De nombreux bâtiments anciens sont à rénover pour diminuer leur consommation énergétique. Grâce à l'émergence d’outils numériques tels que la maquette numérique d'un bâtiment ou BIM (Building Information Modeling), des simulations énergétiques peuvent être réalisées. Or, pour la plupart des bâtiments, aucune information numérique n'est disponible. L'objectif de nos travaux est de développer une méthodologie pour générer des maquettes numériques de bâtiments existants à faible coût en limitant l'acquisition de données. Notre choix s'est porté sur l'utilisation de plan papier 2D scanné. Nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'un tel plan est presque toujours disponible pour un bâtiment même s’il n'est pas toujours à jour et que sa qualité influe sur celle de la reconstruction. La reconstruction automatique d'un BIM à partir d'une image se base sur la recherche et l'identification de 3 composantes: la géométrie (forme des éléments), la topologie (liens entre les éléments) et la sémantique (caractéristiques des éléments). Lors de cette phase, des ambiguïtés peuvent apparaître. Nous proposons un processus basé sur des interventions ponctuelles et guidées de l'utilisateur afin d'identifier les erreurs et proposer des choix de correction pour éviter leur propagation.Nous présentons la méthodologie développée pour proposer une reconstruction semi-automatique et une analyse des résultats obtenus sur une base de 90 plans. Les travaux ont ensuite porté sur une généralisation du processus afin d'en tester la robustesse, le passage à l'échelle et la gestion multi-niveaux. Le processus développé est flexible pour permettre l’ajout d'autres sources de données pour enrichir la maquette numérique. / Many buildings have to undergo major renovation to comply with regulations and environmental challenges. The BIM (Building Information Modeling) helps designers to make better-informed decisions, and results in more optimal energy-efficient designs. Such advanced design approaches require 3D digital models. However such models are not available for existing buildings. The aim of our work is to develop a method to generate 3D building models from existing buildings at low cost and in a reasonable time. We have chosen to work with 2D scanned plans. We assume that it is possible to find a paper plan for most buildings even if it is not always up-to-date and if the recognition quality is also dependent to the plan. The automatic reconstruction of a BIM from a paper plan is based on the extraction and identification of 3 main components: geometry (element shape), topology (links between elements) and semantics (object properties). During this process, some errors are generated which cannot be automatically corrected. This is why, we propose a novel approach based on punctual and guided human interventions to automatically identify and propose correction choices to the user to avoid error propagation.We describe the developed methodology to convert semi-automatically a 2D scanned plan into a BIM. A result analysis is done on 90 images. The following works is focused on the process genericity to test its robustness, the challenge of moving to scale and the multi-level management. The results highlight the pertinence of the error classification, identification and choices made to the user. The process is flexible in order to be completed by others data sources.

本研究探討以記帳型態為貨物買賣付款方式下之應收帳款收買業 以應收 帳款收買業務本身所綜合具備的交易上之機能如出 保險、貨款收取等等 為出發， 與其它具有類似性質的工A 並以應收帳款收買交易的中心問題 ，即債權的轉讓問題暋D作一探討， 在最後並以 1990 年國際應收帳款收 買公i一步討論此一公約對於國際應收帳款收買業務的影響。

Architecture, Engineering, Construction (AEC) and Facilities Management (FM) involve domains that require a very diverse set of information and model exchanges to fully realize the potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM). Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) provides a neutral and open schema for interoperability. Model View Definitions (MVD) provide a common subset for specifying the exchanges using IFC, but are expensive to build, test and maintain. A semantic analysis of IFC data schema illustrates the complexities of embedding semantics in model views. A software engineering methodology based on formal specification of shared resources, reusable components and standards that are applicable to the AEC-FM industry for development of a Semantic Exchange Module (SEM) structure for IFC schema is adopted for this research. This SEM structure is based on engineering ontologies that are capable of developing more consistent MVDs. In this regard, Ontology is considered as a machine-readable set of definitions that create a taxonomy of classes and subclasses, and relationships between them. Typically, the ontology contains the hierarchical description of important entities that are used in IFC, along with their properties and business rules. This model of an ontological framework, similar to that of Semantic Web, makes the IFC more formal and consistent as it is capable of providing precise definition of terms and vocabulary. The outcome of this research, a formal classification structure for IFC implementations for the domain of Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Industry, when implemented by software developers, provides the mechanism for applications such as modular MVDs, smart and complex querying of product models, and transaction based services, based on the idea of testable and reusable SEMs. It can be extended and also helps in consistent implementation of rule languages across different domains within AEC-FM, making data sharing across applications simpler with limited rework. This research is expected to impact the overall interoperability of applications in the BIM realm.

Am Beispiel der UdSSR werden formale und inhaltliche Voraussetzungen eines Beitritts eines (noch) "sozialistischen" Staates mit einer Zentralverwaltungswirtschaft zu den beiden wichtigsten internationalen Finanzinstitutionen, Internationaler Währungsfonds und Weltbank (samt deren "Schwester"-Organisationen), diskutiert.

The diploma thesis analyzes detached house created in BIM software. In the practical part was modeled BIM model, which was attributed the Information. Of the exported data was created budget and calculated total cost of building. The part of this work is calculate life-cycle cost and analysis of the most costies parts. The main result of this work is the demonstrace private investors and public procurement the advantages of BIM attitute to projects, Also calculate the price of building and life cycle costs in the studies BIM model can help investor to show how much they will cost of building without investor didn´t invest too much project funds and thus could reconsider the rejection or modification project.

<div>Cost estimation is an integral part of any project, and accuracy in the cost estimation process is critical in achieving a successful project. Manually computing cost estimates is mentally draining, difficult to compute, and error-prone. Manual cost estimate computation is a task that requires experience. The use of automated techniques can improve the accuracy of estimates and vastly improve the cost estimation process. Two main gaps in the automation of construction cost estimation are: (1) the lack of interoperability between different software platforms, and (2) the need for manual inputs to complete quantity take-off (QTO) and cost estimation. To address these gaps, this research proposed a new systems to support the computing of cost estimation using Model View Definition (MVD)-based checking, industry foundation classes (IFC) geometric analysis, logic-based reasoning, natural language processing (NLP), and automated 3D image generation to reduce/eliminate the labor-intensive, tedious, manual efforts needed in completing construction cost estimation. In this research, new IFC-based systems were developed: (1) Modeling – an automated IFC-based system for generating 3D information models from 2D PDF plans; (2) QTO - a construction MVD specification for IFC model checking to prepare for cost estimation analysis and a new algorithm development method that computes quantities using the geometric analysis of wooden building objects in an IFC-based building information modeling (BIM) and extracts the material variables needed for cost estimation through item matching based on natural language processing; and (3) Costing – an ontology-based cost model for extracting design information from construction specifications and using the extracted information to retrieve the pricing of the materials for a robust cost information provision.</div><div><br></div><div>These systems developed were tested on different projects. Compared with the industry’s current practices, the developed systems were more robust in the automated processing of drawings, specifications, and IFC models to compute material quantities and generate cost estimates. Experimental results showed that: (1) Modeling - the developed component can be utilized in developing algorithms that can generate 3D models and IFC output files from Portable Document Format (PDF) bridge drawings in a semi-automated fashion. The developed algorithms utilized 3.33% of the time it took using the current state-of-the-art method to generate a 3D model, and the generated models were of comparative quality; (2) QTO – the results obtained using the developed component were consistent with the state-of-the-art commercial software. However, the results generated using the proposed component were more robust about the different BIM authoring tools and workflows used; (3) Extraction – the algorithms developed in the extraction component achieved 99.2% precision and 99.2% recall (i.e., 99.2% F1-measure) for extracted design information instances; 100% precision and 96.5% recall (i.e., 98.2% F1-measure) for extracted materials from the database; and (4) Costing - the developed algorithms in the costing component successfully computed the cost estimates and reduced the need for manual input in matching building components with cost items.</div>

The diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of the implementation and valuation of the BIM model in a construction company. In the practical part, a specific construction company and its project is selected for the implementation and valuation using valuation plugins, which define the elements according to the design classification. For the purposes of this work, the constructions of the main building production are selected - piles, prefabricated load-bearing skeleton, wall perimeter cladding and roof folded cladding. Based on the model developed in this way, the BIM model is compiled and by exporting data from valuation plugins, an item budget is processed. The main result of this work is to perform an implementation analysis and show the advantages and disadvantages of the BIM approach to projects.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T12:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Monica Mendonca Maria1.pdf: 763444 bytes, checksum: d5fe5f8d60e9e7bd08aecfc0a88b8198 (MD5) Monica Mendonca Maria2.pdf: 1212194 bytes, checksum: b5f0b63d350777866e3955220d604827 (MD5) Monica Mendonca Maria3.pdf: 1656626 bytes, checksum: c2a9d642d2e4d86b7409ce54aabebe89 (MD5) Monica Mendonca Maria4.pdf: 2215429 bytes, checksum: 64893a7cd54a8d0497c2dc13776f74e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-04 / This dissertation presents the technology within BIM and its implication in the architectural and engineering design process. Since the 60 s, aerospace and automotive industries have already revolutionized the way of project with the CAD, and manufacture with the assembly lines. In AEC, the CAD became BIM, a new way of project, build and manage, from conception till life cycle building. This brought a project and construction time reduction, cost and environmental impacts decrease foreseen in LEED and merged in BIM. / Este trabalho objetiva apresentar a tecnologia contida no BIM e suas implicações no processo de projeto da arquitetura e engenharia civil. A partir de 1960, as indústrias, aeronáutica e automotiva, já haviam revolucionado a forma de projetar com o CAD, e de fabricar com as linhas de montagem. Na Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção, o CAD está evoluindo para o BIM (Building Information Modeling), uma forma de projetar, construir e gerenciar, da concepção ao habite-se, aplicável a todo o ciclo de vida da edificação. Dessa forma houve não só uma redução no tempo de projeto e construção, mas também em custos e impactos ambientais previstos em normas internacionais incorporadas ao BIM.

Die Bachelorarbeit untersucht die praktische Umsetzung des buildingSMART-Klassenkatalogs „BIM-Klassen der Verkehrswege“ in der Software card_1 und dessen Exportmöglichkeiten im IFC-Format. Es wird gezeigt, wie ein fiktives Anschauungsmodell einer Kreuzungsszene erstellt und mithilfe des Klassenkatalogs klassifiziert wird. Zusätzlich wurde eine Kommandozeilenanwendung entwickelt, die die mit card_1 erstellten IFC-Dateien validiert, um die korrekte Zuordnung der Klassifikationen zu überprüfen. Der Modellierungsprozess wurde in einem Modellierungshandbuch dokumentiert, das die verwendeten Methoden und Werkzeuge detailliert beschreibt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass card_1 IFC-Exporte nach IFC 4 und IFC 4x1 unterstützt, jedoch nicht alle Objekte mit Geometrie versehen sind. Trotz der fehlenden Geometrie werden diese Objekte semantisch im IFC-Schema abgebildet.:1. Einleitung 2. Stand der Forschung und Technik 2.1. BIM 2.1.1. Ansätze 2.1.2. BIM im Infrastrukturbau 2.2. Klassenkatalog „BIM-Klassen der Verkehrswege 2.0“ 2.2.1. Anforderungen 2.2.2. Vorgehensweise der Ausarbeitung 2.2.3. Inhalt und Struktur 2.3. IFC 2.3.1. Aufbau und Struktur 2.3.2. Versionen 2.3.3. Attributierungs- und Klassifizierungsmöglichkeiten 2.4. Modellierungssoftware card_1 2.4.1. Programmphilosophie 2.4.2. Neuer Straßenentwurf (NSE) und Fachobjektstruktur 3. Methodik 3.1. Modellierungshandbuch 3.2. Modellierung mit card_1 3.2.1. Wissensbeschaffung 3.2.2. Auswahl der Klassen 3.2.3. Datenbeschaffung 3.2.4. Modellierungsvorlage 3.2.5. Modellierung 3.2.6. Attributierung 3.2.7. Verwendete Klassen 3.2.8. IFC Export 3.3. Programmierung 4. Praktische Umsetzung 4.1. Klassifizierung und Attributierung in card_1 4.2. IFC-Exportmöglichkeiten von card_1 5. Entwicklung der Kommandozeilenapplikation 5.1. Anforderungen 5.2. Programmierung und Implementierung 5.2.1. Modellstruktur des card_1 IFC Modells 5.2.2. Genutzte Bibliotheken 5.2.3. Programmablauf 6. Ergebnisse 6.1. Anschauungsmodell in card_1 6.2. Anschauungsmodell in IFC 6.3. Herausforderungen und Limitationen 6.4. Kommandozeilenapplikation 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 7.1. card_1 7.2. card_1 Modell 7.3. Erweiterung der Kommandozeilenapplikation 7.4. Klassenkatalog 8. Fazit A. Anhang B. Verzeichnis der digitalen Anlagen / The bachelor thesis examines the practical implementation of the buildingSMART class catalog “BIM-Klassen der Verkehrswege” in the card_1 software and its export options to the IFC format. It is shown how a fictive model of an intersection scene is created and classified using the class catalog. In addition, a command line application was developed that validates the IFC files created with card_1 in order to check the correct assignment of the classifications. The modeling process was documented in a modeling guide that describes the methods and tools used in detail. The results show that card_1 supports IFC exports to IFC 4 and IFC 4x1, but not all objects are provided with geometry. Despite the lack of geometry, these objects are semantically mapped in the IFC schema.:1. Einleitung 2. Stand der Forschung und Technik 2.1. BIM 2.1.1. Ansätze 2.1.2. BIM im Infrastrukturbau 2.2. Klassenkatalog „BIM-Klassen der Verkehrswege 2.0“ 2.2.1. Anforderungen 2.2.2. Vorgehensweise der Ausarbeitung 2.2.3. Inhalt und Struktur 2.3. IFC 2.3.1. Aufbau und Struktur 2.3.2. Versionen 2.3.3. Attributierungs- und Klassifizierungsmöglichkeiten 2.4. Modellierungssoftware card_1 2.4.1. Programmphilosophie 2.4.2. Neuer Straßenentwurf (NSE) und Fachobjektstruktur 3. Methodik 3.1. Modellierungshandbuch 3.2. Modellierung mit card_1 3.2.1. Wissensbeschaffung 3.2.2. Auswahl der Klassen 3.2.3. Datenbeschaffung 3.2.4. Modellierungsvorlage 3.2.5. Modellierung 3.2.6. Attributierung 3.2.7. Verwendete Klassen 3.2.8. IFC Export 3.3. Programmierung 4. Praktische Umsetzung 4.1. Klassifizierung und Attributierung in card_1 4.2. IFC-Exportmöglichkeiten von card_1 5. Entwicklung der Kommandozeilenapplikation 5.1. Anforderungen 5.2. Programmierung und Implementierung 5.2.1. Modellstruktur des card_1 IFC Modells 5.2.2. Genutzte Bibliotheken 5.2.3. Programmablauf 6. Ergebnisse 6.1. Anschauungsmodell in card_1 6.2. Anschauungsmodell in IFC 6.3. Herausforderungen und Limitationen 6.4. Kommandozeilenapplikation 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 7.1. card_1 7.2. card_1 Modell 7.3. Erweiterung der Kommandozeilenapplikation 7.4. Klassenkatalog 8. Fazit A. Anhang B. Verzeichnis der digitalen Anlagen