Den förste januari 2011 blev det obligatoriskt att i Sverige följa dimensioneringsförskrifterna Eurocode 7 vid dimensionering av geokonstruktioner. Eurocode är ett resultatet av det Europeiska standardiseringsorganet CEN’s arbete med att ta fram gemensamma regler för hela Europa. Eurocode ersatte BKR som tidigare var de normativa föreskrifterna som gällde i Sverige och med detta skifte startades arbetet med att implementera de nya reglerna fullt ut bland de svenska konstruktörerna. På uppdrag av ett lokalt företag har det jämförts och lokaliserat ändringar som gjorts mellan de nya reglerna i bilaga D och de regler som ska appliceras i Sverige. Det har även konstruerats ett beräkningsprogram som dimensionerar grundfundament enligt de nya reglerna som föreskrivs i Eurocode 7, utifrån IEG’s hänvisningar. Resultatet från undersökningen visar att de nya dimensioneringsföreskrifterna från EU inte innebar en så stor skillnad från BKR’s regler som först troddes utan den gav stor frihet till att räkna med de metoder som respektive land själva väljer. Vilket Sverige utnyttjade genom att gå tillbaks till de dimensioneringsmetoder som tidigare räknades utifrån, fast med ändring på hur säkerhetsfaktorerna appliceras.

BACKGROUND:Aging is typically accompanied by memory decline and changes in hippocampal function. Among these changes is a decline in the activity of the dentate gyrus (DG) during behavior. Lasting memory, however, is thought to also require recapitulation of recent memory traces during subsequent rest - a phenomenon, termed memory trace reactivation, which is compromised in hippocampal CA1 with progressive age. This process has yet to be assessed in the aged DG, despite its prominent role in age-related memory impairment. Using zif268 transcription to measure granule cell recruitment, DG activity in adult and aged animals was assessed both during spatial exploration and as animals remained at rest in the home cage in order to detect potential memory-related replay.RESULTS:Consistent with the observation of memory trace reactivation in DG, the probability that an individual granule cell transcribes zif268 during rest in the animal's home cage is increased by recent experience in a novel environment. Surprisingly, a comparable increase was observed in the probability of granule cells in the aged DG expressing zif268 during rest. Moreover, no significant age-related difference was observed in the number of granule cells expressing zif268 during rest. Thus, the number and pattern of granule cell expression of zif268 during rest is preserved in aged animals, despite a significant decline in exploration-related zif268 expression.CONCLUSIONS:These data lead to the hypothesis that the input the aged DG receives from backprojections from CA3 (the region widely hypothesized to mediate reactivation) remains functionally intact despite loss of innervation from the perforant path.

La méthamphétamine (METH) est une drogue stimulante qui peut causer des déficiences des fonctions cognitives et des dommages irréversibles dans le cerveau des utilisateurs. Il est important de comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires de la toxicité de la drogue pour pouvoir développer des traitements pour contrer les effets toxiques de la METH. Plusieurs études dans notre laboratoire et autres ont montré qu’une seule dose élevée de METH (30-40 mg/kg de poids corporel) suffit à endommager l’arborisation terminale des neurones dopaminergiques dans le striatum et le cortex chez les rongeurs, de même qu’elle peut causer l’activation des signaux apoptotiques produits a partir du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) et de la mitochondrie dans le striatum. De ce fait, le but de cette thèse était d’analyser si la dose toxique de 40 mg/kg de METH injectée par faibles doses répétées (4 fois, avec des intervalles de 2 heures), appelée « binge METH », peut aussi causer des stress cellulaires du RE et de la mitochondrie dans le striatum. Des travaux récents ont suggéré que les récepteurs D1 et D2 de la dopamine pourraient être les intermédiaires de l’apoptose des neurones dans le striatum causée par l’administration d’une unique toxique dose de METH. Nous avons alors émis l’hypothèse que les messages cellulaires diriges par la stimulation des récepteurs D1 et D2 de la dopamine pourraient être à l’ origine des effets toxiques du « binge modele ». Le rôle des récepteurs de la dopamine sur l’activation des signaux de l’apoptose a été examiné en utilisant des antagonistes de ces récepteurs. Dans cette dissertation, je donne la preuve que « binge METH » affecte l’expression des immediate early genes de façon différente. Il semble que ces effets soient dépendants de la stimulation du récepteur D1. Un autre volet de cette dissertation a analysé les effets de « binge METH » sur l’expression de gènes impliqués dans la réponse au stress du RE et à l’altération de la fonction de la mitochondrie. Le prétraitement avec l’antagoniste du récepteur D1 de la dopamine, SCH23390, a complètement bloqué l’apparition de ces stress cellulaires après les injections de METH, alors que l’antagoniste du récepteur D2, raclopride, a eu des effets minimes. SCH23390 a aussi bloqué l’effet de METH à causer l’augmentation de la température corporelle des animaux, mais pas raclopride. Cependant, les deux antagonistes ont protégés contre les pertes dans plusieurs marqueurs des neurones de dopamine et sérotonine dans le striatum. De plus, SCH23390, mais non raclopride, a aussi protégé les neurones de sérotonine dans le cortex. Durant mes travaux, j’ai aussi identifié qu’il y a une augmentation de l’ARN messager de activin βA, la protéine TGF-β et Smad2 phosphorylée après les injections de METH. Ces effets sont réduits suite à un prétraitement par SCH23390 ; cependant, raclopride n’a eu aucun effet sur l’expression de TGF-β.En résumé, ces nouvelles données suggèrent que le récepteur D1 joue un rôle prédominant dans la toxicité de la METH. / Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant known to cause cognitive abnormalities and neurodegenerative changes in the brains of METH abusers. One approach for developing therapies for METH abuse is to understand the molecular mechanisms of toxicity of the drug. Investigations in our laboratory and elsewhere have shown that single intraperitoneal injections of METH (30-40 mg/kg of body weight) can cause damage to striatal and cortical monoaminergic systems and induce neuronal apoptosis in the striatum of rodents via activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial death pathways. Hence, the purpose of this thesis was to investigate if toxic binge METH injections can cause ER- and mitochondria-induced stress in the rat striatum. Recent studies have suggested that dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptors might mediate neuronal apoptosis in the striatum after single toxic METH doses. We therefore hypothesized that signaling through these two types of DA receptors might activate toxic effects of the binge METH regimen. The role of DA D1 or D2 receptors in METH-induced cell death pathways was thus examined by using pharmacological inhibitors of these receptors. In this dissertation, I report that binge METH regimen caused differential changes in immediate early genes (IEGs) that are known to influence synaptic changes in the brain. METH-induced changed in the expression of the IEGs were dependent on DA D1 receptor stimulation. The second study examined the effects of binge METH on the expression of ER stress- and mitochondrial dysfunction-responsive genes. Pretreatment with the DA D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390, caused complete inhibition of METH-induced ER and mitochondrial stresses whereas the DA D2 receptor antagonist, raclopride, provided only partial blockade. SCH23390 also blocked METH-induced hyperthermia whereas raclopride failed to do so. Interestingly, both antagonists attenuated METH-induced dopaminergic and serotonergic deficits in the striatum. Moreover, SCH23390 but not raclopride blocked METH-induced serotonergic deficits in cortical tissues. I also found that METH treatment induced upregulation of activin βA mRNA, increased TGF-β and phosphorylated Smad2 proteins in the rat striatum. SCH23390 pretreatment completely blocked all these effects whereas raclopride did not block METH-induced increases in TGF-β expression.

<p>Forebrain cholinergic projection systems innervate the entire cortex and hippocampus. These cholinergic systems are involved in a wide range of cognitive and behavioral functions, including learning and memory, attention, and sleep-waking modulation. However, the <italic>in vivo</italic> physiological mechanisms of cholinergic functions, particularly their fast dynamics and the consequent modulation on the hippocampus and cortex, are not well understood. In this dissertation, I investigated these issues using a number of convergent approaches.</p><p> First, to study fast acetylcholine (ACh) dynamics and its interaction with field potential theta oscillations, I developed a novel technique to acquire second-by-second electrophysiological and neurochemical information simultaneously with amperometry. Using this technique on anesthetized rats, I discovered for the first time the tight <italic>in vivo</italic> coupling between phasic ACh release and theta oscillations on fine spatiotemporal scales. In addition, with electrophysiological recording, putative cholinergic neurons in medial setpal area (MS) were found with firing rate dynamics matching the phasic ACh release. </p><p> Second, to further elucidate the dynamic activities and physiological functions of cholinergic neurons, putative cholinergic MS neurons were identified in behaving rats. These neurons had much higher firing rates during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, and brief responses to auditory stimuli. Interestingly, their firing promoted theta/gamma oscillations, or small-amplitude irregular activities (SIA) in a state-dependent manner. These results suggest that putative MS cholinergic neurons may be a generalized hippocampal activation/arousal network. </p><p> Third, I investigated the hypothesis that ACh enhances cortical and hippocampal immediate-early gene (IEG) expression induced by novel sensory experience. Cholinergic transmission was manipulated with pharmacology or lesion. The resultant cholinergic impairment suppressed the induction of <italic>arc</italic>, a representative IEG, suggesting that ACh promotes IEG induction. </p><p> In conclusion, my results have revealed that the firing of putative cholinergic neurons promotes hippocampal activation, and the consequent phasic ACh release is tightly coupled to theta oscillations. These fast cholinergic activities may provide exceptional opportunities to dynamically modulate neural activity and plasticity on much finer temporal scales than traditionally assumed. By the subsequent promotion of IEG induction, ACh may further substantiate its function in neural plasticity and memory consolidation.</p> / Dissertation

O peptídeo sintético idêntico ao C-terminal da proteína S100A9 murina (pS100A9m) possui efeito antinociceptivo em diferentes modelos de dor inflamatória aguda. No presente estudo, o efeito do pS100A9m foi avaliado sobre a dor neuropática induzida pela constrição crônica (CCI) do nervo ciático em ratos. Ainda, foram investigados os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos neste efeito. A nocicepção foi avaliada pelos testes de hiperalgesia, alodinia e dor espontânea. Os animais foram tratados com diferentes doses do pS100A9m pelas vias intraplantar, oral ou intratecal 14 dias após a CCI e a nocicepção avaliada após 1 hora. As três vias de administração bloquearam a hiperalgesia, a alodinia e a dor espontânea decorrentes da dor neuropática. A duração do efeito do pS100A9m varia de acordo com a via utilizada e com o fenômeno nociceptivo testado. Ainda, a injeção intraplantar do peptídeo, na pata contralateral à CCI, inibiu a hiperalgesia e a alodinia observadas após a constrição do nervo. Quando o pS100A9m foi administrado pela via intraplantar no 7° dia após a CCI, ele também induziu inibição da hiperalgesia inflamatória que é observada nesse período. Os prováveis mecanismos envolvidos no efeito antinociceptivo do pS100A9m foram investigados pela administração de antagonistas de receptores de serotonina, noradrenalina, GABA (A e B) e opióides. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que apenas o antagonista de receptor GABAB reverteu completamente o efeito antinociceptivo do pS100A9m sobre a dor neuropática, detectada no 14º dia pós-cirúrgico. Além disso, foram avaliadas as expressões das proteínas Egr-1, Fos e TNF&alpha; na medula dos ratos submetidos à CCI e tratados com o peptídeo 7 ou 14 dias do procedimento cirúrgico. O aumento na expressão das proteínas Egr-1 e Fos foi evidenciado tanto no 7º como no 14º dia após a CCI, em animais que não receberam nenhum tratamento ou aqueles que foram tratados com o veículo do peptídeo. Por outro lado, o pS100A9m inibiu a expressão destas duas proteínas no lado ipsolateral à CCI no corno dorsal da medula espinhal dos animais. Com relação ao TNF&alpha;, apenas no 7º dia após a CCI foi detectado o aumento na expressão desta proteína. Ainda, foi neste período que o pS100A9m acarretou inibição da expressão do TNF&alpha; no corno ventral de animais submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico. Estes resultados demonstram que o C-terminal da S100A9 murina inibe a dor neuropática experimental por uma ação dependente de receptores GABAB, sugerindo que este peptídeo possivelmente promova uma ativação dos mecanismos inibitórios espinhais, acarretando em redução da ativação de neurônios na medula. Desta forma, o pS100A9m demonstra um potencial terapêutico para o tratamento de dores persistentes. / The synthetic peptide identical to the C-terminus of murine S100A9 protein (mS100A9p) has antinociceptive effect on different acute inflammatory pain models. In this study, the effect of mS100A9p was evaluated on neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats, and the possible mechanisms involved in this effect were investigated. Hyperalgesia, allodynia, and spontaneous pain were assessed to evaluate nociception. Rats were treated with different doses of mS100A9p by intraplantar, oral, or intrathecal routes on day 14 after CCI, and nociception was evaluated 1 hour later. These three routes of administration blocked hyperalgesia, allodynia and spontaneous pain. The duration of mS100A9p effect depends on the route used and the phenomenon analyzed. Moreover, intraplantar injection of mS100A9p in the contralateral paw inhibited the hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by CCI. When mS100A9p was administered by intraplantar route on day 7 after CCI, it reversed the inflammatory hyperalgesia observed in this period. The mechanisms likely involved in the antinociceptive effect of mS100A9p were investigated by administration of antagonists of serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA (A and B) and opioid receptors. Only the GABAB receptor antagonist completely reversed the antinociceptive effect of mS100A9p on neuropathic pain on day 14 after CCI. Besides, the expression of Egr-1, Fos and TNF&alpha; proteins was evaluated in the spinal cord of rats submitted to CCI and treated with mS100A9p on days 7 or 14 after CCI. The expression of Egr-1 and Fos was increased in animals not treated or treated with vehicle on days 7 and 14 after CCI. On the other hand, mS100A9p inhibited the expression of these two proteins in the dorsal horn of spinal cord ipsilateral to CCI. The increase in TNF&alpha; expression was observed exclusively on day 7 after CCI. In the same time period, mS100A9p nhibited the expression of TNF&alpha; in the ventral horn of spinal cord of animals submitted to CCI. The results obtained herein demonstrate that the C-terminus of murine S100A9 protein inhibits the experimental neuropathic pain by a GABAB-dependent action, suggesting that this peptide promotes the activation of spinal inhibitory mechanisms leading to the reduction of activation of spinal neurons. Therefore, mS100A9p demonstrates a potential therapeutic use in persistent pain syndromes.

O peptídeo sintético idêntico ao C-terminal da proteína S100A9 murina (pS100A9m) possui efeito antinociceptivo em diferentes modelos de dor inflamatória aguda. No presente estudo, o efeito do pS100A9m foi avaliado sobre a dor neuropática induzida pela constrição crônica (CCI) do nervo ciático em ratos. Ainda, foram investigados os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos neste efeito. A nocicepção foi avaliada pelos testes de hiperalgesia, alodinia e dor espontânea. Os animais foram tratados com diferentes doses do pS100A9m pelas vias intraplantar, oral ou intratecal 14 dias após a CCI e a nocicepção avaliada após 1 hora. As três vias de administração bloquearam a hiperalgesia, a alodinia e a dor espontânea decorrentes da dor neuropática. A duração do efeito do pS100A9m varia de acordo com a via utilizada e com o fenômeno nociceptivo testado. Ainda, a injeção intraplantar do peptídeo, na pata contralateral à CCI, inibiu a hiperalgesia e a alodinia observadas após a constrição do nervo. Quando o pS100A9m foi administrado pela via intraplantar no 7° dia após a CCI, ele também induziu inibição da hiperalgesia inflamatória que é observada nesse período. Os prováveis mecanismos envolvidos no efeito antinociceptivo do pS100A9m foram investigados pela administração de antagonistas de receptores de serotonina, noradrenalina, GABA (A e B) e opióides. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que apenas o antagonista de receptor GABAB reverteu completamente o efeito antinociceptivo do pS100A9m sobre a dor neuropática, detectada no 14º dia pós-cirúrgico. Além disso, foram avaliadas as expressões das proteínas Egr-1, Fos e TNF&alpha; na medula dos ratos submetidos à CCI e tratados com o peptídeo 7 ou 14 dias do procedimento cirúrgico. O aumento na expressão das proteínas Egr-1 e Fos foi evidenciado tanto no 7º como no 14º dia após a CCI, em animais que não receberam nenhum tratamento ou aqueles que foram tratados com o veículo do peptídeo. Por outro lado, o pS100A9m inibiu a expressão destas duas proteínas no lado ipsolateral à CCI no corno dorsal da medula espinhal dos animais. Com relação ao TNF&alpha;, apenas no 7º dia após a CCI foi detectado o aumento na expressão desta proteína. Ainda, foi neste período que o pS100A9m acarretou inibição da expressão do TNF&alpha; no corno ventral de animais submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico. Estes resultados demonstram que o C-terminal da S100A9 murina inibe a dor neuropática experimental por uma ação dependente de receptores GABAB, sugerindo que este peptídeo possivelmente promova uma ativação dos mecanismos inibitórios espinhais, acarretando em redução da ativação de neurônios na medula. Desta forma, o pS100A9m demonstra um potencial terapêutico para o tratamento de dores persistentes. / The synthetic peptide identical to the C-terminus of murine S100A9 protein (mS100A9p) has antinociceptive effect on different acute inflammatory pain models. In this study, the effect of mS100A9p was evaluated on neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats, and the possible mechanisms involved in this effect were investigated. Hyperalgesia, allodynia, and spontaneous pain were assessed to evaluate nociception. Rats were treated with different doses of mS100A9p by intraplantar, oral, or intrathecal routes on day 14 after CCI, and nociception was evaluated 1 hour later. These three routes of administration blocked hyperalgesia, allodynia and spontaneous pain. The duration of mS100A9p effect depends on the route used and the phenomenon analyzed. Moreover, intraplantar injection of mS100A9p in the contralateral paw inhibited the hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by CCI. When mS100A9p was administered by intraplantar route on day 7 after CCI, it reversed the inflammatory hyperalgesia observed in this period. The mechanisms likely involved in the antinociceptive effect of mS100A9p were investigated by administration of antagonists of serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA (A and B) and opioid receptors. Only the GABAB receptor antagonist completely reversed the antinociceptive effect of mS100A9p on neuropathic pain on day 14 after CCI. Besides, the expression of Egr-1, Fos and TNF&alpha; proteins was evaluated in the spinal cord of rats submitted to CCI and treated with mS100A9p on days 7 or 14 after CCI. The expression of Egr-1 and Fos was increased in animals not treated or treated with vehicle on days 7 and 14 after CCI. On the other hand, mS100A9p inhibited the expression of these two proteins in the dorsal horn of spinal cord ipsilateral to CCI. The increase in TNF&alpha; expression was observed exclusively on day 7 after CCI. In the same time period, mS100A9p nhibited the expression of TNF&alpha; in the ventral horn of spinal cord of animals submitted to CCI. The results obtained herein demonstrate that the C-terminus of murine S100A9 protein inhibits the experimental neuropathic pain by a GABAB-dependent action, suggesting that this peptide promotes the activation of spinal inhibitory mechanisms leading to the reduction of activation of spinal neurons. Therefore, mS100A9p demonstrates a potential therapeutic use in persistent pain syndromes.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-06-20T13:10:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JANE MARCIANE ALVES DIAS.pdf: 2343084 bytes, checksum: d41de6f16773961a595ce6455966c2f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-20T13:10:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JANE MARCIANE ALVES DIAS.pdf: 2343084 bytes, checksum: d41de6f16773961a595ce6455966c2f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / history of public education in Goiás. The research object was the Goiás Institute of Education (IEG). It was also tried to reflect on the relations, objectives and results obtained in the period from 1964 to 1984, in which education was under the aegis of the military dictatorship. The specific objective of this research was to address, through the bias of historical-documentary study, the period defined above, besides understanding how they were given and how they influenced the pedagogical practices in the formation of the teaching staff and student explaining the trajectory covered by the IEG in 1964 to 1984. The periodization seeks to contemplate part of the history of education in Goiás: the military coup of 1964, where the school issue was pointed out as one of the great concerns and understood as an instrument of ideological intervention, until the changes that came with the political opening in Brazil in 1984, a historical reconstruction exploring the teaching identity construction and school practices of the Normal School in Goiás. The methodology followed a qualitative approach in the method of bibliographical research, accomplished through documentary analysis and the history of the Institutions Scholars in dialogue with the framework that underlies this study O. At the initial moment of the research, the bibliographical survey was carried out to contribute with the delineation of the questions to be answered in the investigation. For a better understanding and clarity on the subject, a part of the literature related to him was researched, since he understood that the subject is of great relevance for the present society. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo precípuo realizar um estudo a respeito das práticas pedagógicas e história da instrução pública em Goiás. O objeto de investigação foi o Instituto de Educação de Goiás (IEG). Procurou-se também refletir sobre as relações, objetivos e resultados obtidos no período de 1964 a 1984, em que a educação esteve sob a égide da ditadura militar. O objetivo específico desta pesquisa foi o de abordar, pelo viés de estudo histórico-documental, o período acima delimitado, além de compreender como se davam e de que forma influenciavam as práticas pedagógicas na formação do corpo docente e discente explicitando a trajetória percorrida pelo IEG nos anos de 1964 a 1984. A periodização busca contemplar parte da história da educação em Goiás: o golpe militar de 1964, onde a questão escolar foi apontada como uma das grandes preocupações e entendida como um instrumento de intervenção ideológica, até as mudanças vindas com a abertura política no Brasil, em 1984, uma reconstrução histórica explorando a construção identidária docente e as práticas escolares da Escola Normal em Goiás. A metodologia seguiu uma abordagem qualitativa na modalidade de pesquisa bibliográfica, realizada por meio de análise documental e da história das Instituições Escolares em diálogo com o arcabouço que fundamenta este estudo. No momento inicial da pesquisa, realizou-se o levantamento bibliográfico para contribuir com o delineamento das questões a serem respondidas na investigação. Para melhor entendimento e clareza sobre o tema, foi pesquisada uma parte da literatura relacionada a ele, por entender que o assunto é de grande relevância para a atual sociedade.

The main aim of this study was to determine the changes in neuronal activity of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPC) in rats sensitized to D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole (QNP) during exploration of enriched open field arena. During the experiment, the evaluation of behavioural changes induced by quinpirole sensitization were also assessed and compared to previous results. For the purpose of this study, twenty-two adult male Long-Evans rats were used. The half of the rats was sensitized to QNP by receiving daily subcutaneous injections of quinpirole (0,5 mg/kg) while the other half received saline. Both groups were habituated for ten days to open-field arena enriched with two metal objects. The behaviour of animals was videotaped and the data about locomotion and the number of visits of each locale was obtained. On the eleventh day, the part of saline and quinpirole treated groups explored the open-field arena (t = 5 min) while the other two subgroups were left as respective cage-controls. Immediately after the end of experiment, all rats were sacrificed, and the extracted brains were cryopreserved. To determine the changes in neuronal activity of selected brain regions, fluorescence in situ hybridization of immediate early gene Arc was...

Le lien d’appariement unissant un mâle et une femelle a été peu exploré chez les Oiseaux, alors que la plupart sont monogames. De plus, l’étude de la monogamie s’est souvent cantonnée à l’exploration des comportements liés à la reproduction et au choix du partenaire. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier les comportements sociaux caractéristiques du lien d’appariement et leurs supports cérébraux chez un passereau social et monogame, le Diamant mandarin (Taeniopygia guttata). Grâce aux concepts de la théorie des réseaux appliqués à l’étude en laboratoire des interactions sociales, cette thèse s’intéresse à la valeur sociale du lien d’appariement. Elle montre qu’il représente un véritable partenariat social, suffisamment favorable pour que se forment des couples homosexuels en cas d’indisponibilité d’oiseaux du sexe opposé. Par l’étude en milieu naturel des communications acoustiques entre partenaires, ce lien est apparu comme le cadre d’échanges vocaux particuliers : de discrets duos de cris émis dans l’intimité du nid. En s’intéressant au rythme d’émission des vocalisations à l’échelle du groupe, cette thèse jette également un nouveau regard sur l’étude des communications acoustiques. La dynamique du réseau acoustique que représente le groupe est influencée par la proportion d’oiseaux appariés. Enfin, les causes proximales des liens sociaux sont abordées : l’activité du réseau cérébral impliqué dans l’expression des comportements sociaux, le « Social Behavior Network » (SBN), varie avec la possibilité de créer des liens chez les mâles. Cette thèse participe donc à définir le lien d’appariement comme un lien social complexe dont les avantages ne se limiteraient pas à la reproduction. Elle révèle ses conséquences tant sur le réseau social, que sur le réseau acoustique du groupe de diamants mandarins, et soulève l’implication potentielle du réseau cérébral SBN dans les mécanismes de sa formation et de son maintien / Although most birds are monogamous, the pair-bond between a male and a female remains relatively unexplored in these species. Moreover, the study of monogamy mainly focused on behaviours linked to reproduction and partner choice. The aim of this thesis is to identify the social behaviours and the neurophysiological mechanisms of pair-bonding in a social and monogamous passerine, the Zebra finch (Teaniopygia guttata). Using concepts of network theory to study social interactions in the laboratory, this thesis explores the social value of the pair-bond. We showed that the pair-bond is a genuine partnership, whose social value might explain why birds establish same-sex pair-bonds when partners of the opposite sex are scarce. The study of acoustic communication between mates in the field revealed that partners perform specific vocal displays : they use private duets of calls in the intimacy of their nest. By investigating the rhythm of emission of vocalizations at group scale, this thesis takes a fresh look at the study of acoustic communication. The proportion of paired birds in a group influences the dynamic of the acoustic network constituted by the social group. Finally, we tackled the proximal explanations of social bonding : in males, social relationships affect the activity of the brain network implicated in social behaviours, the Social Behavior Network (SBN). This thesis underlines the social complexity of the pair-bond that might bring benefits beyond reproduction. It reveals the consequences of pair-bonding on both social network and acoustic network, and points towards a role of the SBN in pair-bond establishment and maintenance

Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant known to cause cognitive abnormalities and neurodegenerative changes in the brains of METH abusers. One approach for developing therapies for METH abuse is to understand the molecular mechanisms of toxicity of the drug. Investigations in our laboratory and elsewhere have shown that single intraperitoneal injections of METH (30-40 mg/kg of body weight) can cause damage to striatal and cortical monoaminergic systems and induce neuronal apoptosis in the striatum of rodents via activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial death pathways. Hence, the purpose of this thesis was to investigate if toxic binge METH injections can cause ER- and mitochondria-induced stress in the rat striatum. Recent studies have suggested that dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptors might mediate neuronal apoptosis in the striatum after single toxic METH doses. We therefore hypothesized that signaling through these two types of DA receptors might activate toxic effects of the binge METH regimen. The role of DA D1 or D2 receptors in METH-induced cell death pathways was thus examined by using pharmacological inhibitors of these receptors. In this dissertation, I report that binge METH regimen caused differential changes in immediate early genes (IEGs) that are known to influence synaptic changes in the brain. METH-induced changed in the expression of the IEGs were dependent on DA D1 receptor stimulation. The second study examined the effects of binge METH on the expression of ER stress- and mitochondrial dysfunction-responsive genes. Pretreatment with the DA D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390, caused complete inhibition of METH-induced ER and mitochondrial stresses whereas the DA D2 receptor antagonist, raclopride, provided only partial blockade. SCH23390 also blocked METH-induced hyperthermia whereas raclopride failed to do so. Interestingly, both antagonists attenuated METH-induced dopaminergic and serotonergic deficits in the striatum. Moreover, SCH23390 but not raclopride blocked METH-induced serotonergic deficits in cortical tissues. I also found that METH treatment induced upregulation of activin βA mRNA, increased TGF-β and phosphorylated Smad2 proteins in the rat striatum. SCH23390 pretreatment completely blocked all these effects whereas raclopride did not block METH-induced increases in TGF-β expression.