Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Dans cette thèse, nous nous demandons comment les mouvements contreculturels ont trouvé de nouveaux lieux d’expression grâce à la plus grande accessibilité de l’audiovisuel, grâce aussi au combat des « radios libres ». Plus précisément, nous cherchons à savoir pourquoi et comment la société et l’audiovisuel français ont permis la constitution d’un média alternatif radiophonique comme Radio Ici et Maintenant (RIM) et comment cette radio a trouvé un modèle économique viable pour diffuser son idéologie. Nous verrons que l’existence et la persistance de RIM est due à la conjonction de deux phénomènes : d’une part la diminution du coût d’entrée dans la radiophonie grâce au développement et au combat des « radios libres » qui ont donné naissance aux radios associatives (avec leur modèle juridico-économique spécifique), et d’autre part la diminution du coût d’entrée dans le marché religieux avec le développement de la contreculture New Age française issue de la contreculture américaine, elle-même issue des pensées religieuses alternatives occidentales (liées à l’ésotérisme, au médiumnisme) et des religions orientales (l’hindouisme et le bouddhisme). Ainsi, le modèle juridico-économique spécifique des radios associatives a permis de faire vivre puis persister l’idéologie « radiolibriste » et New Age au sein de RIM. Mais ajoutons que ce modèle n’aurait pas été possible s’il n’avait pas été porté par des animateurs bénévoles, des invités militants et des auditeurs actifs dont nous analysons ici le profil sociologique. L’intérêt scientifique de ce sujet provient du fait qu’il s’agit principalement d’étudier RIM qui est une ancienne « radio libre ». Elle a été l’une des radios les plus importantes au sein du mouvement. C’est la plus ancienne des radios locales privées parisiennes. C’est aujourd’hui une radio associative de catégorie A. Cette catégorie correspond à un grand nombre de radios (environ 600), mais celles-ci sont peu étudiées. Enfin, c’est une radio New Age et l’un des seuls médias audiovisuels français New Age. Croisant histoire et sociologie du religieux, des médias, de la communication, de la politique, des sciences, cette thèse repose sur une écoute assidue, sur de nombreux entretiens et discussions informelles, sur l’étude de différents fonds d’archives (papier, audio, numérique) et sur de nombreuses observations de type ethnographique. Nous donnons dans une première partie les outils scientifiques pour pouvoir analyser ce phénomène. Nous verrons ensuite dans quel contexte historique, radiophonique, économique, social, juridique et politique RIM fait son apparition et continue d’exister aujourd’hui. Enfin, nous nous focalisons sur le modèle radiophonique proposé, et sur les acteurs de cette radio. / In this thesis, we wonder how countercultural movement found new places of expression through the increased accessibility of audiovisual, thanks to "free radio" fight. Specifically, we want to know why and how society and the French media have enabled the establishment of an alternative media like Radio Ici et Maintenant (RIM) and how this radio has found a viable business model to spread its ideology. We shall see that the existence and persistence of RIM is due to the combination of two factors: firstly the reduction in the cost of entry into the radio broadcasting through the development and struggle of "free radio" that gave birth to associative radios (with their specific legal and economic model) and also the decrease in the cost of entering the religious market with the development of the French New Age counterculture issue of the American counterculture, itself the result of religious thoughts Western alternatives (related to the esoteric, the mediumship) and Eastern religions (Hinduism and Buddhism). Thus, the specific legal and economic model of associative radios allowed to live and persist "radiolibriste" and New Age ideology within RIM. But add that this model would not have been possible if it had not been worn by volunteer facilitators, invited activists and active listeners which we analyze the sociological profile. The scientific interest of this subject is the fact that it is mainly to study RIM which is an old "free radio". She was one of the most important radio stations in the movement. It is the oldest Parisian private local radio station. Today, it is a community radio (category A). This category corresponds to a large number of radio stations (about 600), but these are little studied. Finally, this is a New Age radio and one of the only French audiovisual media New Age. Crossing history and sociology of religion, media, communication, politics, science, this thesis is based on a constant listening, on numerous interviews and informal discussions on the study of different archives (paper, audio, digital) and numerous ethnographic observations. We give in the first part scientific tools to analyze this phenomenon. We will then see in which historical, radio, economic, social, legal and political context RIM appeared and continues to exist today. Finally, we focus on the proposed radio model and the actors of this radio.

Ce mémoire porte sur le recueil de poèmes La terre est ici d’Élise Turcotte. Il s’attache à analyser les modalités par lesquelles le foyer de perception des sujets poétiques engendre un déplacement de la notion de « paysage » dans l’œuvre de Turcotte. Le premier chapitre étudie l’énonciation afin de retracer comment les subjectivités de La terre est ici investissent le langage et construisent le réel qui les entoure pour en donner une perception singulière. Le second chapitre analyse la création de cet espace visuel unique qui se déploie autour de la notion de « détail », tandis que le troisième et dernier chapitre s’intéresse à la remise en cause du statisme de la vision engendrant un « art de faire » qui tend plutôt vers la mise en scène et le mouvement. L’étude de cette scène comme convocation des sujets dans le langage permet de développer la conception de l’espace comme lieu pratiqué, où les multiples perceptions des sujets composent un « paysage » à la fois visuel, tout en donnant lieu à une possibilité d’action. / This M.A. thesis concerns the collection of poems La terre est ici of the poet Élise Turcotte. It studies the modalities by which the perception of the poetic subjects displaces the notion of « landscape » in the work of Turcotte. The first chapter, in studying enunciation, tries to understand how the subjectivities of La terre est ici invest the language and build the reality that surrounds them to create a singular perception. The second chapter analyzes the creation of this unique visual space which deploys itself around the notion of « detail », whereas the third and last chapter questions the vision engendering an « art de faire » which aims towards direction and movement. The study of this stage as a way to convoke the subjects in the language introduces the idea of the space as a practised place. Thus, the multiple perceptions of the subjects compose a « landscape », understood in a visual sense and as possibility of action.

One of the challenges of distributed cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems is that the multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) simultaneously present at the receiver. According to our knowledge up to now, even the CFOs are known at the receiver, the way to perfectly eliminate the effect of CFOs is still an open problem. This thesis proposes a scheme to mitigate the effect due to multiple CFOs by using the concept of intercarrier interference self-cancellation in transitional OFDM systems, a scheme where the data are simultaneously modulated on symmetric subcarriers between two transmit antennas. Before processing FFT, two values related to CFOs are used to adjust the time-domain signal resulting in better signal-to-interference ratio in even and odd subcarriers respectively. After that, the data are combined by applying maximum ratio combining and then decoded. Simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme as compared to previous scheme.

Ce mémoire porte sur le recueil de poèmes La terre est ici d’Élise Turcotte. Il s’attache à analyser les modalités par lesquelles le foyer de perception des sujets poétiques engendre un déplacement de la notion de « paysage » dans l’œuvre de Turcotte. Le premier chapitre étudie l’énonciation afin de retracer comment les subjectivités de La terre est ici investissent le langage et construisent le réel qui les entoure pour en donner une perception singulière. Le second chapitre analyse la création de cet espace visuel unique qui se déploie autour de la notion de « détail », tandis que le troisième et dernier chapitre s’intéresse à la remise en cause du statisme de la vision engendrant un « art de faire » qui tend plutôt vers la mise en scène et le mouvement. L’étude de cette scène comme convocation des sujets dans le langage permet de développer la conception de l’espace comme lieu pratiqué, où les multiples perceptions des sujets composent un « paysage » à la fois visuel, tout en donnant lieu à une possibilité d’action. / This M.A. thesis concerns the collection of poems La terre est ici of the poet Élise Turcotte. It studies the modalities by which the perception of the poetic subjects displaces the notion of « landscape » in the work of Turcotte. The first chapter, in studying enunciation, tries to understand how the subjectivities of La terre est ici invest the language and build the reality that surrounds them to create a singular perception. The second chapter analyzes the creation of this unique visual space which deploys itself around the notion of « detail », whereas the third and last chapter questions the vision engendering an « art de faire » which aims towards direction and movement. The study of this stage as a way to convoke the subjects in the language introduces the idea of the space as a practised place. Thus, the multiple perceptions of the subjects compose a « landscape », understood in a visual sense and as possibility of action.

Cette étude sociocritique du professeur de lettres fictif dans le roman québécois de 1995 à 2010 est guidée par les travaux d’André Belleau (Le Romancier fictif), de Roseline Tremblay (L'Écrivain imaginaire) et du Groupe de recherche sur les médiations littéraires et les institutions (Fictions du champ littéraire) portant sur la figuration de l’écrivain. En ce sens, elle examine les manifestations polyphoniques et plurilinguistiques dans des textes romanesques (Mikhaïl Bakhtine) en faisant des figures de l’écrit, telles que définies par Femand Roy, le pivot d’ancrage, textuel et cotextuel, qui constitue les sociotextes, ici les romans du professeur de lettres. L’inéluctable quête de la légitimité de la parole et du savoir de ce "sujet culturel" (Edmond Cros) offr, avec Hadassa (2006) de Myriam Beaudoin, La Blonde de Patrick Nicol (2005) de Patrick Nicol, Qu’est-ce qui passe ici si tard? (1998) de Gabrielle Poulin et La Gloire de Cassiodore (2002) de Monique LaRue, une réponse postmodeme (Janet M. Paterson) à une crise de l’éducation moderne (Hannah Arendt).

In this study the theoretical notion of ekphrasis is analyzed in three novels by Nathalie Sarraute (1900-1999). Tropismes from 1939 is studied in the light of Ruth Webb’s analysis of ekphrasis as a rhetorical device used to persuade an audience in Antiquity. The study reveals several equivalents with the ancient notions of the rhetorical ekphrasis. In Entre la vie et la mort from 1968, we have found an expression of the tension described by Murray Krieger as fundamental to ekphrasis and consisting of the two opposing incentives of exhilaration and exasperation. Sarraute creates a constant textual oscillation between the two oppositional beliefs, and she leaves the question open were Krieger claims the incapacity of language. A tension continues to underlie the text in Ici from 1995. Audet and Marcotte (2012) define a tension between the one and the multiple expressed through the combination of narrative and poetic discourse. We have found an equivalent to this perspective in the theoretical framework elaborated by Tamar Yacobi, adding the concepts of narrative ekphrasis, the pictorial model and the generalized reference. The motivations and mechanisms of the generalized reference are compared to the discussion in Sarraute’s text. We find that Sarraute’s text adds several observations to the theory of Yacobi. Our conclusion is that the theoretical field of ekphrasis seems to be able to add a new dimension of observations when studying the work of Sarraute, but that more studies need to be done in order to find intersubjective affirmation considering the interpretative foundations of our method.

Background: Treatment options for poorly differentiated (PDTC) and anaplastic (ATC) thyroid carcinoma are unsatisfactory and prognosis is generally poor. Lenvatinib (LEN), a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) 1-4 is approved for advanced radioiodine refractory thyroid carcinoma, but response to single agent is poor in ATC. Recent reports of combining LEN with PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab (PEM) are promising. Materials and Methods: Primary ATC (n=93) and PDTC (n=47) tissue samples diagnosed 1997-2019 at five German tertiary care centers were assessed for PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry using Tumor Proportion Score (TPS). FGFR 1-4 mRNA was quantified in 31 ATC and 14 PDTC with RNAscope in-situ hybridization. Normal thyroid tissue (NT) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) served as controls. Disease specific survival (DSS) was the primary outcome variable. Results: PD-L1 TPS≥50% was observed in 42% of ATC and 26% of PDTC specimens. Mean PD-L1 expression was significantly higher in ATC (TPS 30%) than in PDTC (5%; p<0.01) and NT (0%, p<0.001). 53% of PDTC samples had PD-L1 expression ≤5%. FGFR mRNA expression was generally low in all samples but combined FGFR1-4 expression was significantly higher in PDTC and ATC compared to NT (each p<0.001). No impact of PD-L1 and FGFR 1-4 expression was observed on DSS. Conclusion: High tumoral expression of PD-L1 in a large proportion of ATCs and a subgroup of PDTCs provides a rationale for immune checkpoint inhibition. FGFR expression is low thyroid tumor cells. The clinically observed synergism of PEM with LEN may be caused by immune modulation.

Jean-Luc Godard and Jean-Pierre Gorin made in 1970 a “political film politically” about the Palestinian Revolution, Jusqu’à la victoire, which remained unfinished. Under the framework of their audio-visual research project, Sonimage, Godard edited the Palestinian footage with Anne-Marie Miéville. Working through the collapse of the revolutionary project, imaging the Palestinian resistance became a matter of the restitution of speech to the absent and to the dead Palestinians – to whom, as Godard laments self-critically in the film, they had not listened to. Godard’s and Miéville’s compass for action was reconfigured as “audiovisual journalism,” addressing the changing conditions in political engagement, challenging the mediatization of mediation prompted by the Leftist utopian belief in the emancipatory potential of the media. The hegemonic discourse circulating within Leftist intellectual culture abandoned the iconic referent of “The Revolution,” which became the fatal harbinger of totalitarianism. Since then, Third World subjects have been figured as terrorists or victims who are incapable of determining themselves politically, or to “develop” economically. Such a turn has given leeway to new models of engagement and emancipation that account for the real of reality, embedded in the non-discourse of rights or counter-memory, while beckoning for a politics of infinite restitution. Godard returned to the Palestine Question thirty years later in Notre musique, by stopping-over in post-war Sarajevo, a place where it became possible for Godard to host a gathering of the Trojan poets and storytellers of sorts. Reconciliation and rehabilitation are the reverse-shot of a world of violent ethnic strife evidencing the futility of the politization of forgiveness. By way of a montage, Godard vouches for the mobilization of the powers of the false in order to save the real. The beautiful becomes necessary to “cover” memories of catastrophe. The aesthetico-political task is the regulation of the distance between the viewer and the screen. The conditions are the belief in images, faith and the desire to see as our links to the world. Within the pervasiveness of the hyperreal and culture, which Godard equates to ruins, the exiles and vanquished call for the exception, which is art.

The study explored whether or not to delay introducing Chinese characters as part of first year Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) courses in post-secondary institutions in the U.S. Topics investigated: a) timing structures of current CFL programs in the U.S.; b) CFL teachers’ and students’ beliefs and rationales of an appropriate timing to introduce characters; c) CFL teachers’ and students’ beliefs about the importance and difficulty of different Chinese language skills; and d) CFL teachers’ and students’ beliefs about the requirement of handwriting in beginning-level CFL courses. Data were collected through a large-scale online student survey with 914 students and a large-scale online teacher survey with 192 teachers. At the same time, a total of 21 students and five teachers from a delayed character introduction (DCI) program and an immediate character introduction (ICI) program were interviewed. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the data. Results indicate that the majority of CFL programs did not delay teaching characters; most of teachers and students believed that speaking and listening were the most important skills and reading and especially writing characters were the most difficult skills; and most of teachers and students did not favor alternative methods to replace the handwriting of characters even though they considered handwriting to be the most difficult skill. With few studies carried out to investigate the timing issue of character teaching, results from the study provided foundational knowledge for CFL educators to better understand CFL teaching and learning in general, along with the teaching and learning of written Chinese characters, in particular.