The purpose of this paper is to investigate how idioms help the building of opposing characters in a literary work and also what similarities and differences there are in the usage of idioms between the characters. The material, i.e. the idioms, in this study was manually collected from Othello written by William Shakespeare. The material was analyzed and categorized according to a list of idiomatic properties. The material was also analyzed according to the tone of the idioms. The results showed that there was not any prominent difference in usage of idioms between the two characters; neither in general nor in the tone of the idiom. The results suggested, however, that the idioms were used in a negative sense, regardless of character.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена сравнению фразеологизмов с названиями частей тела человека с китайского языка на русский. Цель данного исследования является разработка методических основ перевода символики соматической фразеологии с китайского языка на русский язык. Структура работы состоит из двух глав :теоретической и практической. В теоретической части рассматриваются фразеологические единицы с элементом «части тела человека» как особый класс лексики китайского языка и функционирование в ней фразеологии с элементами «части тела». В практической части анализируются принципы адекватности и эквивалентности при переводе соматической лексики и трудности с китайского языка на русский язык. В результате анализа определены трудности перевода фразеологизмов с элементами частей тела с китайского языка на русский и для адекватности и эквивалентности определены способы перевода. Эти результаты могут быть использованы на занятиях по лексикологии, фразеологии и фразеографии, при чтении курсов по переводоведению. / The master dissertation is devoted to the comparison of idioms with the names of parts of the human body from Chinese to Russian. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodological basis for translating the symbols of somatic phraseology from Chinese into Russian. The structure of the work consists of two chapters: theoretical and practical.In the theoretical part, idioms units with the element of "parts of the human body" are considered as a special class of vocabulary of the Chinese language and the functioning of idiom in it with elements of "parts of the body". The practical part analyzes the principles of adequacy and equivalence in the translation of somatic vocabulary and the difficulties from Chinese into Russian. As a result of the analysis, the difficulties of translating idiom units with elements of body parts from Chinese into Russian were identified, and translation methods were determined for adequacy and equivalence. These results can be used in lexicology, phraseology and phraseography classes, while reading courses in translation studies.

The purpose of this study is to examine the pitch content and compositional techniques of Takemitsu's recent solo piano works, which have not been analyzed by Koozin, and to trace the evolution of his techniques in his solo piano works during his career. It also discusses how Takemitsu projects his philosophy and aesthetics of musical composition through Western musical idioms.

How a person is treated because of their gender is potentially very frustrating. I use bird plumage patterns to illustrate humans as animals and idioms in language to illustrate these ideas. The artworks by Natalie McLaurin mentioned in the paper are You didn’t see me, Untitled. Nancy Horne, Don’t be such a Nostradamus Wild Beast, Don’t be such a Nostradamus Man Beast, Don’t be such a Nostradamus Air Beast, Don’t be such a Nostradamus Domesticated Beast, Ballet Lessons, Throwing a Fit and Falling in it, Gravel Kick, Cocksure, Peckerhead, Mockery, Naked as a Jaybird, Naked as a Jaybird too, Naked as a Jaybird as well,Tennessee Trash, Tennessee Trash State Animal, the Raccoon, Beard Measuring Contest, Cockery Mockery, He needs me, Chaka Kahn thinks she is the mocking bird of babes, Territorial Peckerhead, Tennessee, Territorial Peckerhead, Bed-Stuy, and Territorial Peckerhead, 7th Ward.

This purpose of this thesis is to explore the relationship between idiomatic knowledge and second language proficiency. As the amount of research directly related to this topic is sparse, an in-depth discussion of relevant research and definitions comprises the first part of this paper. Two studies are then presented here that test the relationship between idiomatic knowledge and second language proficiency. A new definition for idioms proposes that all non-compositional phrases, popularized by usage, that is stored, retrieved, and employed as a single lexical unit. The results from more than 400 participants across two studies indicate that the two constructs are strongly correlated, but that the observable relationship between them is only modest. Additional results from the two studies also indicate that idiomatic knowledge is more strongly correlated with speaking skill than with writing or reading skills. The impacts of this study on existing research are discussed and directions for new research is suggested.

The thesis examines the comprehension of English idioms with body part components by Turkish learners, i.e., the strategies they use when guessing the meaning of idioms. Fifteen English idioms are taken from the British National Corpus and are selected to meet the criteria of the width of range and the frequency of usage / also idioms with a bigger amount of representation, as well as idioms having and not having Turkish analogues and equivalents are included. The research is mainly based on the assumptions of the theory of Conceptual metaphors (Lakoff &amp / Johnson, 2003 / Lakoff, 1987) which emphasizes an extensive role of metaphors in humans&rsquo / life. The study is conducted among first-year students from different departments of Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara. Retrospective data collection method is applied / the validity and reliability of data in the present study is achieved by the application of three research methods: questionnaires, interviews, and think-aloud protocols. The obtained data are analyzed, and it is found out that Turkish learners prefer to comprehend English idioms through associations rather than concepts and universals.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the characteristic features and meaning of number idioms in the English and Lithuanian languages and determine similarities and differences in symbolic meaning conveyed by numbers in the two cultures. The research has been conducted adopting both quantitative and qualitative approaches, focusing on the main theoretical issues related to idioms and such universal and abstract phenomenon as "number" in the English and Lithuanian idioms, and searching for the relationships between number idioms in the two languages. In order to illustrate the main similarities and differences between two languages, 156 English and 212 Lithuanian idioms containing the cardinal and ordinal numbers from one to ten were subjected to the analysis. The contrastive, descriptive and statistic analysis methods were employed in the research. The results of the analysis showed that the numbers one (70 instances) and two (47 instances) are the most productive numbers in the English idioms; whereas, in the Lithuanian idioms besides the same numbers, one (99 instances) and two (35 instances), the number nine (39 instances) is common. The research demonstrated that numbers in the idioms of both languages communicate non-quantitative meaning more often than quantitative meaning. It was discovered that the choice of numbers in the idioms might be determined by logic and reality or reflect some cultural point of view. The analysis showed that the numbers one, three, six... [to full text] / Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti lietuviškų ir angliškų idiomų su skaičiais ypatumus ir reikšmes (vadovaujamasi anglų-amerikiečių tradicija terminas „idioma“ yra vartojamas vietoj lietuviško termino „frazeologizmas“); nustatyti panašumus ir skirtumus tarp skaičių simbolinių reikšmių dviejose kultūrose ir pamėginti juos paaiškinti. Tyrimui atlikti buvo naudojamasi kiekybine ir kokybine analizė, bei teorine medžiaga, susijusi su idiomų ir skaičių simbolinėmis rekšmėmis. Šiame darbe aptariami tokie teoriniai aspektai, kaip idiomos apibrėžimo problema, kriterijai naudojami atskirti idiomas nuo laisvųjų žodžių junginių, idiomų semantinė klasifikacija, ir idiomų ir kultūros ryšiai. Pagrindiniams dviejų kalbų idiomų panašumams ir skirtumams pagrįsti buvo surinktos 156 anglų ir 212 lietuvių kalbų idiomos. Analizės rezultatai parodė, kad skaičiai vienas (70 idiomos) ir du (47 idiomos) yra dažniausiai pasitaikaintys skaičiai anglų kalbos idiomose, tuo tarpu lietuvių kalbos idiomose apart tų pačių skaičių, vienas (99 idiomos) ir du (35 idiomos), yra paplytęs skaičius devyni (39 idiomos). Skaičių vienas is du dažnumas idiomose negali būti paaiškintas iš simbolinės pusės. Šių skaičių vartojimą daugiausia lemia logika ir realybė. Tačiau skaičiaus devyni dažnas vartojimas lietuviškose idiomose parodo šio skaičiaus glaudų ryšį su Lietuvos kultūra. Analizė atskleidė, kad skaičiai anglų ir lietuvių kalbų idiomose gali sukelti abiems tautoms panašias ir skirtingas asociacijas. Analizė parodė, kad... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reading comprehension of deaf and hearing subjects was affected by the presence of idiomatic language in passages.The Test Of Idioms was constructed to determine the effect of idiomatic language on reading comprehension. It consisted of twelve passages. The four forms differed in the presence or absence of idiomatic language. The Test Of Idioms was evaluated by three judges. Form A and Form D were piloted to standardize the directions for administration and to assess the reliability of the instrument. The reliability for Form A was .93 and .89 for Form D.The subjects in this study were 54 students at the Indiana School for the Deaf who were prelingually, profoundly deaf and had no other handicapping conditions. The hearing subjects consisted of 91 students from the New Castle Community School System who were in grades three or four, had never been retained and had no handicapping conditions. Both deaf and hearing subjects were randomly assigned to take one of the four forms of the Test Of Idioms.The following results were obtained. The deaf subjects did not differ significantly across groups in their ability to comprehend passages with varying levels of idiomatic language. The hearing subjects did not differ significantly across groups in their ability to comprehend passages containing varying levels of idiomatic language. In addition, within groups the deaf and hearing subjects did not differ in their comprehension of passages as a function of the ability or inability to define the idioms contained in the passages.The findings of the study were interpreted to mean that when idioms are embedded in passages where sufficient contextual support is available and extraneous factors are controlled, comprehension is not impaired for deaf or hearing subjects. In addition ability to define an idiom is not an accurate predictor of comprehension ability for reading materials containing idiomatic language.

This dissertation explores the robust confluence of syntactic and cultural factors involved in the structure and content of chéngyǔ. It unpacks a number of structural tendencies in the data sample, and illuminates selected underlying cultural themes. The presence of syntactic and semantic parallelism within chéngyǔ in the dataset, as an expression of the correlative Chinese philosophy of the wǔxíng (五行 ‘Five Phases’ or ‘Five Elements’ of the universe), is a recurring point. Syntactic parallelism is demonstrated via chéngyǔ with invertible elements and by the overwhelming preference for syntactic parallelism, in particular the # N # N structure. Semantic parallelism is demonstrated via content words with related semantic fields or separable content words. The Chinese philosophical concepts of yīn and yáng are shown to have a clear impact on the use of numbers within chéngyǔ. Yīn and yáng are preferably arranged in balance with each other. If only one is present, however, then yáng is considered to be preferable over yīn. The interaction between the numbers within chéngyǔ has several pragmatic effects. For example, the combination of the numbers qī (七 'seven') and bā (八 'eight') is used to suggest disorder, untidiness or physical or emotional disturbance (Pellatt 2007:96). Bàn (半 ‘half’) may be used in chéngyǔ to denote the meaning of ‘a proportion.’ It also may be used together with yī (一 ‘one’) to indicate ‘any at all’ as well as a cluster of closely related concepts generally indicating ‘the existence of a small amount.’ Numbers also often have the effect of highlighting the contrast between two content words. Some chéngyǔ have a clearcut syntactic analysis, others do not. This is due to their highly elliptical and idiomatic nature, the fact that many lexemes can fall into more than one word class, and the fact that chéngyǔ are frozen expressions that often preserve some grammatical structures from Classical Chinese. Additionally, chéngyǔ do include conceptual metaphors, from the standpoint of the conceptual theory of metaphor launched with Lakoff and Johnson (1980). / Department of English

PINTO, Gabriel Leite Vasconcelos. Estratégias de compreensão de expressões idiomáticas. 2015. 128f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras – Mestrado Profissional em Letras (PROFLETRAS), Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-02T11:34:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_glvpinto.pdf: 5585657 bytes, checksum: 2a7647c6be375f49d9dac76059ac05e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-03T12:12:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_glvpinto.pdf: 5585657 bytes, checksum: 2a7647c6be375f49d9dac76059ac05e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-03T12:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_glvpinto.pdf: 5585657 bytes, checksum: 2a7647c6be375f49d9dac76059ac05e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a compreensão das expressões idiomáticas em língua materna, visando ao aprimoramento no reconhecimento do sentido das EIs através do contexto do texto. Com bases teóricas que congregam a Fraseologia e a Psicolinguística, o presente trabalho tem cunho metodológico experimental. Para a geração de dados, ela se utilizou da pesquisa-ação, através da aplicação de uma sequência didática adaptada de Dolz, Noverraz & Schneuwly (2004), em uma turma do sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública municipal de Fortaleza, com um teste diagnóstico aplicado antes dos módulos da SD e um teste avaliativo, aplicado no final. Além disso, a pesquisa utilizou uma turma controle em que foram aplicados somente os testes, para que os dados coletados nas duas turmas pudessem ser comparados. As atividades constaram de textos projetados em slides em que eram destacadas expressões idiomáticas cujo sentido poderia ser reconhecido pelo contexto. Assim, o professor incentivou a ativação do conhecimento prévio dos alunos, a predição e a inferenciação para que eles pudessem compreender melhor o significado da EI. Como resultados, a pesquisa demonstrou que as estratégias de leitura podem ser uma ferramenta muito importante para a desautomatização do processo de apreensão do sentido das expressões idiomáticas, além de ampliar as habilidades de leitura dos alunos de uma maneira participativa e reflexiva.