Nesse trabalho, foram caracterizadas 238 amostras de Ãgua produzida, oriundos de quatro campos de produÃÃo diferentes, todos provenientes de campos marÃtimos da bacia do CearÃ, denominados campo de produÃÃo A, campo de produÃÃo B, campo de produÃÃo C e campo de produÃÃo D. Foram determinados, os Ãnions (Acetato, Cloreto, Formiato, Sulfato) utilizando-se a cromatografia de Ãons; exceto, para o Ãnion Bicarbonato que foi determinado utilizando-se a titulaÃÃo potenciomÃtrica. E, os cÃtions (BÃrio, CÃlcio, EstrÃncio, Ferro Total, LÃtio, MagnÃsio, PotÃssio, SÃdio) utilizando-se a espectrometria de emissÃo Ãptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente. Para tratamento estatÃstico, utilizou-se como ferramenta, a PCA (anÃlise de componentes principais) e a HCA (anÃlise de agrupamento hierÃrquico). Na avaliaÃÃo da qualidade dos dados, utilizou-se o balanÃo iÃnico. Para visualizaÃÃo dos resultados, utilizou-se o grÃfico boxplot, onde se pode observar que o campo de produÃÃo A, seguido do campo de produÃÃo B, possuem tendÃncia à corrosÃo e à incrustaÃÃo, respectivamente. Como tambÃm, o campo de produÃÃo D que apresentou propensÃo à corrosÃo, mas em menor escala. Vale salientar a necessidade de uma caracterizaÃÃo individual das amostras, para conhecimento dos principais constituintes existentes. Pois, esses constituintes podem acarretar elevados custos na manutenÃÃo do processo produtivo da indÃstria petrolÃfera; devido, a corrosÃo do tipo pite, que promove a modificaÃÃo da aparÃncia e estrutura dos aÃos inoxidÃveis, muito utilizados na indÃstria petrolÃfera; e, as incrustaÃÃes, que tendem a se depositar nas paredes das tubulaÃÃes, que podem causar problemas como perda de pressÃo, diminuiÃÃo do escoamento da produÃÃo e aumento no consumo de energia. / In this study, we characterized 238 samples of water produced from four different production fields, all from offshore fields of the Cearà basin, called The field of production, production field B, C production and field production field D. were determined anions (acetate, chloride, formate, sulfate) using ion chromatography; except for the bicarbonate anion was determined using potentiometric titration. And, cations (Barium, Calcium, Strontium, total iron, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium) using the optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. For statistical analysis, we used as a tool, the PCA (principal component analysis) and HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis). In evaluating the quality of the data, we used the ionic balance. To visualize the results, we used the box plot graph where one can observe that the production field, followed by the production field B, are prone to corrosion and fouling, respectively. As well, the D production field that showed propensity to corrosion, but on a smaller scale. It is worth stressing the need for individual characterization of the samples, to knowledge of the main existing constituents. For these constituents can incur high costs in maintaining the productive process of the oil industry; due to corrosion pitting type, which promotes change the look and structure of stainless steel, widely used in the oil industry; and incrustations which tend to deposit on the walls of pipes, which may cause problems such as pressure loss, decreased production flow and an increase in power consumption.

This master thesis deals with analysis of Czech garlic varieties in comparison with two varieties from abroad. Alliin and carbohydrates were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector or evaporative light scattering detector. Crude proteins were calculated from total content of nitrogen that was determinated by Kjeldahl method. Elementary analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. In theoretical part of this thesis is describes botanical characterization and cultivation of garlic, chemical composition of garlic, especially groups of substances which were analysed in this thesis. Principle of used methods is described too. The experimental part of this work deals with sample and calibration solution preparation and process of analysis. Obtained results from analysed substances are summarized in the tables, discussed and compared with results of analysis of other authors. Between Czech and Spanish/Chinese garlic are slight differences. Garlics contain 24,66 g/kg dry weight of alliin. Content of crude proteins in Czech garlic is comparable to Chinese garlic but the Spanish garlic has just half of amount crude proteins. Elementary analysis also includes significant differences. Czech varieties contain higher amount of phosphorus, iron and zinc. On the contrary, content of potassium in foreign garlic is higher than in Czech Republic and the analysed amount is 15 g/kg dry weight.

This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of egg yolks and egg whites from chickens raised with different breeding methods in the Czech Republic using three analytical methods. The Kjeldahl method was used to determine the proteins, the Soxhlet method was used to determine the lipids and ICP-OES was used for elemental analysis. The theoretical part describes the history of chicken breeding, marking and distribution of eggs and composition of eggs based on various aspects. The main point was the separation of egg yolk and egg white and the subsequent description on the chemical and physiological level. Principle of used methods is also described. The experimental part deals with the preparation of samples, calibration samples and process analysis. All the results of analysed substances are summarized, statistically evaluated and compared with the other literature. For this analysis were used eleven different types of eggs from the Czech Republic from six different categories.

This disertation deals with geographical authentification of different types of spices and spice preparations. Investigated spice species were garlic (Allium sativum), ground pepper (Capsicum anuum), and dried carrot (Daucus carota). Theoretical part of the disertation describes main qualitative parameters of the examined species and production technology, means of food adulteration and statistic methods used in chemometrics. The aim of this dissertation was to verify the hypothesis whether it is possible to use targeted analytical techniques commonly used in quality control of spices and condiments, and statistical processing of measured data to distinguish samples of spices and condiments of different geographical origin. The use of non-targeted analysis was also investigated. Samples of garlic and ground pepper were used for targeted analysis. The examined parameters were dry matter and moisture of the sample, ash content, total phenolic content according to Folin-Ciocaulteu, carbohydrate content, alliin concentration, total nitrogen content, total color pigment (ASTA), pH of aqueous extract, total fat content, and concentration of selected elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, P, Zn). The instrumental techniques used were molecular absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. The obtained data were statistically processed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Using statistical analysis significant differences between samples that came from more distant areas were found. However, samples from closer areas could not be distinguished. The researched hypothesis could not be unequivocally confirmed or refuted. Metabolic fingerprint of carrot samples was determined using non-targeted analysis. Metabolic analysis was performed using the tandem LC-TOF-MS technique. The data were processed by recursive peak extraction (BRE) and subsequently uvaluated with PCA. The samples were divided into clusters according to their origin. Targeted and non-targeted techniques have great potential in verifying the geographical authenticity of different types of spices. However, the main condition is consistent and sufficient sampling, guaranteed information on the origin of the sample and obtaining a sufficient amount of input data for statistical analysis.

This doctoral thesis studies the properties and behaviour of phase-separated hydrogels. These can be prepared by interaction of polyelectrolytes with oppositely charged surfactants. Negatively charged polysaccharide hyaluronan and cationic surfactant carbethopendecinium bromide (Septonex), whose properties, behaviour and utilization are described in the first two chapters of theoretical part, were selected for this role. Hyaluronan is naturally-occuring in living organisms and is known for his specific targeting to the tumour cells. Septonex is used as antiseptic and disinfectant. Experimental part of this work is focused on examination of the structure and behaviour of these types of hydrogels especially from rheological point of view. The crucial part of this study was to establish mechanical properties and their dependence on environment. This led to design further studies. Structural analysis was held using the methods of ATR-FTIR, ionic chromatography and ICP-OES helping to measure the inner content of entry materials in the gels and supernatants respectively. The last chapter deals with antimicrobial activity. The results of this study indicate a potential usage of these substances in the field of medical applications.

The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the chemical composition of cow’s milk, with the description of chosen methods of sample pretreatment and with the description of the used technique ICP-OES. The practical part is aimed at individual preparations of samples and at analysis of chosen chemical elements (Ca, Na, K and Mg). Milk is a really complicated polydisperse system, that’s the reason why the preparation of samples with milk is very important step before the measurement itself. In addition to accuracy choosing the sample adjustment method, other factors such as time, work intensity, or cost need to be considered when. In the thesis a comparison of four selected methods of sample preparation was made: direct analyse of milk, dilution with addition of Triton X-100, wet microwave ashing and destruction of matrix with TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide). Selected elements were analysed with the help of ICP-OES. This diploma thesis builds on the bachelor thesis, which deals with the same problem. Final concentrations were compared with certified values of skimmed powdered milk. Data showed that the most accurate are methods of preparation of wet microwave ashing and destruction of matrix with TMAH. By using these methods, the effect of the dairy matrix that caused problems in the analysis, was largely eliminated. The diluted samples with and without Triton X-100 showed a bigger anomaly of measuring than the mineralization of wet ashing which came to the loss of analyte because of fat elements contained in milk.

The aim of this work was to study the influence of the pasteurization and filtration on selected chemical compounds in beer. Specifically, the influence on elemental composition, content of organic acids, carbohydrates and phenolic substances was studied. Optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) was used for elemental analysis of beer. Analysis of organic acids was evaluated by Ion chromatography. For analysis of carbohydrates was used High performance liquid chromatography with ELSD detector (HPLC-ELSD), phenolic compounds was evaluated by HPLC with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Data from analysis of beer was performed by usage of statistical methods (analysis of variance and principal component analysis). Parameters that showed the most significant differences between individual groups of beers were obtained. Correlations between the variables and the technological beer processing operations were found. 12 parameters of total 23 were affected. The effect of filtration and pasteurization was observed in content of the iron, silicon, potassium and magnesium, malate, monosaccharides glucose and fructose and phenolic compounds.

The present PhD is focused on the development of new analytical methods based on ICP techniques to carry out the elemental and isotopic analysis of bioethanol samples and other specimens taken along the bioethanol production process. The total sample consumption system, so-called hTISIS, has been used as sample introduction system in ICP-OES for the quantification of major and minor metals, and ICP-MS for the determination of trace metals. The hTISIS has also been successfully set up to carry out the lead isotopic analysis of bioethanol samples. Additionally, metals found in bioethanol have been monitored along the production process of this biofuel to identify the origin of these metals. Finally, volatile organic compounds have been determined in different bioethanol samples to perform the characterization of the matrices and their effect on the accuracy of the methods based on ICP techniques, developed in the present PhD for the elemental and isotopic analysis of these kind of samples. / La presente Tesis Doctoral se centra en el desarrollo de nuevos métodos de análisis basados en técnicas de ICP para llevar a cabo el análisis elemental e isotópico de muestras de bioetanol y muestras tomadas a lo largo del proceso de obtención de dicho biocombustible. Se ha empleado un sistema de consumo total de muestra, conocido como hTISIS, como sistema de introducción de muestras en ICP-OES para la cuantificación de metales mayoritarios y minoritarios, y en ICP-MS para la determinación de metales traza en bioetanol. El sistema hTISIS también se ha empleado con éxito para llevar a cabo el análisis isotópico de plomo en dichas muestras. Además, los metales encontrados en las muestras de bioetanol han sido monitorizados a lo largo del proceso de obtención del mismo para identificar el origen de dichos metales. Finalmente, se han determinado los compuestos volátiles presentes en diferentes muestras de bioetanol, con el objetivo de caracterizar las matrices y como estas pueden afectar a la exactitud de los métodos desarrollados, que emplean técnicas ICP para el análisis elemental e isotópico de este tipo de muestras.

A review of the main natural dyes (particularly yellow flavonoids and red anthraquinones) and proteinaceous substrates used in Historical Tapestries and North American porcupine quill work was undertaken, and is summarised in Chapter 1. The analysis of natural dyes which have been used on museum artefacts other than textiles has received little systematic study, particularly those of non-European origin. In this research, the use of Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) for study of natural dyes found on historical textiles and ethnographical objects decorated with porcupine quill work is explored; this required a transfer of existing analytical protocols and methodology. The advantages of using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) was evaluated through a method development based on the separation and quantification of ten flavonoid and anthraquinone dyes as described in Chapter 2. These methods were then applied to the characterisation of the dye sources found on a group of sixteenth century historical tapestries which form an important part of the Burrell Collection in Glasgow and are believed to have been manufactured in an English workshop (Chapter 3) and also to the analysis of some late nineteenth century North American porcupine quill work from a collection owned by National Museums Scotland (Chapter 5); allowing exciting conclusions to be drawn in each case about the range of dyestuffs used in their manufacture. The second aim of this research was the development of methodology for the non-invasive quantification of metal ion residues on porcupine quill substrates. This was achieved through a comparative study of reference porcupine quills prepared in-house with dyebaths containing a range of metal ion concentrations (copper and tin). The concentration of metal ions sorbed by the porcupine quills was then quantified with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) coupled to Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES) and non-invasive Particle Induced X-Ray Emission analysis (PIXE) coupled with Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) as described in Chapter 4. The responses provided by the different methods were compared and they were then applied to the study of micro-samples collected from mid-nineteenth century Northern Athapaskan porcupine quill work. Unexpectedly, the use of UPLC analysis and RBS-PIXE analysis allowed the characterisation of traded European natural dyes used with metallic mordants (copper and tin) on these samples, highlighting how European contact impacted on traditional Athapaskan porcupine quill work in the late nineteenth century (Chapter 5).

<p>The performance of different types of nebulisers: Vulkan direct injection nebuliser (Vulkan DIN), direct injection high efficiency nebuliser (DIHEN), microconcentric nebuliser coupled to cyclonic or double pass spray chamber (MCN-C or MCN-DP, respectively) was investigated and compared when used for sample introduction to ICP-MS or ICP-OES. With ICP-OES, in axial viewing mode, intensity distributions across the radius of the plasma (radial intensity profiles) were determined for different spectral lines with Esum 1.85-15.41 eV to determine fundamental plasma properties for various matrices using Vulkan DIN and MCN-C. The results showed that with the MCN-C the ionisation temperature (Tion) was about the same across the measured region of the plasma (±3.0 mm) whereas with the Vulkan DIN the Tion was significantly lower in the centre of the plasma. A large deviation from local thermodynamic equilibrium, as well as deteriorated stability, was observed for the plasma when using the Vulkan DIN.</p><p>With ICP-MS noise power spectra (NPS) were generated to identify sources of noise. NPS showed that the magnitude of white noise for the tested sample introduction systems decreased in the following order: Vulkan DIN > DIHEN > MCN-C > MCN-DP. This order follows the decrease of mean droplet size and span of the size distribution, indicating that the white noise is caused by spatial and temporal non-uniform desolvation and ionisation. Another source of noise arose from the peristaltic pump and the magnitude of pump interference noise decreased in the following order: DIHEN > MCN-C/DP > Vulkan DIN. Mains power interference noise and 1/f noise were lower for the direct injection nebulisers compared to the spray chamber systems. The contribution or effects of these noise components on relative standard deviations of steady-state ion-count rate and isotope ratio measurements is discussed in this thesis.</p><p>Aerosols generated by the Vulkan DIN and the DIHEN were also directly characterised using Particle Dynamic Analysis. The Vulkan DIN produced particles with a mean diameter of ~30 µm and a size distribution between 2-80 µm. With the DIHEN the corresponding values were ~11 µm and 1-40 µm, respectively, with a few particles at 55-78 µm. The mean velocity of particles from the Vulkan DIN was ~10 m s-1 and from the DIHEN ~18 m s-1. The lower velocity allows longer residence time counteracting the effects of the larger droplet size.</p>