El estudio de investigación se circunscribe en la formación ética del profesorado. Se pretende indagar en aquellos aspectos que, en términos éticos, movilizan las decisiones y acciones de los docentes, particularmente en contexto de experiencias de controversias morales que han vivido los docentes en sus prácticas profesionales, lo que posibilita reconocer algunas dimensiones de la personalidad moral y los valores que el profesor estima, y de este modo fundamentan el modo de comprender y poner en práctica la educación en valores. La investigación presenta tres temáticas esenciales. En primer lugar se plantea el recorrido de la axiología, y desde allí, establecemos nuestro posicionamiento frente a los valores desde un enfoque relacional, para comprender no sólo la realidad de los valores, sino sobre todo su sentido. Un segundo tema está referido a una comprensión de la personalidad moral del profesorado en clave de “construcción,” en donde entendemos la personalidad como meta, como realidad humana dada pero al mismo tiempo por hacer; como una realidad que integra de manera dinámica su pasado, presente y futuro. Un tercer tema se refiere a las competencias e identidad moral y narrativa del profesorado. La literatura sobre las competencias profesionales destaca que el docente debe ser un experto en saber hacer y actuar frente a situaciones complejas que vive a diario, pero creemos que este enfoque olvida que una de las tareas del docente es también saber cómo ser y actuar, con los recursos que posee para educar en valores. En términos metodológicos, presentamos el marco metodológico de la investigación a través del método biográfico-narrativo, cuyo trabajo de campo ha sido la construcción de entrevistas y relatos biográficos de un grupo de profesores provenientes de diversas escuelas. Se desarrolla un trabajo de construcción de relatos de experiencias personales y profesionales vividas por los docentes, y desde aquí, se desarrolla un análisis desde un enfoque ético-pedagógico. Esta investigación se inscribe en la preocupación por ofrecer al profesorado algunas pistas de reflexión y acción para el fortalecimiento de su vocación docente, desde una construcción de la identidad moral en que pueda comprenderse a sí mismo como un sujeto ético llamado a ser un educador en valores en la escuela. / The research study deals exclusively with the teachers’ ethical training. The aim is to investigate those aspects that, under ethical terms, mobilise the teachers’ decisions and actions particularly in a context of experiences of moral controversies the teachers have lived through their professional practices, making possible the recognition of some aspects of the moral personality and the values cherished by the teacher, and that back up the way of understanding and putting into practice the education in the moral ethical values. The research presents three essential themes. First of all, we consider the axiology path and from then we establish our opinion facing the values from a relational approach to understand not only the values reality but also above all its meaning. A second theme refers to an understanding of the teachers’ moral personality in a “constructive” spirit where we understand the personality as an objective, as a given human reality but at the same time undone, as a reality integrating its past, present and future in a dynamic way. A third theme refers to the teachers’ competences and moral and narrative identity. Literature on professional competences emphasises that the teacher should be an expert on knowing how and act in front of complex situations of the teacher’s everyday life, but we believe that this approach forgets that one of the teacher’s expertise is also to know how to be and act using the resources that are by hand to educate in the moral values. In methodological terms, we present the research methodological framework throughout the biographical-narrative method whose field work has been constructed with interviews and biographical stories of a teachers’ group from different schools. A task of construction of teachers’ both personal and professional experiences stories is realised, and based on that, an analysis is developed from an ethical-pedagogical approach. This research is concerned with offering to the teachers some reflection and action hints to strengthen their educational vocation from a construction of the moral identity where they can understand themselves above all as ethical subjects called to be educators in the moral ethical values at school.

La conexión GABAérgica septohipocámpica es un elemento crucial para el correcto funcionamiento del hipocampo y, en concreto, para determinados procesos de aprendizaje y memoria. La exquisita especificidad de contacto de este componente es la piedra angular que determina su función, pero los datos existentes sobre los mecanismos que rigen la selección de diana y sinaptogénesis de estos axones son escasos. Aunque esta conexión desempeña un papel elemental en procesos cognitivos que están afectados durante el envejecimiento y en la enfermedad de Alzheimer, en el momento en que iniciamos este proyecto había un sorprendente vacío en la literatura sobre el estado de la vía GABAérgica septohipocámpica en estas situaciones. Hemos establecido el modelo in vitro del desarrollo de la conexión septohipocámpica, mediante cultivos organotípicos que constan de septum, hipocampo y corteza entorrinal obtenidos de animales neonatales. La conexión septohipocámpica se forma en nuestro modelo in vitro manteniendo la exquisita especificidad de contacto de su componente GABAérgico. Hemos comprobado, mediante el uso de tejido proveniente de ratones knock-out para Semaforina 3C y mediante la aplicación de ectodominios bloqueantes de los receptores de Semaforina 3C, que esta molécula es prescindible para el proceso de sinaptogénesis específica de los axones GABAérgicos septohipocámpicos in vitro. Utilizando el cultivo puesto a punto también hemos demostrado que las aferencias de corteza entorrinal a hipocampo no son necesarias para que la conexión se forme de manera específica. Se ha llevado a cabo un análisis exhaustivo de la inervación y complejidad de las sinapsis de la conexión GABAérgica septohipocámpica sobre diferentes tipos de interneuronas del hipocampo de ratones wild-type a diferentes edades (2, 8 y 18 meses), así como de ratones de la cepa transgénica J20 (modelo murino de enfermedad de Alzheimer) a 2 y 8 meses de edad. Los resultados de estos experimentos muestran que durante el envejecimiento normal, en ratones wild-type de 18 meses, se produce una disminución tanto en el número de fibras GABAérgicas septohipocámpicas como en la complejidad de sus contactos sinápticos. Estos déficits de la conexión GABAérgica septohipocámpica se producen de manera acelerada en ratones J20, modelo de enfermedad de Alzheimer. En esta cepa transgénica, los déficits histológicos observados van acompañados de alteraciones funcionales: disminución en la potencia de los ritmos theta y gamma hipocámpicos. El análisis del estado funcional del hipocampo de ratones J20 demuestra que la sinapsis CA3-CA1 funciona normalmente en los animales transgénicos J20, aunque con alteraciones sutiles en la facilitación sináptica a corto plazo. Los procesos de potenciación a largo plazo (LTP) de esta sinapsis están aumentados en el modelo de EA. En un paradigma de condicionamiento operante de autoestimulación, en que los animales pueden autoadministrarse estímulos eléctricos reforzantes en el septum medial, los animales J20 presentan peor aprendizaje y ejecución de la tarea. Hemos demostrado que, en animales WT, este refuerzo operante se correlaciona con una disminución de la respuesta obtenida en la sinapsis CA3-CA1. Los transgénicos J20 no presentan tal disminución, especialmente durante los primeros días del test, y por tanto muestran peor aprendizaje y ejecución del paradigma de refuerzo operante, como se observa en nuestros resultados. En estos mismos animales, además, la inducción de LTP afecta negativamente la ejecución de la tarea reforzante ya adquirida, seguramente porque la excesiva respuesta de la sinapsis una vez potenciada cancela esa disminución de la respuesta en CA3-CA1 que es necesaria para que tenga lugar el refuerzo operante. / The septohippocampal connection is a crucial element for some learning and memory processes which are affected during aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. The GABAergic component of this pathway displays an exquisite target selection, contacting only the interneurons of the hippocampus, but the mechanisms responsible for this target selection are poorly known. In this work we have created an organotypic in vitro model of the septohippocampal connection, which has allowed us to demonstrate that neither Semaphorin 3C nor the entorhinal input to the hippocampus are factors needed for the establishment of proper contacts of the GABAergic septohippocampal pathway. The in vitro model created here also serves as a tool for studying developmental and degenerative processes of the nervous system. We have carried out an exhaustive analysis of the innervation and synapse complexity of the GABAergic septohippocampal pathway in wild-type mice during the aging process and in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (J20 line). Our results show that both the number and complexity of the GABAergic septohippocampal contacts decrease during aging, and this process is accelerated in the J20 Alzheimer’s mouse model. In this transgenic strain, the histological deficits are accompanied by functional alterations: a diminution in the theta and gamma rhythms of the hippocampus. The function of the CA3-CA1 synapse of the hippocampus is normal in the J20 mice, except for subtle alterations in the short-term synaptic plasticity. The long-term potentiation processes (LTP) of this synapse are increased in the Alzheimer model. In an operant conditioning paradigm in which mice can self-stimulate the septohippocampal connection, transgenic mice of the J20 line show poorer learning and performance of the task than do wild-type mice. In nontransgenic mice, the reward in this task correlates with an increase in the CA3-CA1 response which J20 transgenic mice lack, possibly explaining their poorer performance.

Våld i nära relation är ett erkänt utbrett problem och Socialstyrelsen beskriver att det har allvarliga fysiska, psykiska och sociala konsekvenser för den som blir utsatt. I socialtjänstlagen framkommer att socialnämnden har ett särskilt ansvar gällande våld i nära relation. Socialstyrelsens författning gällande våld i nära relationer menar att alla som är utsatta för våld i nära relation, oavsett kön eller könsidentitet, har rätt till stöd och hjälp. Våld i nära relation drabbar såväl kvinnor som män och förekommer både i heterosexuella och samkönade relationer. Syftet med denna uppsats var att studera hur socialtjänsten arbetar med våldsutsatta personer i samkönade relationer. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och baseras på sex intervjuer med socialsekreterare. Det empiriska materialet analyserades utifrån innehållsanalys där meningsbärande enheter, koder och kategorier identifierades. Det som genomsyrade hela resultatet var en uppfattning om att vara färgad av det vanligaste vilket också blev uppsatsens övergripande tema. Resultatet påvisade bland annat att det finns bristande kunskaper kring våld i samkönade relationer i stort, men även att det övergripande temat påverkar möjligheten att upptäcka våldet och den problematik som kan uppstå när det kommer till insatser. Slutsatsen för studien visar att det finns en heteronormativ syn på våld i nära relation som påverkar bilden av våld i samkönade relationer, men även att kunskap om fenomenet krävs för att socialtjänsten ska kunna erbjuda stöd och hjälp till alla våldsutsatta individer. / Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread problem and the The National Board of Health and Welfare in Sweden describes that IPV has serious physical, psychological and social consequences for those who are exposed to it. The Social Services Act reveals that the social welfare committee has a special responsibility regarding IPV. The National Board of Health and Welfare's constitution regarding IPV says that all who are exposed to IPV, regardless of gender or gender identity, are entitled to support and assistance. IPV affects women as well as men and occurs in both heterosexual and same-sex relationships. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the social services work with IPV in same-sex relationships. The study is qualitative and based on six interviews with social workers. The empirical material was analyzed based on content analysis where meaningful units, codes and categories were identified. What dominated the result was a perception of being colored by the common, which also became the overarching theme of the essay. The results showed, among other things, that there is a lack of knowledge about the violence in same-sex relationships in general, but also that the overall theme affects the ability to detect violence and the problems that can arise when it comes to providing services. The conclusion of the study show that there is a heteronormative view of IPV that affects the image of violence in same-sex relationships, but also that knowledge of the phenomenon is vital for the social services to be able to offer support and assistance to all victims of IPV.

The aim  of this  essay is  to research if  the  typical  gender  norms  about gender  that  today’s society rests on, are visible in teaching  materials  within  the  social study  subjects.  In this  essay  the  chosen parts of a selected  teaching  materials   will   be researched  and  compared withformer research and the curriculum  (skolverket  2011). The  research of the teaching  material  will  be done through  a qualitative text  and picture  analysis.   The  chosen teaching  material which in this essay will be analysed is:  Puls  SO-boken year  1-3 (2015). The research  is supposed to add knowledge about how the messages within the  pictures  and the text  in  the chosen teaching material can be interpreted and understood by pupils and pedagogues. The research is  also  supposed to elucidate   how important   it  is  for  the pedagogue  to critically review the teaching material that is being  used  in  their  teaching  to create the  best prerequisite  for  their  pupils.  Good teaching  and learning  and the ability  to find  their  unique   individuality    is also a prerequisite to become the good democratic citizen school will  form  under  the curriculum  that  is available. The result of the research  shows  that  the book Puls  SO-boken (2015), to a certain  degree breaks down stereotype gender norms like the ones  that  currently  exists  in  today’s  society.  It also  shows  a certain  tendency  where  males  still  are the  gender  norm  of the teaching materials.

InledningBokläsning är ett vanligt förekommande inslag i förskolans verksamhet. Förskollärare kan använda sig av detta som pedagogisk metod och det kan då vara språkutvecklande för förskolebarnen. Det sociala samspelet vid bokläsning mellan barn och förskollärare kan vara viktigt både för den kognitiva samt den sociala förmågan. Genom att utgå från barnens intressen vid boksamtal kan förskollärare utveckla barnens språkutveckling genom ett lustfyllt lärande.SyfteStudiens syfte är att undersöka hur förskollärare utifrån sina erfarenheter beskriver hur de använder bokläsning för att stödja barns språkutveckling i förskolan. Vi har valt att lyfta boksamtalet som en viktig del inom bokläsning.MetodVi har i denna undersökning använt oss av en kvalitativ metod i form av kvalitativa intervjuer. Intervjuerna är semistrukturerade och därmed har vi utgått ifrån en intervjuguide under intervjutillfällena.ResultatResultatet av vår undersökning visar att förskollärare ofta har boksamtal under bokläsning. Under dessa tillfällen har dock fokus legat på bilderna i böckerna då barnen visat stort intresse för dem. Texterna och bokstäverna diskuteras det inte lika mycket om. Förskollärarna beskriver det som att barnen ännu inte har kommit till den nivån att de förstår vad texten är. Vi kunde se skillnad i intresset för faktaböcker mellan könen på barnen. Några förskollärare utgick från flanosagor som utgångspunkt för boksamtalen. Då det finns en del flerspråkiga barn med annat modersmål än svenska får förskollärarna ofta visa konkret, ibland med tecken som stöd, istället för att ha samtal om det lästa. Barnens skriv-och läsutveckling börjar med att barnen visar intresse för sina namn och bokstäver i dessa, enligt vår undersökning.

Regulation Brussels I and other procedural legislation of European private international law Diploma thesis is particularly focused on rules regulating jurisdiction according Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, so called Brussels I Regulation. The Brussels I Regulation represents a cornerstone of European judicial cooperation in civil and commercial matters. The main aim of my thesis is to provide comprehensive interpretation of jurisdictional rules in accordance with this regulation. The thesis is systematically divided into nine chapters. The purpose of Chapter One is to introduce a complex issue of European Private International Civil Procedure Law by way of defining the essential terms, subsuming it under the broader framework of private international law and also by describing historical development of this area. Next chapters are entirely concentrated on the Brussels I Regulation. Chapter Two addresses general aspects of this regulation. Those are development and subject matter of the regulation and interpretation of basic terms such as jurisdiction and domicile. Chapter Three deals with scope of application, the understanding of which is fundamental for a correct application. Five subsequent...

European Private International Law - Domicile and Brussels I Regulation Abstract It is undisputable, that the Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, the so-called Brussels I Regulation, constitutes the cornerstone of the European Private International Law. The term domicile, employed as the most important connecting factor for the determination of jurisdiction under the Brussels I Regulation, is the key word thereof. Domicile as such is a very interesting, although complicated, legal concept. This holds true even in the case of domicile for the purposes of Brussels I Regulation. At the European level, the tradition of domicile, being the connecting factor in most cases of the determination of jurisdiction, was established by the Brussels Convention. Nevertheless, it did not provide for a uniform definition. Instead, it referred to the national laws of the then contracting states. By adopting, with an exception, a uniform definition of a legal person's domicile, the Brussels I Regulation has partially deviated from this practice. However, as regards the natural person's domicile, the reference to the national laws of the European Union Member States was upheld. As the understanding of this concept differs from...

År 2014 trädde tre upphandlingsrättsliga direktiv i kraft, LOU-direktivet 2014/24/EU, LUF- direktivet 2014/25/EU och LUK-direktivet 2014/23/EU. I samtliga direktiv har det införts bestämmelser om ändring i kontrakt under löptiden. Vid väsentlig ändring krävs att nytt upphandlingsförfarande genomförs. Det är inte självklart när en ändring i kontrakt är att se som väsentlig. Organisatoriska förändringar hos leverantören kan i vissa fall betraktas som ändring i kontrakt. När en organisatorisk förändring av betydelse genomförts, betraktas det som ett byte av avtalspart. Ett byte av avtalspart är vanligen att se som en sådan förändring som kräver nytt upphandlingsförfarande. I direktiven har det införts bestämmelser om leverantörsbyte, vari några organisatoriska förändringar är uppräknade som godtagbara. Liknande bestämmelser om byte av beställare saknas. Vid organisatoriska förändringar är det viktigt att identiteten för den part som genomgår förändringen förblir densamma, eller i stort densamma, som den ursprungliga identiteten. Om det säkerställts att identiteten är densamma, eller kan liknas vid den ursprungliga identiteten, bör vidare en bedömning göras i enlighet med väsentlighetskriteriet. Att en bedömning genomförs i enlighet med väsentlighetskriteriet är avgörande för huruvida nytt upphandlingsförfarande krävs. Väsentlighetskriteriet framtogs av EU-domstolen genom Pressetext-målet. Kriteriets tre huvudfaktorer ska beaktas, dessa är (1) nya införda villkor som hade ändrat utgångsläget för andra anbudsgivare vid upphandlingstillfället, (2) betydande utökning av kontraktet och (3) om den ekonomiska balansen skiftat till förmån för leverantören. I uppsatsen påvisas att det finns en yttre ram avseende vilka ändringar som är att betrakta som väsentliga. Denna yttre ram utgörs av de grundläggande EU-rättsliga principerna om transparens och likabehandling. Vidare bör även proportionalitetsprincipen beaktas. även kontraktets komplexitet och löptid är av betydelse, eftersom dessa kan vidga ramen för tillåtna ändringar i kontrakt.

The Cooperative Co-Evolution model has been used in Evolutionary Computation to optimize the training of artificial neural networks (ANNs). This architecture has proven to be a useful extension to domains such as Neuro-Evolution (NE), which is the training of ANNs using concepts of natural evolution. However, there is a need for real-time systems and the ability to solve more complex tasks which has prompted a further need to optimize these Cooperative Co-Evolution methods. Cooperative Co-Evolution methods consist of a number of phases, however the evaluation phase is still the most compute intensive phase, for some complex tasks taking as long as weeks to complete. This study uses NE as a test case study and we design a parallel Cooperative Co-Evolution processing framework and implement the optimized serial and parallel versions using the Golang (Go) programming language. Go is a multi-core programming language with first-class constructs, channels and goroutines, that make it well suited to parallel programming. Our study focuses on Enforced Subpopulations (ESP) for single-agent systems and Multi-Agent ESP for multi-agent systems. We evaluate the parallel versions in the benchmark tasks; double pole balancing and prey-capture, for single and multi-agent systems respectively, in tasks of increasing complexity. We observe a maximum speed-up of 20x for the parallel Multi-Agent ESP implementation over our single core optimized version in the prey-capture task and a maximum speedup of 16x for ESP in the harder version of double pole balancing task. We also observe linear speed-ups for the difficult versions of the tasks for a certain range of cores, indicating that the Go implementations are efficient and that the parallel speed-ups are better for more complex tasks. We find that in complex tasks, the Cooperative Co-Evolution Neuro-Evolution (CCNE) methods are amenable to multi-core acceleration, which provides a basis for the study of even more complex Cooperative Co-Evolution methods in a wider range of domains.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi observar a evolução do modelo de jogo entre as categorias de base do voleibol feminino, analisando como cada categoria conquista o ponto e a como as variantes das ações de jogo que antecedem o ataque influenciam no seu desempenho no complexo I. Foram analisados três jogos das quatro melhores equipes classificadas da categoria infantil, infanto-juvenil e juvenil feminino, participantes do quadrangular final do Campeonato Metropolitano de São Paulo em 2009 organizado pela FPV. A coleta de dados foi realizada pelo sistema de vídeo. A análise dos dados comportou a estatística descritiva, pela obtenção de frequências e porcentagens, e a estatística inferencial pelo recurso ao Qui-quadrado e ao Phi de Cramer, no sentido de verificar a possível relação de dependência entre as vaiáveis do estudo. Através da análise descritiva observamos que a categoria infantil conquista mais pontos com o erro do adversário e as categorias infanto-juvenil e juvenil conquistam mais pontos com a ação de ataque. Com o avanço de categoria observamos uma tendência de aumento na recepção perfeita, na utilização do levantamento com toque em suspensão, do ataque contra um bloqueio duplo quebrado, na realização do ataque pela zona 2 bem como, um aumento na ocorrência dos ataques de 1º e 2º tempo e do ataque ponto. Assim como, uma diminuição na utilização do toque sem salto para o levantamento, dos ataques contra um bloqueio duplo compacto, da utilização dos ataques de 3º tempo e dos ataques que proporcionam a continuação do rally. Pela análise inferencial observamos uma relação de dependência estatisticamente significante do resultado do ataque com o resultado da recepção, a zona de levantamento, a técnica de levantamento, o resultado do levantamento, bem como com a zona de ataque, o tempo de ataque e tipo de ataque para todas as categorias / The main purpose of this study was to determine game model evolution on female volleyball under-age divisions. It was analyzed how each category wins the point and how the game actions that occur before the attack affects the performance on complex I. We analyzed three games of the four best ranked female teams in infantil, infanto-juvenil and juvenil divisions, participants of the city of São Paulo Championship in 2009. The data base was captured using video system. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, by obtaining frequencies and percentages, and inferential statistics by using chi- square and Phi Cramer, in order to verify the possible relationship of dependency between the study variables. Descriptive analysis revealed that the infantil division obtain more points with the errors of the opponent and the infanto-juvenil and juvenil divisions obtain more points with the attack. As players advance through the age divisions, there is a trend toward increasing the occurrence of perfect receptions, the use of jump sets, the attack against a broken double block, the attack in zone 2 as well as an increase in the occurrence of attacks of 1st and 2nd tempo and the attack point. Moreover, we observed a decrease in the use of overhead set without jump, attack against a compact double block, the use of 3rd tempo attack and attack that provide continued rally. For the inferential analysis we observed a statistically significant relationship of dependency between attack result and the serve reception result, the set zone, set technique, the result of the set, as well as the attack zone, the attack tempo and type of attack for all categories