Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_pmm_me_rcla.pdf: 7124946 bytes, checksum: 0e5fc6b0551611dda7e75caf8cd99fad (MD5) / O cancro cítrico é uma doença causada pela bactéria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), e que afeta plantas de citros por todo o mundo. O genoma de Xac foi completamente seqüenciado, o que revelou grandes quantidades de ORFs (~30%) codificando para produtos com função desconhecida (proteínas hipotéticas). Baseando-se no princípio de que muitos eventos bioquímicos acontecem em sítios específicos no interior celular, a localização de proteínas em fusão com GFP tem sido amplamente utilizada para a obtenção de informações valiosas a respeito de suas funções. Para iniciarmos estudos de localização de proteínas hipotéticas em Xac, construímos um vetor integrativo capaz de expressá-las em fusão com o polipeptídio GFP, pPM2a. O vetor de expressão para Xac carrega um cassete promotor/repressor de xilose (xylR/pxyl), o gene gfp, um RBS sintético e um fragmento do gene de α-amilase de Xac, para direcionar a integração do sistema de expressão no lócus amy do cromossomo bacteriano. Mostramos aqui a integração estável do vetor no lócus amy de Xac. Além disso, mutantes de Xac expressando o polipeptídio GFP não apresentam nenhuma alteração em seu fenótipo de patogenicidade para o hospedeiro (laranja doce). Mutantes de Xac expressando versões marcadas com GFP para as proteínas ParB e ZapA, ambas codificadas por Xac, foram utilizadas para a padronização dos estudos de localização subcelular. GFP-ZapAXac apresentou um padrão de localização análogo ao de seu ortólogo presente em Bacillus subtilis: uma estrutura semelhante a uma barra, posicionada no meio do bacilo, onde o septo se desenvolve, orientado perpendicularmente com relação ao eixo longitudinal da célula. Este é o primeiro relato de um estudo de localização realizado em Xac. Ao contrário de GFP-ZapAXac, ParBXac-GFP não mostrou nenhum padrão de localização, apesar de a fusão... / Citrus canker is a disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), which affects citrus plants worldwide. The genome of Xac was completely sequenced, which unveiled an expressive amount of ORFs (~30%) coding for products of unknown function (hypothetical proteins). Based on the principle that many biochemical events happen at specific sites within the cells, protein localization studies have been extensively used to gather valuable information about function. In order to start subcellular localization studies of hypothetical proteins encoded by Xac using fluorescent microscopy, we constructed an integrative expression vector for GFP-tagging of proteins in this bacterium, pPM2a. The expression vector for Xac carries a xylose repressor/promoter cassette (xylR/pxyl), the gfp gene, a synthetic Ribosome Binding Site (RBS), and a fragment of the α-amylase gene of Xac, to drive the integration of the whole expression system into the amy locus of the bacterial chromosome. We show here stable integration of the expression vector into the amy locus of Xac. Furthermore, Xac mutants expressing the polypeptide GFP do not exhibit any alteration in pathogenicity to the host plant sweet orange. Mutants of Xac expressing GFPtagged versions of ParB and ZapA proteins, both encoded by Xac, were used to standardize the subcellular localization studies. GFP-ZapAXac showed a localization pattern analogous to its ortholog encoded by Bacillus subtilis: a bar-like structure positioned in the middle of the rods, where the septum develops, oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the cell. This is the first report of a protein localization study performed in Xac Unlike GFP-ZapAXac, ParBXac-GFP did not display any detectable localization pattern, despite the fact that we were able to detect the production of the fusion ParBXac-GFP in Western blot experiments... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Henrique Ferreira / Banca: Marco Aurélio Takita / Banca: Fernando Carlos Pagnocca / Resumo: O cancro cítrico é uma doença causada pela bactéria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), e que afeta plantas de citros por todo o mundo. O genoma de Xac foi completamente seqüenciado, o que revelou grandes quantidades de ORFs (~30%) codificando para produtos com função desconhecida (proteínas hipotéticas). Baseando-se no princípio de que muitos eventos bioquímicos acontecem em sítios específicos no interior celular, a localização de proteínas em fusão com GFP tem sido amplamente utilizada para a obtenção de informações valiosas a respeito de suas funções. Para iniciarmos estudos de localização de proteínas hipotéticas em Xac, construímos um vetor integrativo capaz de expressá-las em fusão com o polipeptídio GFP, pPM2a. O vetor de expressão para Xac carrega um cassete promotor/repressor de xilose (xylR/pxyl), o gene gfp, um RBS sintético e um fragmento do gene de α-amilase de Xac, para direcionar a integração do sistema de expressão no lócus amy do cromossomo bacteriano. Mostramos aqui a integração estável do vetor no lócus amy de Xac. Além disso, mutantes de Xac expressando o polipeptídio GFP não apresentam nenhuma alteração em seu fenótipo de patogenicidade para o hospedeiro (laranja doce). Mutantes de Xac expressando versões marcadas com GFP para as proteínas ParB e ZapA, ambas codificadas por Xac, foram utilizadas para a padronização dos estudos de localização subcelular. GFP-ZapAXac apresentou um padrão de localização análogo ao de seu ortólogo presente em Bacillus subtilis: uma estrutura semelhante a uma barra, posicionada no meio do bacilo, onde o septo se desenvolve, orientado perpendicularmente com relação ao eixo longitudinal da célula. Este é o primeiro relato de um estudo de localização realizado em Xac. Ao contrário de GFP-ZapAXac, ParBXac-GFP não mostrou nenhum padrão de localização, apesar de a fusão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Citrus canker is a disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), which affects citrus plants worldwide. The genome of Xac was completely sequenced, which unveiled an expressive amount of ORFs (~30%) coding for products of unknown function (hypothetical proteins). Based on the principle that many biochemical events happen at specific sites within the cells, protein localization studies have been extensively used to gather valuable information about function. In order to start subcellular localization studies of hypothetical proteins encoded by Xac using fluorescent microscopy, we constructed an integrative expression vector for GFP-tagging of proteins in this bacterium, pPM2a. The expression vector for Xac carries a xylose repressor/promoter cassette (xylR/pxyl), the gfp gene, a synthetic Ribosome Binding Site (RBS), and a fragment of the α-amylase gene of Xac, to drive the integration of the whole expression system into the amy locus of the bacterial chromosome. We show here stable integration of the expression vector into the amy locus of Xac. Furthermore, Xac mutants expressing the polypeptide GFP do not exhibit any alteration in pathogenicity to the host plant sweet orange. Mutants of Xac expressing GFPtagged versions of ParB and ZapA proteins, both encoded by Xac, were used to standardize the subcellular localization studies. GFP-ZapAXac showed a localization pattern analogous to its ortholog encoded by Bacillus subtilis: a bar-like structure positioned in the middle of the rods, where the septum develops, oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the cell. This is the first report of a protein localization study performed in Xac Unlike GFP-ZapAXac, ParBXac-GFP did not display any detectable localization pattern, despite the fact that we were able to detect the production of the fusion ParBXac-GFP in Western blot experiments... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Ο ρόλος του χαλκού είναι πολύ σημαντικός για τη σωστή λειτουργία της κυτοχρωμικής c οξειδάσης (CcO), και συνεπώς για την κυτταρική αναπνοή στους ευκαρυωτικούς και προκαρυωτικούς οργανισμούς. Η συγκρότηση της CcO στον ενδομεμβρανικό μιτοχονδριακό χώρο είναι μια πολύπλοκη διαδικασία, εξαρτώμενη από πλήθος συνεργών πρωτεϊνών, υπεύθυνων για τη λειτουργική αναδίπλωση των υπομονάδων του ενζύμου και τη μεταφορά αίμης και ιόντων Cu σε αυτές. Ενώ οι πρωτεΐνες που ενέχονται στη διαδικασία είναι μάλλον γνωστές, οι μηχανισμοί μεταφοράς και ενσωμάτωσης των μεταλλικών ιόντων στα δυο ενεργά κέντρα της CcO, CuA και CuB, παραμένουν ανεξερεύνητοι. Το CuA κέντρο είναι ένα διπυρηνικό κέντρο χαλκού, του οποίου ο ρόλος εντοπίζεται στη μεταφορά e- από το κυτόχρωμα c στο καταλυτικό κέντρο CuB της CcO. Η σωστή συγκρότηση του CuA κέντρου είναι κρίσιμης σημασίας για την καταλυτική δράση του ενζύμου. Αρκετές πρωτεΐνες έχουν χαρακτηριστεί σαν ενεργοί παράγοντες στη μεταφορά ιόντων Cu στο CuA κέντρο, ο ακριβής, ωστόσο, μοριακός μηχανισμός και ρόλος της κάθε πρωτεΐνης είναι άγνωστος. Στους προκαρυωτικούς οργανισμούς, δυο οικογένειες πρωτεϊνών έχουν προταθεί για την εμπλοκή τους στη συγκρότηση του CuA. Η πρώτη περιλαμβάνει πρωτεΐνες που δεσμεύουν ιόντα Cu1+ με ένα συντηρημένο μοτίβο δέσμευσης H(M)x10Mx21HxM (υποθετικές πρωτεΐνες Hyp1) ενώ η δεύτερη περιλαμβάνει τις πρωτεΐνες της οικογένειας Sco, των οποίων ο ρόλος στον μηχανισμό του CuA κέντρου σαν θειορεδοξίνες ή χαλκομεταφορείς, παραμένει ασαφής. Στην παρούσα εργασία αποδείχθηκε ότι μια νέα περιπλασματική πρωτεΐνη (TtHyp1 ή PCuAC) εισάγει επιλεκτικά ιόντα Cu1+ στην Cox2 υπομονάδα της ba3-CcO του Thermus thermophilus προς σχηματισμό του φυσιολογικού διπυρηνικού TtCuA κέντρου, καθώς και ότι η Sco πρωτεΐνη του συγκεκριμένου οργανισμού (TtSco1) δεν μεταφέρει μεταλλικά ιόντα στο CuA, αλλά δρα σαν θειο-δισουλφιδική αναγωγάση ρυθμίζοντας τη σωστή οξειδωτική κατάσταση των κυστεϊνικών καταλοίπων του CuA. Οι πρωτεΐνες PCuAC, TtSco1 και TtCuA εκφράστηκαν, απομονώθηκαν και μελετήθηκαν τα βιοχημικά χαρακτηριστικά τους, η ικανότητα δέσμευσης μεταλλικών ιόντων και οι μεταξύ τους αλληλεπιδράσεις. Επιπλέον η PCuAC χαρακτηρίστηκε δομικά με φασματοσκοπία NMR στην απο και Cu(I) μορφή της. Ο ρόλος των προκαρυωτικών Sco διερευνήθηκε περαιτέρω με μελέτες γονιδιακής ανάλυσης και την έκφραση και τον προκαταρκτικό χαρακτηρισμό μιας νέας πρωτεΐνης, PpSco1/cytc της Pseudomonas putida, πρωτεΐνης αποτελούμενης από δυο επικράτειες, Sco1 και cytc, συνδέοντας το ρόλο των Sco πρωτεϊνών με τη θεωρια περί θειρεδοξινικής τους δράσης. Καινοτομία στην παρούσα εργασία αποτέλεσε η μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση της πολλαπλής κλωνοποίησης των γονιδίων-στόχων με μια νέα τεχνολογία κλωνοποίησης (Gateway) συνδυασμένης με τοποειδική ένθεση σε πολλαπλούς πλασμιδιακούς φορείς και η ανάπτυξη high throughput τεχνικών για πολλαπλές δοκιμές έκφρασης – απομόνωσης. Η συγκεκριμένη μελέτη παρέχει νέα δεδομένα για το μηχανισμό τη συγκρότησης του CuA κέντρου της προκαρυωτικής CcO, υποστηρίζοντας ένα νέο μοντέλο για τη συγκεκριμένη διαδικασία και παράλληλα συνδράμει στην αποκρυπτογράφηση του πολύπλοκου ρόλου των Sco πρωτεϊνών. / Copper is essential for the correct assembly and function of the cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), thus for the efficient cellular respiration in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. CcO assembly in the inner mitochondrial membrane space is a multi complicated procedure, depended on a number of co-factors and their synergic action. These co-factors are proteins commissioned with the correct folding of the enzyme subunits and the transport/incorporation of heme moieties and Cu ions to them. While the proteins involved in this multistep procedure are rather known, the mechanisms of metal ion delivery and incorporation within the two active centers of CcO, CuA and CuB, still remain uncharted. The CuA center is a binuclear copper center, whose part in the respiratory chain is spoted in electron transport from the active cytochrome c to the catalytic CuB center of CcO. Efficient CuA assembly is crucial for the catalytic action of the entire enzyme. Several proteins have been characterized as essential factors for the transport of Cu ions to the CuA center; however their exact molecular mechanism of action still remains obscure. In prokaryotes, two protein families have been suggested to be involved in the CuA assembly. The first includes proteins that bind Cu1+ ions through a potential conserved motif H(M)x10Mx21HxM (hypothetical proteins, Hyp1), while the second includes proteins of the Sco family, whose exact role in CuA assembly as thioredoxins or copper chaperones is widely debated. In this work, it is propesed that a new periplasmic protein (TtHyp1 or PCuAC) selectively inserts Cu1+ ions in the Cox2 subunit of the ba3-CcO of Thermus thermophilus resulting the formation of the physiological binuclear TtCuA center, as well as that the Sco protein of the organism (TtSco1) is not able to transfer metal ions to the CuA center; instead it acts rather like a thio-disulfide reductase adjusting the proper redox state of the CuA cysteine residues. Proteins PCuAC, TtSco1 and TtCuA were over-expressed, purified and subjected to biochemical characterization, while their Cu binding capability and their inter se interactions were studied through NMR and UV spectroscopy. In addition, PCuAC was structurally characterized through NMR in its apo and Cu(I) form. The role of Sco proteins was further investigated through genome based analysis and the expression and biochemical characterization of a new protein, PpSco1/cytc from Pseudomonas putida, a unique bacterial protein consisted on two domains, a Sco1 and a cytc domain, presumptively connecting the role of Sco proteins with the suggested theory of thioredoxin action. A novelty in this work was the methodological aspect of the multiple cloning of the target genes with a new cloning technology (Gateway) combined with site specific recombination into multiple expression plasmid vectors and the development of a high throughput technique for parallel expression/purification tests. The infra work provides new insights to the CuA center assembly molecular mechanism of the prokaryotic CcO, supporting a new model for the particular procedure and also subscripts for the decipherment of the complicated role of Sco proteins.

Toxoplasma gondii, comme Plasmodium falciparum appartiennent au phylum des Apicomplexes. Ce groupe de parasites ont comme dénominateurs communs, trois organites apicaux : rhoptries, micronèmes et granules denses contenant des facteurs indispensables pour la reconnaissance, l’entrée et la survie du parasite au sein de la cellule hôte. Le récepteur transmembranaire de type 1 appelé TgSORTLR ("Toxoplasma gondii Sortilin-Like Receptor") est nécessaire à la biogenèse des organelles de sécrétion rhoptrie et micronème (Sloves et al., 2012). Le domaine C-terminale de la TgSORTLR, lie TgVps26 et TgVps35 deux protéines appartement au complexe Rétromère essentiel au recyclage protéique chez les mammifères et S. cerevisiae. Nous avons construit le premier interactome du CRC de T. gondii et des autres Apicomplexes. Contrairement aux mammifères, le Rétromère de T. gondii est composé du CRC (Complexe de Reconnaissance du Cargo) TgVps35-TgVps26-TgVsp29 et l’absence du dimère de Sorting Nexin (SNX). Nous avons identifié plusieurs protéines connues de l’ELC (Endosomal-like compartment) ainsi que des protéines parasitaires spécifiques. La déplétion conditionnelle de TgVps35 démontre que le complexe Rétromère n’est pas seulement crucial pour la biogenèse des rhoptries, micronèmes et granules denses, mais aussi pour l’architecture et l’intégrité du parasite. Nous avons montré que le recyclage de la TgSORTLR entre l’ELC et le TGN (Tans-Golgi-Network) est essentiel au trafic des protéines de sécrétion rhoptries et micronèmes. Par ailleurs nous avons décrit deux nouvelles protéines hypothétiques TgHP12 et TgHP03 pouvant être impliquées respectivement dans le trafic vers l’ELC et vers la membrane plasmique. Afin nous avons identifié et caractérisé une protéine chimérique TgHP25 avec les domaines BAR et SBF2, pouvant être impliquée dans la biogenèse de l’organite rhoptrie. En somme notre travail souligne l’importance du recyclage protéique et l’implication de protéines spécifiques dans la maturation des organites et l’intégrité du parasite. / Toxoplasma gondii, like Plasmodium falciparum are belong to the Apicomplexan phylum. This group of parasites have as a common denominator, three apical organelles: rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules containing the essential factors for recognition, entry and survival into the host cell. The Toxoplasma gondii Sortilin-Like Receptor (TgSORTLR), is essential for the biogenesis of apical secretory organelles rhoptries and micronemes (Sloves et al., 2012). The C-terminal tail of TgSORTLR specifically binds to TgVps26 and TgVps35 proteins, two components of a pentameric complex called retromer (RC), and known to play an essential role in retrograde transport in yeast and mammals. We now report the first retromer-trafficking interactome in T. gondii and other apicomplexan parasites. In contrast to yeast and mammals, T. gondii RC harbors a singular architecture typified by a Vps35-Vps26-Vps29 trimer complex and the absence of the dimer of sorting nexins. Rather, we identified several known endosomal-like compartment (ELC) proteins and unrelated parasite-specific proteins. The conditional ablation of TgVps35 demonstrates that the Retromer complex is not only crucial for the biogenesis of rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules but also for maintaining a proper parasite architecture and integrity. We showed that the recycling of TgSORTLR between ELC and Trans-Golgi Network (TGN), is essential for proper protein trafficking to secretory organelles rhoptries and micronemes. Furthermore, we will describe two novel parasite-specific proteins TgHP12 and TgHP03, whose functions are likely related to ELC and plasma membrane. So we identified and characterized a chimeric protein TgHP25 with the BAR and SBF2 domains, may be involved in the biogenesis of the organelle rhoptrie. In short our work emphasizes the importance of protein recycling and involvement of specific proteins in the maturation of organelles and integrity of the parasite.