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This study is concerned with a critical comparison of the passive transfer mechanisms of tuberculin and chemical contact hypersensitivities in the guinea pig by use of a four phase experimental approach.

INTRODUÇÃO: A alergia à proteína do leite de vaca (APLV) é a alergia alimentar (AA) mais comum na infância e o desenvolvimento de tolerância a este alimento vem ocorrendo cada vez mais tardiamente. OBJETIVOS: 1. Avaliar as características epidemiológicas, clínicas e laboratoriais de pacientes tolerantes e daqueles com alergia persistente à APLV. 2. Estabelecer o diâmetro da pápula do Teste cutâneo de Hipersensibilidade Imediata (TCHI) com extrato do leite de vaca (LV) associado ao desenvolvimento de tolerância oral (TO). 3. Comparar o diâmetro da pápula do TCHI, realizado com extrato de LV, entre os pacientes dos grupos tolerante e persistente, em três tempos distintos, no diagnóstico de APLV, no tempo médio da evolução da doença e no momento da aquisição de tolerância ou na data do último TCHI no grupo que persistiu alérgico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de análise de banco de dados dos prontuários de todas as crianças com diagnóstico de APLV mediada pela imunoglobulina E (IgE), em seguimento na Unidade de Alergia e Imunologia no Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (ICr HCFMUSP), que realizaram TCHI de forma evolutiva, sendo alocados em dois grupos: APLV tolerantes e APLV persistentes, no período entre janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2015. O TCHI foi realizado por equipe treinada e com extrato padronizado de LV total, sendo considerado positivo quando o diâmetro médio da pápula foi >= 3 mm em relação ao controle negativo. As variáveis nominais: gênero, história familiar de atopia, uso de LV no berçário, amamentação por menos de 6 meses, presença de outras doenças alérgicas foram descritas através de frequências e comparadas entre tolerantes e persistentes. No grupo tolerante as mesmas variáveis foram comparadas entre aqueles com idade 5 anos pelo Teste de Fisher. As variáveis contínuas (idade do início sintomas e idade na coleta dos dados, bem como a dosagem de IgE específica para LV pelo ImmunoCap) nos mesmos grupos foram descritas através de medianas e comparadas através teste de Mann-Whitney e Wilcoxon. Os resultados do TCHI (em mm) foram descritos através de medianas, valores mínimos e máximos ao diagnóstico, no tempo médio e ao final, no grupo de tolerantes e de persistentes e comparados em cada tempo pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. A comparação das medianas nos 3 tempos em cada grupo foram realizadas através teste de Friedman. Em todas as análises foi adotado um nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Após a aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, obteve-se uma amostra de 44 pacientes, 29 no grupo que desenvolveu tolerância, e 15 no grupo que persistiu com APLV na época da conclusão deste estudo. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os diferentes achados epidemiológicos e clínicos entre os grupos tolerantes e persistentes. No grupo tolerante ao LV foram encontradas as seguintes medidas de TCHI: ao diagnóstico a mediana foi de 6 mm (3 mm - 15 mm), no tempo médio de seguimento de 3 mm (0 mm - 15 mm) e no desenvolvimento de tolerância de 2 mm (0 mm - 5 mm), valores que mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante nos três períodos avaliados (p < 0,0001; teste de Friedman). No grupo de pacientes persistentes ao LV foram encontradas as seguintes medidas de TCHI: ao diagnóstico mediana de 7 mm (3 mm - 13 mm); no tempo médio de 4 mm (2 mm - 20 mm) e no momento do último TCHI realizado até o término deste estudo a mediana foi de 5mm (0 mm - 19 mm), não havendo diferença estatisticamente significante nos três períodos em que os pacientes foram avaliados (p= 0,256; teste de Friedman). Avaliando o decaimento dos valores do TCHI no grupo de pacientes tolerantes, a mediana do TCHI ao diagnóstico foi de 6mm (3 - 15 mm) e no momento da tolerância de 2 mm (0 mm - 5 mm), com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os valores (p < 0,0001; Teste de Wilcoxon). No grupo persistente não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o primeiro e o último TCHI, com p = 0,173 (Teste de Wilcoxon). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo mostrou que a utilização do TCHI para o diagnóstico e detecção de tolerância na APLV é uma ferramenta útil, devendo ser realizado de maneira seriada ao longo da evolução na APLV e seu decaimento poderia indicar o momento para realização de testes de provocação oral (TPO) / BACKGROUND: Cow\'s milk allergy (CMA) is the most common food allergy in childhood and the development of tolerance to this food has been occurred increasingly later. OBJECTIVES: 1.To assess the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of tolerant patients and those with persistent allergy to CMA. 2. To establish the wheal diameter of the Skin Prick Test (SPT) with cow\'s milk (CM) extract associated with the development of oral tolerance (OT). 3. To Compare the wheal diameter of the SPT, carried out with CM extract, among the patients of the tolerant and persistent groups in three distinct periods: during the diagnosis of CMA, during the average time of disease progression, and at the moment of tolerance acquisition or on the date of the last SPT in the group that persisted allergic. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of database analysis of medical records of all children diagnosed with CMA mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE), following the Allergy and Immunology Unit at the Children\'s Institute of the HCFMUSP (between jan/2000 to jul/2015) who underwent SPT in an evolutionary way. They were classified into two groups: CMA tolerant and CMA persistent. The SPT was carried out by trained personnel and with a standardized extract of whole CM, being considered positive when the average wheal diameter was >= 3 mm compared to the negative control. The nominal variables of gender, family history of atopy, CM use in the nursery, breastfeeding for less than six months, and the presence of other allergic diseases were described by frequencies and compared between tolerant and persistent groups. In the tolerant group, the same variables were compared among those aged 5 years by the Fisher Test. Continuous variables (age of onset symptoms and age in the data collection as well as specific IgE levels to CM by ImmunoCap) in the same groups were described by medians and compared using the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon test. The results of the SPT (in mm) were described by median, minimum and maximum values for the diagnosis, at the middle and at the end point in the tolerant and persistent groups, and at each time point were compared by way of the Mann-Whitney test. Comparison of the medians in the 3 periods in each group were made using the Friedman test. In all analyses, a significance level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, we obtained a sample of 44 patients, 29 in the group that developed tolerance, and 15 in the group that persisted with CMA at the time of completion of this study. There was no statistically significant difference between the different epidemiological and clinical findings between the tolerant and persistent groups. In the CM tolerant group the following SPT measures were found: during diagnosis the median average was 6 mm (3 mm - 15 mm), during the average follow-up time it was 3 mm (0 mm - 15 mm), and for the development of tolerance it was 2 mm (0 mm - 5 mm); values that showed statistically significant differences in the three evaluation periods (p < 0.0001; Friedman test). In the group of patients with persistent allergy to CM, a SPT found the following measures: during diagnosis the median average was 7 mm (3 mm - 13 mm); during the average follow-up time it was 4 mm (2 mm - 20 mm), and at the time of the last SPT performed until the end of the study the median was 5 mm (0 mm - 19 mm), with no statistically significant difference in the three periods (p = 0.256, Friedman test). Evaluating the decay of SPT values in the group of tolerant patients, the median SPT at diagnosis was 6 mm (3-15 mm) and, at the time of tolerance, 2 mm (0 mm - 5 mm), with a statistically significant difference between the values (p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon test). In the persistent group there was no statistically significant difference between the first and the last SPT, p = 0.173 (Wilcoxon test). CONCLUSION: The study showed that the use of the SPT for the diagnosis and detection of tolerance to the CMA is a useful tool and should be performed sequentially throughout the evolution of the CMA and that its decay could indicate the time for performing oral food challenge (OFC)

Christine Douglass. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-86). / Bibliography --- p.5 / Summary --- p.6 / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1 --- The problem --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2 --- The purpose of the study --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Study Design --- p.11 / Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Bronchial hyperresponsiveness --- p.12 / Chapter 2.12 --- "Asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and respiratory symptoms suggestive of asthma" --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Atopy --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Genetics and the environment --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Environmental influences --- p.24 / Chapter 2.41 --- Smoking --- p.24 / Chapter 2.42 --- Passive smoking --- p.25 / Chapter 2.43 --- Pollution --- p.28 / Chapter 2.44 --- Upper respiratory tract infection --- p.31 / Chapter 3 --- Hong Kong --- p.34 / Chapter 4. --- Ethical approval --- p.35 / Chapter 5 --- Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 5.1 --- Subjects and study period --- p.36 / Chapter 5.2 --- Questionnaires --- p.36 / Chapter 5.3 --- Bronchial provocation --- p.38 / Chapter 5.31 --- Agents for provocation --- p.38 / Chapter 5.311 --- Histamine --- p.39 / Chapter 5.312 --- Guidelines for the storage and preparation of histamine --- p.39 / Chapter 5.32 --- Route of administration --- p.39 / Chapter 5.321 --- Inhalation provocation tests --- p.40 / Chapter 5.33 --- Parameters used to measure response and expression of results --- p.41 / Chapter 5.34 --- Preconditions for bronchial provocation testing- nontechnical factors --- p.43 / Chapter 5.35 --- A rapid method for measurement of bronchial responsiveness --- p.43 / Chapter 5.351 --- Nebulizer output --- p.43 / Chapter 5.352 --- Histamine solution preparation --- p.44 / Chapter 5.353 --- Lung function measurement --- p.44 / Chapter 5.354 --- Challenge procedure --- p.44 / Chapter 5.4 --- Measurement of atopic status --- p.46 / Chapter 6 --- Expression and analysis of data --- p.48 / Chapter 7 --- Results --- p.51 / Chapter 7.1 --- Repeatability of questionnaires --- p.51 / Chapter 7.2 --- Results from questionnaires --- p.51 / Chapter 7.21 --- Lifetime symptoms --- p.51 / Chapter 7.22 --- Symptoms within the past year --- p.52 / Chapter 7.23 --- Classification of groups for random selection --- p.54 / Chapter 7.3 --- Nebulizer output --- p.54 / Chapter 7.4 --- Computer generated random selection --- p.55 / Chapter 7.5 --- "Recording of ""yes"" when unsure of answers" --- p.55 / Chapter 7.6 --- Univariate statistical analysis --- p.56 / Chapter 7.61 --- Bronchial hyperresponsiveness of asthma --- p.56 / Chapter 7.66 --- "Respiratory symptoms suggestive of asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and doctors diagnosis of asthma" --- p.58 / Chapter 7.67 --- Air quality and passive smoking --- p.58 / Chapter 7.68 --- Place of birth --- p.58 / Chapter 8. --- Discussion --- p.60 / Chapter 9. --- Conclusion and Recommendations --- p.73 / Acknowledgements --- p.75 / References --- p.76 / Tables --- p.87 / Figures --- p.113 / Appendix --- p.119

INTRODUÇÃO: A alergia à proteína do leite de vaca (APLV) é a alergia alimentar (AA) mais comum na infância e o desenvolvimento de tolerância a este alimento vem ocorrendo cada vez mais tardiamente. OBJETIVOS: 1. Avaliar as características epidemiológicas, clínicas e laboratoriais de pacientes tolerantes e daqueles com alergia persistente à APLV. 2. Estabelecer o diâmetro da pápula do Teste cutâneo de Hipersensibilidade Imediata (TCHI) com extrato do leite de vaca (LV) associado ao desenvolvimento de tolerância oral (TO). 3. Comparar o diâmetro da pápula do TCHI, realizado com extrato de LV, entre os pacientes dos grupos tolerante e persistente, em três tempos distintos, no diagnóstico de APLV, no tempo médio da evolução da doença e no momento da aquisição de tolerância ou na data do último TCHI no grupo que persistiu alérgico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de análise de banco de dados dos prontuários de todas as crianças com diagnóstico de APLV mediada pela imunoglobulina E (IgE), em seguimento na Unidade de Alergia e Imunologia no Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (ICr HCFMUSP), que realizaram TCHI de forma evolutiva, sendo alocados em dois grupos: APLV tolerantes e APLV persistentes, no período entre janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2015. O TCHI foi realizado por equipe treinada e com extrato padronizado de LV total, sendo considerado positivo quando o diâmetro médio da pápula foi >= 3 mm em relação ao controle negativo. As variáveis nominais: gênero, história familiar de atopia, uso de LV no berçário, amamentação por menos de 6 meses, presença de outras doenças alérgicas foram descritas através de frequências e comparadas entre tolerantes e persistentes. No grupo tolerante as mesmas variáveis foram comparadas entre aqueles com idade 5 anos pelo Teste de Fisher. As variáveis contínuas (idade do início sintomas e idade na coleta dos dados, bem como a dosagem de IgE específica para LV pelo ImmunoCap) nos mesmos grupos foram descritas através de medianas e comparadas através teste de Mann-Whitney e Wilcoxon. Os resultados do TCHI (em mm) foram descritos através de medianas, valores mínimos e máximos ao diagnóstico, no tempo médio e ao final, no grupo de tolerantes e de persistentes e comparados em cada tempo pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. A comparação das medianas nos 3 tempos em cada grupo foram realizadas através teste de Friedman. Em todas as análises foi adotado um nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Após a aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, obteve-se uma amostra de 44 pacientes, 29 no grupo que desenvolveu tolerância, e 15 no grupo que persistiu com APLV na época da conclusão deste estudo. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os diferentes achados epidemiológicos e clínicos entre os grupos tolerantes e persistentes. No grupo tolerante ao LV foram encontradas as seguintes medidas de TCHI: ao diagnóstico a mediana foi de 6 mm (3 mm - 15 mm), no tempo médio de seguimento de 3 mm (0 mm - 15 mm) e no desenvolvimento de tolerância de 2 mm (0 mm - 5 mm), valores que mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante nos três períodos avaliados (p < 0,0001; teste de Friedman). No grupo de pacientes persistentes ao LV foram encontradas as seguintes medidas de TCHI: ao diagnóstico mediana de 7 mm (3 mm - 13 mm); no tempo médio de 4 mm (2 mm - 20 mm) e no momento do último TCHI realizado até o término deste estudo a mediana foi de 5mm (0 mm - 19 mm), não havendo diferença estatisticamente significante nos três períodos em que os pacientes foram avaliados (p= 0,256; teste de Friedman). Avaliando o decaimento dos valores do TCHI no grupo de pacientes tolerantes, a mediana do TCHI ao diagnóstico foi de 6mm (3 - 15 mm) e no momento da tolerância de 2 mm (0 mm - 5 mm), com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os valores (p < 0,0001; Teste de Wilcoxon). No grupo persistente não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o primeiro e o último TCHI, com p = 0,173 (Teste de Wilcoxon). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo mostrou que a utilização do TCHI para o diagnóstico e detecção de tolerância na APLV é uma ferramenta útil, devendo ser realizado de maneira seriada ao longo da evolução na APLV e seu decaimento poderia indicar o momento para realização de testes de provocação oral (TPO) / BACKGROUND: Cow\'s milk allergy (CMA) is the most common food allergy in childhood and the development of tolerance to this food has been occurred increasingly later. OBJECTIVES: 1.To assess the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of tolerant patients and those with persistent allergy to CMA. 2. To establish the wheal diameter of the Skin Prick Test (SPT) with cow\'s milk (CM) extract associated with the development of oral tolerance (OT). 3. To Compare the wheal diameter of the SPT, carried out with CM extract, among the patients of the tolerant and persistent groups in three distinct periods: during the diagnosis of CMA, during the average time of disease progression, and at the moment of tolerance acquisition or on the date of the last SPT in the group that persisted allergic. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of database analysis of medical records of all children diagnosed with CMA mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE), following the Allergy and Immunology Unit at the Children\'s Institute of the HCFMUSP (between jan/2000 to jul/2015) who underwent SPT in an evolutionary way. They were classified into two groups: CMA tolerant and CMA persistent. The SPT was carried out by trained personnel and with a standardized extract of whole CM, being considered positive when the average wheal diameter was >= 3 mm compared to the negative control. The nominal variables of gender, family history of atopy, CM use in the nursery, breastfeeding for less than six months, and the presence of other allergic diseases were described by frequencies and compared between tolerant and persistent groups. In the tolerant group, the same variables were compared among those aged 5 years by the Fisher Test. Continuous variables (age of onset symptoms and age in the data collection as well as specific IgE levels to CM by ImmunoCap) in the same groups were described by medians and compared using the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon test. The results of the SPT (in mm) were described by median, minimum and maximum values for the diagnosis, at the middle and at the end point in the tolerant and persistent groups, and at each time point were compared by way of the Mann-Whitney test. Comparison of the medians in the 3 periods in each group were made using the Friedman test. In all analyses, a significance level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, we obtained a sample of 44 patients, 29 in the group that developed tolerance, and 15 in the group that persisted with CMA at the time of completion of this study. There was no statistically significant difference between the different epidemiological and clinical findings between the tolerant and persistent groups. In the CM tolerant group the following SPT measures were found: during diagnosis the median average was 6 mm (3 mm - 15 mm), during the average follow-up time it was 3 mm (0 mm - 15 mm), and for the development of tolerance it was 2 mm (0 mm - 5 mm); values that showed statistically significant differences in the three evaluation periods (p < 0.0001; Friedman test). In the group of patients with persistent allergy to CM, a SPT found the following measures: during diagnosis the median average was 7 mm (3 mm - 13 mm); during the average follow-up time it was 4 mm (2 mm - 20 mm), and at the time of the last SPT performed until the end of the study the median was 5 mm (0 mm - 19 mm), with no statistically significant difference in the three periods (p = 0.256, Friedman test). Evaluating the decay of SPT values in the group of tolerant patients, the median SPT at diagnosis was 6 mm (3-15 mm) and, at the time of tolerance, 2 mm (0 mm - 5 mm), with a statistically significant difference between the values (p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon test). In the persistent group there was no statistically significant difference between the first and the last SPT, p = 0.173 (Wilcoxon test). CONCLUSION: The study showed that the use of the SPT for the diagnosis and detection of tolerance to the CMA is a useful tool and should be performed sequentially throughout the evolution of the CMA and that its decay could indicate the time for performing oral food challenge (OFC)

Metal-on-metal (MM) bearings have been considered as an alternative to conventional metal-on-polyethylene (MPE) bearings because of their lower volumetric wear, but concern exists due to potential metal hypersensitivity. Metal hypersensitivity reactions have been thought to be T cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. However some of the MM periprosthetic tissues show the presence of B- and plasma cells, as well as massive fibrin exudation, which are not characteristic of a DTH reaction. Therefore, the exact nature of the hypersensitivity reaction(s) MM implants remains unclear. The present study aimed to compare the phenotypes of lymphocytes from the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with failed MM and MPE implants, and from volunteers with no implant (peripheral blood only). Results in peripheral blood showed differences in the T-cell populations depending on the implant type. This included differences in the proportions of T-helper and T-cytotoxic cells, and T-cells expressing IFN-g. Results in synovial fluid showed a significant difference between MM and MPE groups for the B-cells. Both groups depicted a predominance of T-cell lymphocytes in synovial fluid and overall larger proportions of memory cells than in peripheral blood, but group sizes were rather small. Overall, T-cell cytokine expression (analyzed in peripheral blood only because of the limited number of synovial fluid samples) did not exhibit characteristics of a DTH reaction and the proportions of memory lymphocytes did not indicate activation of a specific subset in the MM group. Nevertheless, group sizes still remain to be increased.

Ph.d.

Dialyzable leucocytic extracts (Transfer Factor) were prepared from guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs and cattle sensitized to tuberculin, from cattle and dogs reactive to coccidioidin and from cattle sensitized to 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene and Pasteurella multocida. These Transfer Factor (TF) preparations were used in intra- and interspecies transfers of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) and cellular immunity (CMI) in guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, cattle and humans. Various doses and routes of administration were employed. Success of transfer was based upon dermal skin reactivity and/or clinical improvement. Our results suggest the following: (a) interspecies transfer of DH is effective with a variety of species, (b) oral administration of TF is effective and (c) cattle are effective donors of TF for use in humans and other animals because of potential quantity and strong potency of transfer material.

Metal-on-metal (MM) bearings have been considered as an alternative to conventional metal-on-polyethylene (MPE) bearings because of their lower volumetric wear, but concern exists due to potential metal hypersensitivity. Metal hypersensitivity reactions have been thought to be T cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. However some of the MM periprosthetic tissues show the presence of B- and plasma cells, as well as massive fibrin exudation, which are not characteristic of a DTH reaction. Therefore, the exact nature of the hypersensitivity reaction(s) MM implants remains unclear. The present study aimed to compare the phenotypes of lymphocytes from the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with failed MM and MPE implants, and from volunteers with no implant (peripheral blood only). Results in peripheral blood showed differences in the T-cell populations depending on the implant type. This included differences in the proportions of T-helper and T-cytotoxic cells, and T-cells expressing IFN-g. Results in synovial fluid showed a significant difference between MM and MPE groups for the B-cells. Both groups depicted a predominance of T-cell lymphocytes in synovial fluid and overall larger proportions of memory cells than in peripheral blood, but group sizes were rather small. Overall, T-cell cytokine expression (analyzed in peripheral blood only because of the limited number of synovial fluid samples) did not exhibit characteristics of a DTH reaction and the proportions of memory lymphocytes did not indicate activation of a specific subset in the MM group. Nevertheless, group sizes still remain to be increased.

Tidigare forskning visar att individer med en diagnos inom autismspektrumet (ASD) upplever en större sinneskänslighet vad gäller hörsel, syn och känsel men få studier har undersökt lukt känsligheten. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att få en djupare förståelse för luktfunktioner hos vuxna med ASD.16 deltagare med ASD (14 kontroller) testades i luktkänslighet, fri- och stödd luktidentifiering. Samtliga deltagare självskattade även den upplevda luktkänslighet samt genomgick ett screeningtest för autism, The adult spectrum quotient, AQ. Lukt känslighet, fri och stödd luktidentifikation skiljde sig inte åt mellan de båda grupperna Självskattning av luktfunktioner korrelerade signifikant positivt med AQ poäng vilket visar att personer med högre grad av ASD också upplevde sig som mer luktkänsliga. Föreliggande resultat påvisade att personer med högre AQ-poäng upplevde att de hade en känsligare luktfunktion. Dock reflekterades denna självskattade känslighet inte i de standardiserade lukttesten där inga signifikanta skillnader mellan ASD och kontroller i luktfunktioner påvisades. / Previous research has shown that individuals with a diagnosis within the autism spectrum (ASD) experience a greater sensory sensitivity, but few studies have investigated the olfaction sensitivity. The aim of the present study is to gain a deeper understanding of the olfactory functions in adults with ASD.16 participants with ASD (14 controls) participated in the study where sniffin sticks were used to evaluate the differences between the groups. All participants answered a questionnaire about perceived olfaction sensitivity and the adult spectrum quotient; AQ. Olfactory discrimination and identification (with and without cue) did not differ between the groups, as for olfaction sensitivity, perceived pleasantness, intensity and edibility. When it came to self-assessed olfactory sensitivity, differences were found. However, this self-rated sensitivity did not appear in the standardized odor tests, where no significant differences between ASD and controls odor features were detected.