Submitted by Pedro Henrique Rodrigues (pedro.henriquer@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-05T19:54:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 rcaa-dissertacao.pdf: 2306258 bytes, checksum: c627fb646b9c6f3cadf93565c0b59dd9 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:54:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 rcaa-dissertacao.pdf: 2306258 bytes, checksum: c627fb646b9c6f3cadf93565c0b59dd9 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-02 / FACEPE, CNPq, INES / Companies are adopting the Software Product Line (SPL) development paradigm to obtain significant improvements in time to market, maintenance cost, productivity, and quality of products. SPL encompasses a family of software-intensive systems developed from reusable assets. By reusing such assets, it is possible to construct a large number of different products applying various compositions. There is a variety of widely used techniques to develop SPLs, such as aspect-oriented programming (AOP), feature-oriented programming (FOP), and conditional compilation. These techniques differ in the type of composition to create a product within the SPL static or dynamically. In this context, it is important to define when certain features should be activated in the product due to specific client requirements and different application scenarios. Thereby, the binding time of a feature is the time that one decides to activate or deactivate the feature from a product. In general, static and dynamic binding times are considered. For example, products for devices with constrained resources may use static binding time instead of dynamic due to the performance overhead introduced by the latter. For devices without constrained resources, the binding time can be flexible, features can be activated or deactivated statically or users may do it on demand (dynamically). To provide flexible binding time for features, researchers proposed an AOP idiom based on AspectJ and design patterns named Edicts. The idea consists of supporting binding time flexibility of features in a modular and convenient way. However, we observe modularity problems in the Edicts idiom. Although we usually use aspects to tackle crosscutting concerns common in classes, such a problem now appears within the own aspects. Indeed, several studies indicate that these concerns hurt software modularity. This way, we observe that Edicts clones, scatters, and tangles code throughout its implementation, which may lead to time consuming tasks, such as maintaining duplicated code. This way, we develop three idioms and implement them to provide flexible binding time for features of four different applications. In addition, we evaluate Edicts and the three idioms quantitatively by means of metrics with respect to code tangling, scattering, cloning, size, and also try to guarantee that our idioms do not change feature code behavior among the different implementations.

M.A. / CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The idiom is defined in this chapter. Information gathered from different sources including books is used to differentiate the idiom from the proverb. CHAPTER 2 THE ORIGIN OF IDIOMS Some sources, from which Northern Sotho idioms originate are discussed. The semantic and grammatical characteristics of idioms are also examined in the second chapter. CHAPTER 3 SOME SYNTACTICAL PATTERNS OF NORTHERN SOTHO IDIOMS This chapter is based on the main aim of this study. Most informants from whom some idioms were gathered, could not give their syntactical patterns, nor differentiate them from proverbs. Special idiomatic patterns are formed with verb-stems in the infinitive mood followed by nouns, pronouns, adverbs etc. as adjuncts. CHAPTER 4 THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF IDIOMS In the fourth chapter, the content of idioms and experiences to which these idioms give expression, are treated comprehensively. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION Idiomatic patterns in Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, Tswana and Tsonga

M.A. / Growth and change in the idiomatic lore of Northern Sotho in Mamelodi has emphasized the need for a thorough study on emergent idioms. There is abundant evidence that Northern Sotho as a language abounds in idioms covering all phases of the experience and life of the people ...

This thesis investigates what types of teaching approaches and methods can be used when teaching idiomatic expressions to learners of English. The method used is a small-scale research synthesis where studies are summarized, compared and discussed. An overview of the teaching approaches and methods provide an outline of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach/method in connection to the purpose of teaching idioms to language learners of English. Several different descriptions of idioms are merged into one that is used in this research synthesis. The results indicate that even though teaching procedures appealing to Multiple Intelligences are most common in the articles used for this thesis, there are several different ways to improve learners’ idiom comprehension. Every teacher should have in mind that all students are unique and learn in different ways but some generalizations can be helpful when planning lessons. Keywords: idioms, figurative language, teaching method, teaching approach

Магистерская диссертация посвящена сравнению фразеологизмов с названиями насекомых в русском и китайском языках и их перевод. Цель исследования: выявить сходства и различия русских и китайских фразеологизмах с названиями насекомых с точки зрения лингвистики и лингвокультурологии; сопоставить эквивалентности при переводе фразеологизмов в двух языках; обобщить способы перевода фразеологизмов. Структура работы состоит из двух глав: теоретической и практической. В теоретической части рассматриваются основные подходы к пониманию фразеологизма и его особенности в русском и китайском языках, концепт «насекомое» в китайской и русской фразеологии, сопоставительное изучение фразеологии в России и Китае и проблемы перевода фразеологизма. В практической части анализируются семантики русских и китайских фразеологизмов с названиями насекомых и эквивалентности при их переводе. В результате анализа выявлены как универсальные, так и национально-культурные черты фразеологии двух языков, а также нашли эквиваленты и обобщили методы перевода фразеологических единиц. Данная работа вносит определённый вклад в изучение проблем лексикологии, лингвокультурологии и переводоведения о фразеологизмах, и его результаты могут быть использованы при изучении этих дисциплин. / The master dissertation is devoted to the comparison of idioms with the names of insects in Russian and Chinese and their translation. The purposes of the study is to identify the similarities and differences between Russian and Chinese idioms with the names of insects from the point of view of linguoculturalism; compare the equivalences when translating these idioms in two languages; generalize the ways of translation of idioms. The structure of the work consists of two chapters: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part examines the main approaches to understanding “idioms” and its features in Russian and Chinese, the concept of "insect" in Chinese and Russian phraseology, the comparative study of idioms in Russia and China and the problems of idioms’ translation. The practical part analyzes the semantics of Russian and Chinese idioms with the names of insects and equivalences in their translation. As a result of the analysis, both universal and national-cultural features of the idioms of the two languages were identified, equivalents were founded and the methods of translating idioms were also summarized. This work makes a certain contribution to the study of the problems of lexicology, linguoculturology and translation studies about phraseological units, and its results can be used in the study of these disciplines.

The study investigated the experience of language brokering in highly proficient Chinese-English bilinguals where 50% of them were language brokers. Essentially, language brokering as a phenomenon is the activity of informal translation to facilitate communication between persons and languages. Predominantly from first- and second-generation immigrant households, brokers take on many different settings and materials to achieve these informal translation activities and tasks. It has been shown in previous studies, that brokers tend to be more agile and dynamic across languages. The present study used counterpart idioms to test language brokers and non-brokers recording their accuracy. The counterpart idiom judgment task tested idiom type (decomposability and familiarity) in both English and Chinese language directions [e.g., English direction “kill two birds with one stone”, answer “一石二鸟”- pin yin: yī shí èr niǎo (figurative meaning in both English and Chinese – “to succeed in achieving two things in a single action”)]. Findings showed that brokers similarly scored in decomposable idioms (D) and non-decomposable (ND) particularly in Chinese. Non-brokers showed significantly differently in both decomposable (D) and non-decomposable (ND) idioms where decomposable idioms (D) scored greater than non-decomposable (ND) in Chinese. Both groups responded more accurately in D than ND in English. Overall, brokers had a higher accuracy than non-brokers and responded more similarly across languages, idiom types (decomposable and non-decomposable), and familiar and unfamiliar idioms. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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As Scratch has become one of the most popular educational programming languages, understanding its common programming idioms can benefit both computing educators and learners. This understanding can fine-tune the curricular development to help learners master the fundamentals of writing idiomatic code in their programming pursuits. Unfortunately, the research community's understanding of what constitutes idiomatic Scratch code has been limited. To help bridge this knowledge gap, we systematically identified idioms as based on canonical source code, presented in widely available educational materials. We implemented a tool that automatically detects these idioms to assess their prevalence within a large dataset of over 70K Scratch projects in different demographic and project categories. Since communal learning and the practice of remixing are one of the cornerstones of the Scratch programming community, we studied the relationship between common programming idioms and remixes. Having analyzed the original projects and their remixes, we observed that different idioms may associate with dissimilar types of code changes. Code changes in remixes are desirable, as they require a meaningful programming effort that spurs the learning process. The ability to substantially change a project in its remixes hinges on the project's code being easy to understand and modify. Our findings suggest that the presence of certain common idioms can indeed positively impact the degree of code changes in remixes. Our findings can help form a foundation of what comprises common Scratch programming idioms, thus benefiting both introductory computing education and Scratch programming tools. / Master of Science / With over 68 million users and growing, Scratch has become one of the most popular programming languages for introductory computing learners. As with learning any programming language, understanding common programming idioms used in the language's application domain is important for both computing educators and learners. Educators need this understanding in order to fine-tune their curricular development, while learners can leverage this knowledge to effectively master the fundamentals by writing idiomatic code. Unfortunately, our understanding of what constitutes idiomatic Scratch code thus far has been limited. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically identified idioms based on source code with good code quality, as presented in widely available educational materials. We implemented a tool that automatically detects these idioms to assess their prevalence within a large, diverse dataset of over 70K Scratch projects. Since communal learning and the practice of remixing are one of the cornerstones of the Scratch programming community, we studied the relationship between common programming idioms and remixes. Having analyzed the original projects and their remixes, we found that different idioms may associate with dissimilar types of code changes. The ability to change a project in its remixes hinges on the project's code being easy to understand and modify. Our findings suggest that the presence of certain common idioms can positively impact the degree of code changes in remixes. Our findings can help form a foundation of what comprises common Scratch programming idioms, thus benefiting both introductory computing education and Scratch programming tools.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Translation Studies and Linguistics)) --University of Limpopo, 2017 / This study examines the translation of idioms and fixed expressions between Tshivenḓa and English. The aim of the study is to explore factors that lead to the mistranslation of idioms and fixed expressions between the two languages. The study presents problems that are encountered in the translation of the idioms and fixed expressions between these languages and looks at translation strategies that can be used. In translating idioms, the translator encounters various difficulties that are not usually easy to overcome mainly due to lack of equivalence. It is rare to come across an idiom in the source language that shares the same form and meaning in the target language. In order to deal with the problems that arise in the process of translation, translators use various strategies. Among others, the translator must have extensive knowledge about the function of idioms in the source and target languages. From the data collected, the study revealed that there are numerous problems that the translator comes across in the process of translation. These include the ambiguity of idioms; idioms expressing meaning at a literal level; idioms that do not exist in the target language and the frequency of use of an idiom. The study adopted the qualitative research approach to collect and analyse data. Through use of this approach, it was noted that the translator needs to take into account cultures associated with the languages involved as well as the context in the translation process. The translation of idioms cannot be properly done without considering the impact of culture. A translator must be well-versed in the culture of both the source and target languages. It is important for one to know that language and culture are two entities that are inseparable. Idioms and fixed expressions express the uniqueness of the language and culture of the respective languages. Therefore, translators must have a comprehensive knowledge base of both languages and cultural context. From the recommendations made in this study, the following are the most prominent ones: Linguists should be exposed to idiomatic expressions in order to enhance their knowledge of the translation of idioms and fixed expressions. There are instances where idioms are translated literally because the translator does not understand or recognise the idiom. Therefore, this study recommends that translators need to learn more about idioms in order to have better understanding of translation of idioms and fixed expressions. Translators need to learn more about the translation strategies that are available to deal with the translation of idioms and fixed expressions. The first strategy is translation by using an idiom of similar meaning and form. This strategy involves using an idiom in the target language consisting of equivalent lexical items, which conveys roughly the same meaning as that of the source-language idiom. The second strategy is translation by idioms of similar meaning but dissimilar form. This strategy uses an idiom in the target language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or expression, but consists of different lexical items. The third strategy is translation by paraphrasing. In this strategy, the translator transfers the meaning of an idiom using a single word or a group of words which roughly correspond to the meaning of the idiom but is not an idiom itself. The fourth strategy is translation by omission. This is used to completely omit the idiom from the target text where there is no close match between the items of the two languages. Where the idiom is very difficult for the translator, one tries to eliminate the whole part of the idiom. The fifth strategy is translation by a superordinate. This strategy is used to solve the problem of non-equivalence across languages because the hierarchical structure of semantic fields is not language specific. This strategy involves translation by a more neutral and less expressive word. Lastly, it is translation by cultural substitution which is a method that requires the replacement of a culture-specific item or expression with a target language one that has no exact meaning, but has an impact on the target reader. However, this study recommends translation by idioms of similar meaning with a dissimilar form. The researcher believes that this strategy provides the closest meaning of the idiom in the target language. Idioms might not be the same in form but the meaning can be derived from the idiom with a dissimilar form.