preserved at maximum level. Reproductive structures (cotton squares, flowers and cotton bolls) either attached to plants or fallen on floor, were surveyed weekly. These structures were examined for the presence of eggs, larvae, pupae or adults of the parasite. Observations were carried out during the whole cotton season at different phenological stages of the plant. Damages caused to plant structures (cotton squares, flowers and cotton bolls) and the rate of parasitism were also evaluated during the investigations. Plant structures were examined using sterioscopic microscope in the laboratory. In case of parasitized larvae of A. grandis and/or P. gossypiella were transfered to a glass jar covered with a piece of nylon cloth and incubated at 27°C up to the emergence of adults. After emergence, the adults were transfered to rearing cage of 50x50x50 cm and covered with a fine transparent cloth; food a l00% honey solution was provided. For host adaptability to B. vulgaris, five hosts species were used: A. grandis, Anagasta kühniella, ZELLER 1879 (Lepidoptern: Pyralidae), Spodoptera fiugiperda J.E. SMITH, 1797 (Lepidoptem: Noctuidae), Anticasia gemmatdis HÜBNER, 1818 (Lepidoptem: Noctuidae) and Alabama argilacea HÜBNER, 1818 (Lepidoptem: Noctuidae). The host larvae were placed in dried petioles of Ricinus communis previously soaked in cottons square extract and sealed at both ends with cotton and were offered to female parasites in Petri dishes for 24 hours. After this hour, the Petri dishes were removed and the larvae inside the petioles were examined. The parasitized larvae were then reincubated and were assessed every 24 hours intetval up to adult emergence. The same procedures was used to evaluated P. gossypiella as a host in a separate treatment. The atractivity of parasites to diferent plant extracts (cotton squares, cotton bolls and leaves) were deternined using the identical method as host adaptability. Only water was used for control treatment. The results indicated that the parasite population fluctuated with the host population with tendency to increase in parasitism from the middle to the end of the crop cycle. The highest rate parasitism was observed in A. grandis larvae on plant reproductive structures still maintained on plants. The highest rates of parasitism were observed in A. grandis under field conditions were: 28,7% at Santo Antonio de Posse; 85% at Cosmópolis and 67,57% at Casa Branca. lhe rate parnsitism recorded for P. gossypiella larvae was much smaller than A. grandis at field conditions, though at laboratory conditions the rate of parasitism was always high, sometimes reaching 100%. Host preference studies indicated preference for A. grandis and A. kühniella by the female parasite. These two hosts also showed the best suitability to the parasite development. In relation to plant extracts, cotton squares attracted most parasite females followed by cotton bolls and leaves extracts. B. vulgais proved to have a high potencial to control the populations of A. grandis on cotton plants and showed to be a very promissing agent for the Integrated Pest Management Program against cotton boll worn and pink bollworm / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

Orientador: Maria Luiza Silveira Mello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T03:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Falco_JoseRicardoPenteado_M.pdf: 2917405 bytes, checksum: 8b61e7b5e40b4496f622ec51394ad4d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995 / Resumo: Núcleos das glândulas da espennateca de rainhas de Apis mellifera, virgens, recém-fecundadas e enve1hecidas, foram estudados através de testes citoquímicos apropriados- reação de Feulgen e concentração crítica de eletrólitos (CEC), a fim de se verificar possíveis alterações ao nível de DNA e complexos DNA-proteína com a fecundação e o envelhecimento. Foram encontradas: 1 )alterações nos valores de CEC com a fecundação e com o envelhecimento, 2)poliploidização dos núcleos da camada íntima e do epitélio glandular nas três situações em estudo. Alterações nos valores de CEC (aumento com a fecundação e decréscimo com o envelhecimento) indicam modificações na disponibilidade de grupamentos fosfatos livres do DNA (não ligados à proteínas), que poderiam ser causadas pela alteração na estrutura cromatínica, em resposta ao processo de fecundação (início da secreção glandular), e pelo envelhecimento (nonnal, casual, ou programado), devido a alterações quantitativas e qualitativas das proteínas nucleares. Estas alterações devem estar relacionadas à diferenças na expressão gênica, e também poderiam ser as responsáveis pelas alterações nos valores Feulgen­DNA, detectados à nivel das subclasses de conteúdo de DNA. Assume-se não ter havido perda no conteúdo de DNA para a idade considerada como envelhecida neste estudo / Abstract: Spermathecal glands nuclei of virgin, mated and old queen bees of Apis mellifera were studied cytochemically using the Feulgen reaction and the critical eletrolyte concentration (CEC) method, in order to detect possible changes in DNA and DNA-protein complexes with fecundation and ageing. The results showed l)altered CEC values (increase with fecundation and decrease with aging), 2)poliploidy on secretory epithelium and intima in the three situations studied. Differences in CEC values indicate differences in availability of free DNA phosphates, that could be caused by altered chromatin structure, due to alteractions in nuclear proteins, in response to fecundation and aging. The differences may be related to changes in gene expression, and could be responsible for the altered Feulgen-DNA values, detected in DNA content subclasses. No loss of DNA could be assumed, at least considering the insect age presumed here to be involved with aging processes / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

In comparing the head of Pseudopanurgus with Anthophora and Apis, the general outline appears rather similar, the most significant variation being found on the posterior surface. Extending ventrally from the postoccipital suture to the dorsal wall of the proboscidial fossa is a suture known as the fused hypostomal suture. The hypostomal area is rather small and makes up only a small portion of the dorsal and lateral walls of the proboscidial fossa, the remainder being formed by the postgena. If this is correct, the hypostomal carinae (a term with which the author does not agree) are actually located on the postgena. From this characteristic alone it would appear that Pseudopanurgus is more specialized than Apis but more primitive than Anthophora. The first abdominal sternum appears to be membranous in Pseudopanurgus, suggesting a specialization over both Anthophora and Apis, where sclerotized areas are still present. Some of the abdominal terga of Pseudopanurgus have a longitudinal suture on the ventrolateral angle. This also, suggests a specialization not found in Anthophora or Apis. Rather large gonostyli were observed on the gonocoxites of the male genitalia. Volsella are also present in Pseudopanurgus.

Societies where workers sacrifice their own reproduction and cooperatively nurture the offspring of a reproductive queen caste have originated repeatedly across the Tree of Life. The attainment of such reproductive division of labor enabled the evolution of remarkable diversity in development, behavior, and social organization in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps). Wasps of the family Vespidae exhibit a gamut of social levels, ranging from solitary to highly social behavior. The highly social yellowjackets and hornets (Vespinae) have well developed differences in form and function between queens and workers, large colony sizes, and intricate nest architecture. Moreover, certain socially parasitic species in the Vespinae have secondarily lost the worker caste and rely entirely on the workers of a host species to ensure the survival of parasitic offspring. Understanding the evolution of behavioral traits in the Vespinae over long periods of time would be greatly enhanced by a robust hypothesis of historical relationships. In this study, I analyze targeted genes and transcriptomes to address three goals. First, infer phylogenetic relationships within yellowjackets (Vespula and Dolichovespula) and hornets (Vespa and Provespa). Second, test the hypothesis that social parasites are more closely related to their hosts than to any other species (Emery's rule). Third, test the protein evolution hypothesis, which states that accelerated evolution of protein coding genes and positive selection operated in the transition to highly eusocial behavior. The findings of this study challenge the predominant understanding of evolutionary relationships in the Vespinae. I show that yellowjacket genera are not sister lineages, instead recovering Dolichovespula as more closely related to the hornets, and placing Vespula as sister to all other vespine genera. This implies that traits such as large colony size and high paternity are mostly restricted to a particular evolutionary trajectory (Vespula) from an early split in the Vespinae. I demonstrate that obligate and facultative social parasites do not share immediate common ancestry with their hosts, indicating that socially parasitic behavior likely evolved independently of host species. Moreover, obligate social parasites share a unique evolutionary history, suggesting that their parasitic behavior might have a genetic component. Lastly, I analyze transcriptomic data to infer a phylogeny of vespid wasps and use this phylogeny to discover lineage-specific signatures of positive selection. I identify more than two hundred genes showing signatures of positive selection on the branch leading to the highly eusocial yellowjackets and hornets. These positively selected genes involve functions related mainly to carbohydrate metabolism and mitochondrial activity, in agreement with insights from studies of bees and ants. Parallels of functional categories for genes under positive selection suggests that at the molecular level the evolution of highly eusocial behavior across the Hymenoptera might have followed similar and narrow paths.

Corrigenda pasted on verso of leaf 267. Bibliography: leaves 239-253. This study focuses on the phylogenetic status of Diolcogaster within the Cotesia-complex. The Cotesia-complex is not resolved as a monophyletic group though most of the included genera are so resolved. Diolcogaster is revised for the Australasian region and recorded for the first time fron New Zealand. A total of 26 species are now known from Australasia.

A species threshold was used to assign unidentified Hymenoptera into DNA barcode Operational Taxa (DbOT) for both an assessment of species richness in rose gall communities and as part of a broad scale survey of genome size diversity. The species threshold of 2.2% was calculated from minimum interspecific divergence of DNA barcode (COI, mtDNA) and internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1, rDNA) sequences from both identified and unidentified Hymenoptera associated with rose galls induced by Diplolepis (Cynipidae). Analysis of both DNA barcodes and ITS1 sequences suggested that several described species of Diplolepis (Cynipidae), Periclistus (Cynipidae), and Torymus (Torymidae) require re-examination to define species boundaries. It was also determined that the total number of DbOTs is higher than previous estimates of species richness of Hymenoptera associated with rose galls induced by Diplolepis. Additionally, genome size estimations were determined for 51 DbOTs from all eight families of Hymenoptera associated with rose galls induced by Diplolepis, five of which did not have any previous genome size estimates. A subsequent large-scale survey of Hymenoptera enabled by the use of the DbOT approach produced genome size estimations for 309 DbOTs from 36 families in 13 superfamilies. It was shown that Hymenoptera do not have smaller genome sizes than other holometabolous orders, and that a parasitoid lifestyle does not appear to constrain genome size. The suggested positive relationship between genome size and development time was investigated by comparing mean genome size of taxa with known or apparent differences in development rate. It was concluded that statistical comparisons between taxa that are grouped in broad categories would be unlikely to detect significant differences in mean genome size because the range of biological features within such categories is highly variable. However, comparisons between interacting groups with narrowly defined development strategies determined that mean genome size was statistically smaller in taxa that obtained resources within a narrow window of opportunity. This result suggests that rapid development in relation to competitors may be important in species of Hymenoptera with higher mortality risk.

iii Abstract Cynipid wasps of the genus Diplolepis Geoffrey induce galls exclusively on roses. These galls are susceptible to attack by various hymenopteran parasitoids, the most common of which are members of the family Eurytomidae, with 10 described species having been recorded in association with rose galls in Canada. Because of their small size, sexual dimorphism, morphological plasticity and poorly known biology, species identification of eurytomids is often uncertain. This thesis focused on identifying the eurytomids associated with the galls of the 14 native species of Diplolepis in Canada, testing species limits using a combination of morphological, mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), ecological and geographical data. Six morphospecies were identified using morphological characters, while molecular data identified eight haplogroups. COI sequences identified one species of Tenuipetiolus Bugbee and seven species of Eurytoma Illiger, all associated with galls induced by Diplolepis in Canada. Inconsistencies were observed when compared to morphospecies, including four haplogroups within the genus Eurytoma that were overlooked by morphological studies. The morphospecies Eurytoma acuta Bugbee is a junior synonym of Eurytoma discordans Bugbee; however, the high intraspecific genetic divergences suggest the existence of a species complex. Two geographically sympatric but genetically distinct haplogroups were found within the morphospecies Eurytoma spongiosa Bugbee, “E. spongiosa 2” being a new species that was previously overlooked. An identification key along with (re)descriptions of all identified species was provided. This integrative taxonomy approach confirmed the oligophagous nature of most eurytomids, and provides new insight into the life history strategies of these parasitoids.

Corrigenda pasted on verso of leaf 267. / Bibliography: leaves 239-253. / xii, 267 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This study focuses on the phylogenetic status of Diolcogaster within the Cotesia-complex. The Cotesia-complex is not resolved as a monophyletic group though most of the included genera are so resolved. Diolcogaster is revised for the Australasian region and recorded for the first time fron New Zealand. A total of 26 species are now known from Australasia. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, 1997

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Environmental Biology, 2004. / "April 2004" Bibliography: leaves 152-171.