Structural Health Monitoring provides ample opportunity for deep analysis of our infrastructure, including using the bridge as a scale through a process called (Bridge) Weigh in Motion (BWIM). Many variables impact the BWIM’s capabilities, accuracy, and by extension, overall usefulness. The overall goal of the research conducted was to identify methods of improving the accuracy and performance of BWIM. That goal was narrowed down to two specific objectives: 1) assess if a higher sampling rate leads to increased BWIM performance as postulated by some sources [1]; and 2) attempt to develop a means of analyzing complex multi-vehicle events where the distributed strain profile cannot be processed by the standard BWIM algorithms. The first objective was accomplished using a Matlab simulation to generate sampled strain signals, with different sampling nonidealities such as offsets in the start of captured events. The testing demonstrated that the sampling rate is sufficient at 100 Hz, with minute peak detection errors manifesting only when running at unreasonable levels of accuracy for the Matlab analysis. Given that information, there is potentially room for reducing the sampling rate which benefits BWIM installations by saving on data storage requirements. Beyond that, no further testing is recommended in the area of sampling rate. The second objective was accomplished by using higher-order signal processing techniques such as Independent Component Analysis (ICA). These techniques aim to, at a minimum, ensure that heavy-vehicle events are detected and recorded. A total of four tests were performed on Independent Component Analysis — two on simulated strain mixtures and two on signal samples collected from bridge data. The results of the tests demonstrate ICA may potentially be introduced into a BWIM implementation pending further refinements. The most likely targets for improvement are through analyzing the independence of truck signals using correlation, taking measures to decorrelate the mixtures, and also testing whether post-separation filtering of the strain readings impacts the result. Notwithstanding those areas of improvement, the overall verdict is that a clear recommendation for using ICA in active BWIM analysis is not currently feasible. / October 2015

Syftet med detta arbete var att få en djupare förståelse för vad som motiverar ICA-handlare, vilka risker och utmaningar som finns i en organisation som ICA med flera lokala ägare och chefer, samt hur man hanterar dessa. Detta är gjort ur ett perspektiv baserat på teorier gällande motivation och incitament hos individer inom en organisation. Våra slutsatser är att ICA-handlare drivs av både intern och extern motivation i olika delar av deras karriär, samt av olika grader av makt och viljan att åstadkomma. Vi ser också att lokala chefer kan ha mål och incitament som står i konflikt med organisationens övergripande mål. Vi kommer också fram till hur man kan förebygga och hantera situationen som uppkommer då ledare blir alltför bekväma i sitt agerande och inte längre bidrar på bästa sätt.

<p>Både ICA och Coop vill genom reklammaterialet förmedla en profil av välkända varumärken, förmånliga erbjudanden och kvalitet, vilket båda har lyckats att överföra till fokusgrupperna. Fokusgrupperna ansåg att reklamfilmer från Coop var tråkiga, traditionella och produktfokuserade medan ICA: s upplevdes som sevärd och rolig underhållning. Medan ICA vill förmedla gemenskap i analysmaterialet vill Coop förmedla en professionell relation. De vill båda skapa trovärdighet och identifikation samt kärlek och välkomnande i det undersökta materialet. Båda har lyckats att skapa igenkännande och trygghet, men Coop har inte lyckats att förmedla den professionella relationen till fokusgrupperna. Med ICA kände fokusgrupperna gemenskap och förväntningar, inte med Coop. Fokusgrupperna förknippade ICA med en liten mataffär. Coop förknippades av fokusgrupperna med en stormarknad och stort produktutbud.</p>

Både ICA och Coop vill genom reklammaterialet förmedla en profil av välkända varumärken, förmånliga erbjudanden och kvalitet, vilket båda har lyckats att överföra till fokusgrupperna. Fokusgrupperna ansåg att reklamfilmer från Coop var tråkiga, traditionella och produktfokuserade medan ICA: s upplevdes som sevärd och rolig underhållning. Medan ICA vill förmedla gemenskap i analysmaterialet vill Coop förmedla en professionell relation. De vill båda skapa trovärdighet och identifikation samt kärlek och välkomnande i det undersökta materialet. Båda har lyckats att skapa igenkännande och trygghet, men Coop har inte lyckats att förmedla den professionella relationen till fokusgrupperna. Med ICA kände fokusgrupperna gemenskap och förväntningar, inte med Coop. Fokusgrupperna förknippade ICA med en liten mataffär. Coop förknippades av fokusgrupperna med en stormarknad och stort produktutbud.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur ICA arbetar med corporate social responsibilty och hur de väljer att kommunicera ansvarstagandet samt hur det uppfattas av deras konsumenter. Metoderna som använts är textanalys med retorisk inriktning, analys av sekundärempiriskt material med ett hermeneutiskt synsätt. I analysen framgår det att det finns mycket information om ICAs arbete om CSR, men nästan ingen information om hur de kommunicerar ansvarstagandet. Undersökningar som genomförts visar att konsumenter anser att informationen om ICAs arbete med CSR är bristfällig. Det finns ett behov hos konsumenterna, som önskar förbättrad kommunikation och information av ICAs samhällsansvar.

This work presents the application of the theory and algorithms of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to blind multiuser symbol estimation in downlink of Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) communication system. The main focus is on blind separation of convolved CDMA mixture and the improvement of the downlink symbol estimation. Term blind implies that the separation is performed based upon the observation only. Since the knowledge of system parameter is available only in the downlink environment, the blind multiuser detection algorithm is an attractive option in the downlink.<p>Firstly, the basic principles of ICA are introduced. The objective function and optimization algorithm of ICA are discussed. A typical ICA method, one of the benchmark methods for ICA, FastICA, is considered in details. Another typical ICA algorithm, InfoMAX, is introduced as well, followed by numerical experiment to evaluate two ICA algorithms.<p>Secondly, FastICA is proposed for blind multiuser symbol estimation as the statistical independence condition of the source signals is always met. The system model of simulation in downlink of DS-CDMA system is discussed and then an ICA based DS-CDMA downlink detector has been implemented with MATLAB. A comparison between the conventional Single User Detection (SUD) receiver and ICA detector has been made and the simulation results are analyzed as well. The results show that ICA detector is capable of blindly solving multiuser symbol estimation problem in downlink of DS-CDMA system.<p>The convergence of ICA algorithm is, then, discussed to obtain more stable simulation results. A joint detector, which combines ICA and SUD and where ICA is considered as an additional element attached to SUD detector, has been implemented. It was demonstrated that the joint detector gives the lowest error probability compared to conventional SUD receiver and pure ICA detector with training sequences.

This work presents the application of the theory and algorithms of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to blind multiuser symbol estimation in downlink of Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) communication system. The main focus is on blind separation of convolved CDMA mixture and the improvement of the downlink symbol estimation. Term blind implies that the separation is performed based upon the observation only. Since the knowledge of system parameter is available only in the downlink environment, the blind multiuser detection algorithm is an attractive option in the downlink.<p>Firstly, the basic principles of ICA are introduced. The objective function and optimization algorithm of ICA are discussed. A typical ICA method, one of the benchmark methods for ICA, FastICA, is considered in details. Another typical ICA algorithm, InfoMAX, is introduced as well, followed by numerical experiment to evaluate two ICA algorithms.<p>Secondly, FastICA is proposed for blind multiuser symbol estimation as the statistical independence condition of the source signals is always met. The system model of simulation in downlink of DS-CDMA system is discussed and then an ICA based DS-CDMA downlink detector has been implemented with MATLAB. A comparison between the conventional Single User Detection (SUD) receiver and ICA detector has been made and the simulation results are analyzed as well. The results show that ICA detector is capable of blindly solving multiuser symbol estimation problem in downlink of DS-CDMA system.<p>The convergence of ICA algorithm is, then, discussed to obtain more stable simulation results. A joint detector, which combines ICA and SUD and where ICA is considered as an additional element attached to SUD detector, has been implemented. It was demonstrated that the joint detector gives the lowest error probability compared to conventional SUD receiver and pure ICA detector with training sequences.

El presente trabajo de investigación titulado “Análisis de los Impactos Socioambientales y la Percepción de la Población del Cambio de Uso de Suelo de Zona Agrícola a Zona Urbana en el Desarrollo Urbano e Inmobiliario del Distrito de Ica, Perú: El Caso de La Hacienda San José, Periodo 2003 al 2017”, tiene como fin identificar los principales impactos ambientales y sociales asociados al proceso de Cambio de Uso de Suelo de zona agrícola a zona urbana en lo que fue una parte de las parcelas de la hacienda San José ubicada en la ciudad de Ica hasta el año 1968, época en la que se dio el proceso de Reforma Agraria por el presidente Velazco Alvarado y empezaron a hacerse las modificaciones en la distribución territorial. Mediante esta investigación, se busca identificar los principales impactos que implica la predominancia de construcción de viviendas y nuevas urbanizaciones para la creciente población urbana de la ciudad de Ica. También se busca entender de qué manera la población afectada o involucrada en este proceso percibe dichos impactos y la manera en que el Cambio de Uso de Suelo en el área de estudio tiene implicancias sobre el desarrollo territorial y el desarrollo inmobiliario de la ciudad. / Tesis

El plan estratégico de la región Ica tiene como objetivo principal establecer las estrategias que le permitan llegar a su visión de largo plazo, es decir ser reconocida por ser el principal agroexportador de espárragos, palta y uva, y uno de los principales destinos del turismo en el Perú. Para lograrlo es necesario que en el corto plazo se trabaje sobre la red vial de la región y la infraestructura logística, la calidad de vida de la población, la superación de los problemas hídricos, el ordenamiento y migración de cultivos no rentables a cultivos rentables. Luego del análisis de la situación actual de la región Ica y una evaluación interna y externas se identificaron oportunidades y amenazas que afectaran al entorno externo y fortalezas y debilidades que deben ser trabajadas internamente. A partir de ellas se generaron estrategias que permitan llegar a la visión de la región Ica en 2027. Mediante el análisis FODA se lograron elaborar 28 estrategias, de las cuales se retuvieron 12 y se guardaron 13 de contingencia. A fin de lograr la visión se plantearon cinco Objetivos de Largo Plazo, orientados a incrementar la exportación de palta, uva y esparrago, y explotar el atractivo turístico de la región. Los Objetivos de Largo Plazo fueron desagregados en 30 Objetivos de Corto Plazo, que buscan cumplir metas que serán posteriormente medidas mediante el Balanced Scorecard. Finalmente, la región Ica tiene potencial agrícola y turístico, los cuales deben ser explotados a fin de beneficiar a la población, y servir de motores para el crecimiento económico de la región, logrando ser una de las regiones más desarrolladas del Perú / The main objective of the strategic plan of the Ica region is to establish the strategies that will allow it to reach its long-term vision, that is, to be recognized as the main agroexporter of asparagus, avocado and grape, and one of the main destinations for tourism in Peru. To achieve this, it is necessary that in the short term we work on the road network of the region and the logistics infrastructure, the quality of life of the population, the overcoming of water problems, the ordering and migration of unprofitable crops to profitable crops. After analyzing the current situation of the Ica region and an internal and external evaluation, opportunities and threats were identified that affect the external environment and strengths and weaknesses that must be worked internally. Based on these, strategies were generated to reach the vision of the Ica region in 2027. Through the SWOT analysis, 28 strategies were developed, of which 12 were retained and 13 were kept for contingency. In order to achieve the vision, five Long Term Objectives were proposed, aimed at increasing the export of avocado, grape and asparagus, and exploiting the tourist attraction of the region. The Long Term Objectives were disaggregated into 36 Short Term Objectives, which seek to meet goals that will be subsequently measured through the Balanced Scorecard. Finally, the Ica region has agricultural and tourist potential, which must be exploited in order to benefit the population, and serve as engines for the economic growth of the region, making it one of the most developed regions of Peru / Tesis

Ica es una de las regiones peruanas con mayor crecimiento y desarrollo en los últimos 30 años. Los indicadores económicos, sociales, demográficos y culturales lo demuestran. De la misma manera la Región Ica busca que esta bonanza se mantenga en el futuro y que el crecimiento siga igual de sostenido o incluso sea mayor. Para lograr esto, la Región Ica se ha basado en 4 pilares económicos fundamentales: (1) la industria extractiva a través del gas licuado de petróleo que viene de la Región Cusco y del hierro que es extraído de Marcona; (2) la industria de la manufactura que recae en la exportación agroindustrial y de prendas de algodón; (3) la industria agropecuaria que lidera el país con productos como el espárrago, la palta, uva, mangos, arándanos, entre muchos otros; (4) finalmente, la pesquería, que está fortalecida por el aporte en harinas y conservas de pescado. El objetivo del presente plan estratégico es determinar la situación actual de la Región Ica y cuál será su situación en 10 años (Propuesta 2027), y en base a este diagnóstico poder establecer objetivos a largo plazo y que a través de estrategias claras y medibles se pueda llegar a esta situación futura esperada. La región Ica se encuentra ubicada estratégicamente en el centro de la costa peruana con salida al mar, con una población con mano de obra calificada y semi calificada atractiva para el inversionista; cercanía vía terrestre con Lima y muy pronto con toda la nación e incluso internacionalmente con la construcción del aeropuerto internacional de Pisco; tierras agrícolas muy fértiles a pesar de encontrarse en el desierto con tecnología de riego moderna; excelente clima todo el año, entre muchas otras fortalezas. La propuesta del plan estratégico será potenciar aquellas industrias en las que Ica es líder y que son las más rentables como la exportación de espárrago y palta, pero también activar (bajo un sustento de rentabilidad) la industria del turismo, sobre todo el de aventura en la región, el cual no sólo es muy rentable, sino que traerá beneficio sostenible a toda la región. / Ica is one of the Peruvian regions with the highest growth and development in the last 30 years. The economic, social, demographic and cultural indicators prove it. In the same way the Ica region seeks that this bonanza is sustainable in the future and that growth continues in a sustained way or even greater. To achieve this, the Ica region has been based on 4 fundamental economic pillars: (1) The extractive industry through the liquefied petroleum gas that comes from the Cusco region and the iron extracted from Marcona. (2) The manufacturing industry that relies on the agroindustry exports and cotton garments. (3) The agricultural industry that leads the country with products such as asparagus, avocado, grapes, mangoes, blueberries, among many others. (4) Finally, the fishery, which is strengthened by the contribution in fish flour and canned fish. The objective of this strategic plan is to determine what is Ica today and how we want it to be in 10 years (Proposal 2027), and based on this diagnosis or current photo, establish long-term objectives that through clear and measurable strategies can reach this expected future situation. The Ica region has everything to make this a reality: it is strategically located in the center of the Peruvian coast with access to the sea, with a population of skilled and semi-skilled labor attractive to investors, close by land to Lima and very soon with the whole nation and even internationally with the construction of the international airport of Pisco, very fertile agricultural land despite being in the desert with modern irrigation technology, excellent weather all year round, among many other fortresses. The proposal of the strategic plan will be to promote those industries of which we are leaders and which are the most profitable as the export of asparagus and avocado, but also activate (under a profitability rationale) the tourism industry, especially the adventure tourism in our region, which is not only very profitable but will bring sustainable benefit to the entire region. / Tesis