published_or_final_version / Anatomy / Master / Master of Philosophy

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-04-13T16:07:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1077166 bytes, checksum: 25fd76740634a7f9c6ac4a518a021ada (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T16:07:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1077166 bytes, checksum: 25fd76740634a7f9c6ac4a518a021ada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Diversos fatores podem afetar o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. O fotoperíodo é um deles, sendo determinante para o controle do florescimento em plantas sensíveis. No campo, o controle é feito de forma artificial, para que as plantas floresçam durante todo o ano, independente do comprimento do dia. As lâmpadas incandescentes possuem seu uso difundido, porém, essas são pouco eficientes em converter energia elétrica em energia luminosa. O LED é uma tecnologia que surgiu na década de oitenta e possui grande potencial para ser utilizado na agricultura. Apresenta diversas vantagens como alta durabilidade, tamanho reduzido, baixa emissão de calor e eficiência em conversão de energia elétrica em luminosa. Devido ao pouco conhecimento sobre o impacto que a tecnologia do LED pode ter na agricultura, esta pesquisa visou elucidar o comportamento de duas espécies sensíveis ao fotoperíodo quando iluminadas por lâmpadas de LED. O primeiro estudo foi desenvolvido com o tango (Solidago canadensis L.), uma planta classificada como planta de dia curto, utilizada como flor de corte. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento da produção de plantas de tango utilizando lâmpadas de LED para o controle do florescimento. Além disso, vislumbrou-se determinar o menor período de luz/escuro para o controle eficiente do florescimento. Para isso instalou-se um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas lâmpadas de LED na potência de 18 W, e foram avaliados quatro ciclos, que consistiram na alteração de períodos de luz e escuro expresso em minutos: 7/23; 15/15; 23/7 e 30/0. Os ciclos foram fornecidos das 22h às 2h, por um período de setenta dias. As testemunhas foram compostas por plantas sem iluminação suplementar e iluminadas com lâmpadas incandescentes de 100 W. A colheita ocorreu quando as hastes apresentaram cerca de 40% das inflorescências abertas. O segundo experimento foi conduzido com o hipérico (Hypericum inodorum), classificada como planta de dia longo facultativo, cuja principal utilização ornamental ocorre na fase de frutificação. Este trabalho foi realizado com o propósito de avaliar o efeito da iluminação artificial com lâmpada de LED de 18 W e incandescente de 100 W no controle do florescimento em plantas de hipérico em diferentes distâncias da projeção da lâmpada. As mudas foram cultivadas em cinco distâncias em relação à projeção horizontal da lâmpada: 0 m; 0,5 m; 1,0 m; 1,5 m e 2,0 m. Após o estabelecimento das plantas, realizou- se poda a vinte centímetros de altura. A iluminação artificial foi fornecida das 22h às 2h. Foram utilizados dois tipos de lâmpada: LED 18 W e incandescente de 100 W. Para que não houvesse interferência entre os tratamentos, efetuou- se o isolamento entre eles através do uso de lonas pretas. O uso da iluminação suplementar com lâmpadas de LED foi eficiente no controle fotoperiódico para as duas espécies estudas. Plantas de tango cultivadas sobre o ciclo de 7/23 minutos apresentaram menor tempo de cultivo e maior formação de ramos florais e conjunto de inflorescências. Porém os ciclos de 23/7 e 30/0 minutos foram aqueles que apresentaram os resultados mais expressivos nas características utilizadas para a classificação comercial, como tamanho e peso da haste. As plantas cultivadas sem suplementação completar não apresentaram formação de haste floral. Já nas iluminadas com lâmpadas de LED observou-se a diminuição do controle fotoperiódico com o aumento da distância. É necessário que as plantas de hipérico sejam expostas a dias curtos no início do cultivo para que as hastes atinjam o comprimento ótimo para a comercialização. / Several factors can affect the growth and development of plants. Photoperiod is a determining factor for flowering control in sensitive plants. In the field, control is done artificially, so that, plants flower throughout the year, regardless of day length. Incandescent lamps have widespread use, but they are less efficient in converting electrical energy into luminous energy. LED is a technology that emerged in the eighties and has great potential for use in agriculture. It has several advantages, such as high durability, small size, low heat emission and efficiency of electric energy conversion into light. Due to the little knowledge about the impact LED technology can have in agriculture, this research was carried out to elucidat the behavior of two species sensitive to photoperiod when lit by LED. The first study was developed with goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), classified as a short-day plant and used as a cut flower. This study aimed at evaluating the behavior of goldenrod production plants using LED lamps to control flowering. In addition, it seeked to determine the shortest period of light/dark for efficient control of flowering. For that purpose an experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications. In this test 18 W LED lamp were used, and four cycles of light/darkness were tested: 7/23'; 15/15'; 23/7'and 30/0'. The cycles were provided from 10pm to 2am, for a period of seventy days. The witnesses consisted of plants without supplemental lighting and illuminated with incandescent 100 W bulbs. Harvest occurred when the stems had about 40% of the inflorescence open. The second experiment was conducted with hypericum (Hypericum inodorum), classified as a facultative long-day plant and whose ornamental use occurs in the fruiting stage. This work was performed in order to evaluate the effect of artificial lighting with LED and incandescent bulbs targeting the flowering control in hypericum plants at different distances. The seedlings were placed in five distances in the horizontal projection oh the lamps: 0 m; 0.5 m; 1.0 m; 1.5 m and 2.0 m. After the establishment of plants, they were prunned down to twenty centimeters high. Artificial lighting was provided from 10pm to 2am. Two types of lamp were used: LED 18 W and incandescent 100 W. To avoid interference across treatments isolation with the use of black plastic was performed. The use of supplemental lighting with LED lamps was efficient in photoperiodic control for the two studied species. Goldenrod plants grown under the 7/23' cycle showed shorter cultivation period and increased formation of floral branches and number of inflorescences. However, the cycles of 23/7 "and 30/0" showed the most significant results in the characteristics used for commercial classification. Plants grown without light supplementation don’t formed the floral stems. Hypericum plants lit by incandescent lamps yielded similar production to those illuminated with LED lamps. In plants illuminated with LED lamps there was a decrease in the photoperiodic control as distance increase. Hypericum plants should be exposed to short days at the start of crop, so that the stems reach optimum length for sale.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Abnormal movements are clinical symptoms present in neurodegenerative diseases, such Parkinsonism , as well as Tardive dyskinesia. It is thought that unbalance in monoamine levels with their consequent metabolism could be involved in the etiology of these abnormal movements. However, until this moment there is not efficacious treatment with low side effects for these conditions. In this context, Hypericum perforatum (H. perforatum), popularly known as St. John s Wort, is a plant largely used as antidepressant and presenting high amount of polyphenol constituents. Its antidepressant mechanism seems to involve the increase of monoamines and monoaminoxidase inhibition. Here, we evaluated the effect of H. perforatum on different models of abnormal movements in rats, either using fluphenazine or reserpine. It were quantified the number of vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) and locomotor activity (number or rearings and crossings) in both models. In experiment 1, rats received a single administration of fluphenazine enantate (25 mg/Kg, i.m.) and/or H. perforatum (300 mg/Kg, in place of drinking water) during 7 days. Fluphenazine treatment increased VCMs and decreased the locomotor activity after 7 days of treatment. However, H. perforatum did not alter either the number of VCMs or the locomotor activity (represented by number of crossing and rearing in the open field test) in rats. In experiment 2, rats received reserpine administration once a day during 3 days (0.5 mg/Kg, s.c.) and/or H. perforatum (300 mg/Kg, in place of drinking water) during 16 days. Reserpine treatment increased VCMs and decreased the locomotor activity. H. perforatum did not alter the number of VCMs or the number of rearing. However, H. perforatum co-treatment could avoid the effect of reserpine on number of crossings. In conclusion, H. perforatum did not seem to be efficacious to protect against orofacial movements induced by fluphenazine or reserpine in rats. / As desordens motoras são sintomas de doenças neurodegenerativas bem como podem estar associadas ao tratamento com antipsicóticos. Cita-se como exemplo destas desordens, sintomas da Doença de Parkinson (DP) e a Discinesia Tardia (DT), respectivamente. O desequilíbrio cerebral nos níveis de monoaminas e, consequentemente, seu metabolismo tem sido relacionados ao desenvolvimento dos movimentos anormais que aparecem nas desordens motoras, tendo em vista que os circuitos dopaminérgicos estão envolvidos na gênese da DP e da DT. No entanto, ainda não existem tratamentos eficazes e com poucos efeitos colaterais para tais condições. A Hypericum perforatum (H. perforatum), popularmente conhecido como Erva de São João, consiste numa planta amplamente utilizada como antidepressiva e que possui uma grande quantidade de compostos fenólicos, cujo mecanismo para esta atividade está relacionado à inibição da monoamina oxidade (MAO) e da recaptação de monoaminas cerebrais. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito do H. perforatum em modelos de desordem motora induzida por flufenazina ou reserpina em ratos. Foram quantificados os movimentos de mascar no vazio (MMV) e atividade locomotora (cruzamentos e levantadas observados no teste de campo aberto) em ambos os modelos. No experimento 1, os ratos receberam uma única administração de enantato de flufenazina (25 mg/Kg, i.m.) e ou H. perforatum (300 mg/Kg, no lugar da água de beber) durante 7 dias. O tratamento com flufenazina aumentou o número de MMVs e diminuiu a atividade locomotora em ratos após 7 dias de tratamento. No entanto, o tratamento com H. perforatum não protegeu das alterações comportamentais causadas pelo tratamento com flufenazina. No experimento 2, os ratos receberam água ou H. perforatum (300 mg/Kg, no lugar da água de beber) durante 16 dias. A partir do dia 9 de tratamento os animais receberam uma administração diária de reserpina (0,5 mg/Kg, s.c.) ou veículo durante 3 dias com intervalo de 48 horas. A reserpina aumentou o número MMVs e diminuiu a atividade locomotora em campo aberto. O prétratamento com H. perforatum não alterou o efeito da reserpina sobre o número de MMVs e levantadas. Porém, o pré-tratamento com H. perforatum preveniu o efeito da reserpina sobre número de cruzamentos. Desta forma, podemos concluir que o H. perforatum não apresentou efeito benéfico sobre os movimentos orofaciais induzidos por flufenazina ou reserpina em ratos.

Background: Interest in alternatives to hormone therapy (HT) for menopausal symptoms increased following its association with serious health risks. In terms of phytotherapeutic interventions, while traditional use supports a range of herbs for treating menopausal symptoms, evidence from rigorous scientific trials is limited, and has largely focused on the phytoestrogenic plants. Because of some safety concerns over long-term use of isoflavones, the present study focused on two non-estrogenic herbs, Hypericum perforatum and Vitex agnus-castus, also employed in this context in the Anglo-American and European traditions. Both herbs have shown effectiveness for the alleviation of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which is reported to be more severe during the perimenopause, and may account for many of the so-called 'menopausal symptoms' at this time. Research on menopausal vasomotor symptoms is prone to substantial placebo responses. There has been much interest in increasing our understanding of the placebo response with a view to controlling it in clinical research and harnessing it in clinical practice. Methods & Results: A double-blind, randomised controlled trial (RCT), with a 16-week treatment phase, was conducted on 100 late-perimenopause and early postmenopause women. The herbal combination (Hypericum and Vitex) was not found to be superior to placebo for any of the endpoints - daily weighted flushing scores, overall menopausal symptoms (on the Greene Climacteric Scale) and depression (on the Hamilton Depression Inventory). However, significant improvements across the treatment phase were observed in both arms for all of these outcome measures. No significant change was found for either group on the Utian quality of life scale. The effects of the herbal combination were also examined on PMS-like symptoms in the small sub-population of late-perimenopausal women, and found to be superior to placebo for total PMS-like symptoms and the sub-clusters, PMS-D (depression) and PMS-C (cravings). The active treatment group also showed significant improvements on PMS-A (anxiety) and PMS-H (hydration), although these effects were not superior to placebo. Predictors of the placebo response were investigated and found to include study-entry anxiety for the outcome measures of flushing, depression and overall menopausal symptoms, and improvement during non-treatment run-in for depression and overall symptoms. Because no difference had been found between 'active' and placebo groups in the menopause RCT, it was hypothesised that the same predictors would predict the response to the study treatment. However, low anxiety was significantly associated with improvement in this group. None of the other variables that predicted the placebo response was relevant to the study treatment response. This finding is discussed with reference to the possibility that 'drug' effects and placebo effects are not necessarily additive, and that the same magnitude of effect in both arms might not necessarily imply activity via the same pathways. Conclusions: This research contributes to the growing body of scientific knowledge about evidence-based complementary therapies that informs the community, health-care providers and regulatory authorities. The findings may facilitate identification of potential placebo responders in future research. The need for more research in the area of mechanisms of placebo versus active responses is supported.

Esta Dissertação apresenta informações gerais sobre os medicamentos fitoterápicos e os aspectos toxicológicos de uma amostra de dez plantas medicinais comercializadas como medicamentos fitoterápicos no Brasil, pesquisados junto aos principais bancos de dados e fontes públicas de informação. A análise dos medicamentos fitoterápicos cobre as dimensões histórica, econômica e farmacêutica. No tocante aos aspectos toxicológicos, foram avaliados os dados de toxicidade pré-clínica de dez plantas selecionadas, e realizado um levantamento das informações publicadas para Hypericum perforatum e Piper methysticum, relacionadas ao termo toxicidade, segundo três importantes bancos de dados. Adicionalmente, este trabalho aborda as propostas para realização de ensaios de toxicidade pré-clínica para os fitoterápicos segundo a OMS e legislação brasileira, e as normas para avaliação de substâncias químicas segundo a OECD. / This thesis presents general information on herbal medicines and on the toxicological aspects of a sample of ten medicinal plants traded as herbal medicines in Brazil. The survey was carried out in the main databases and public sources of information. The analysis on the herbal medicines encompasses the historical, economic and pharmaceutical dimensions. In what concerns toxicological aspects, data on pre-clinical toxicity were evaluated for Hypericum perforatum and Piper methysticum, these keywords being related to toxicity in three important databases. In addition, this study discusses the proposals for pre-clinical toxicity trials on herbal medicines according to WHO and the Brazilian legislation, and the standards for evaluation of chemical substances according to OECD.

Esta Dissertação apresenta informações gerais sobre os medicamentos fitoterápicos e os aspectos toxicológicos de uma amostra de dez plantas medicinais comercializadas como medicamentos fitoterápicos no Brasil, pesquisados junto aos principais bancos de dados e fontes públicas de informação. A análise dos medicamentos fitoterápicos cobre as dimensões histórica, econômica e farmacêutica. No tocante aos aspectos toxicológicos, foram avaliados os dados de toxicidade pré-clínica de dez plantas selecionadas, e realizado um levantamento das informações publicadas para Hypericum perforatum e Piper methysticum, relacionadas ao termo toxicidade, segundo três importantes bancos de dados. Adicionalmente, este trabalho aborda as propostas para realização de ensaios de toxicidade pré-clínica para os fitoterápicos segundo a OMS e legislação brasileira, e as normas para avaliação de substâncias químicas segundo a OECD. / This thesis presents general information on herbal medicines and on the toxicological aspects of a sample of ten medicinal plants traded as herbal medicines in Brazil. The survey was carried out in the main databases and public sources of information. The analysis on the herbal medicines encompasses the historical, economic and pharmaceutical dimensions. In what concerns toxicological aspects, data on pre-clinical toxicity were evaluated for Hypericum perforatum and Piper methysticum, these keywords being related to toxicity in three important databases. In addition, this study discusses the proposals for pre-clinical toxicity trials on herbal medicines according to WHO and the Brazilian legislation, and the standards for evaluation of chemical substances according to OECD.