A flagelina é um agonista natural do sensor TLR5 e do inflamassoma NAIP/NLRC4 que é responsável pela secreção de IL-1β e IL-18 e pela indução de morte celular necrótica, via ativação da caspase-1. Entretanto, nós observamos que a inserção da flagelina de B. subtilis no citosol celular por meio de vesículas lipídicas, induz um processo atípico de morte nos macrófagos peritoneais (PMs) deficientes em NLRC4, ASC e caspase-1/11. A morte dos PMs manteve seu resultado antimicrobiano, sendo acompanhada da liberação de IL-1α. A morte celular e a secreção das citocinas IL-1α e IL-1β, foi mediada por catepsinas lisossomais, sugerindo uma cooperação entre a via lisossomal e os inflamassomas nas respostas induzidas pela flagelina. Além disso, a flagelina de S. typhimurium foi capaz de induzir dano lisossomal e secreção de IL-1α e IL-1β mediada pelo eixo caspase-catepsinas, na ausência de carreadores, e estas citocinas tiveram um impacto na imunidade adaptativa induzida pela flagelina, no modelo de ativação de linfócitos T específicos por células dendríticas, in vitro. / Flagellin is a natural agonist of TLR5 and NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome that is responsible for IL-1β and IL-18 secretion and for the induction of a necrotic cell death, both mediated by caspase-1. However, we observed that flagellin from B. subtilis inserted into lipid vesicles, induced an atypical cell death in peritoneal macrophages (PMs) in the absence of NLRC4, ASC and caspase-1/11. This inflammasome-independent cell death retained its antimicrobial outcome, being accompanied with IL-1α secretion. Importantly, cell death and caspase-1-dependent IL-1α and IL-1β secretion were regulated by lysosomal cathepsins, suggesting a cooperation between the inflammasome and lysosomal pathway in response to flagellin. We also observed that flagellin from S. typhimurium is able to induce lysosomal damage and IL-1α and IL-1β secretion by PMs in the absence of a carrier, through a caspase-catepsins-dependent manner, and that cytokines were important to the ability of flagellin in to induce adaptive immune response by antigen-specific T cells.

A flagelina é um agonista natural do sensor TLR5 e do inflamassoma NAIP/NLRC4 que é responsável pela secreção de IL-1β e IL-18 e pela indução de morte celular necrótica, via ativação da caspase-1. Entretanto, nós observamos que a inserção da flagelina de B. subtilis no citosol celular por meio de vesículas lipídicas, induz um processo atípico de morte nos macrófagos peritoneais (PMs) deficientes em NLRC4, ASC e caspase-1/11. A morte dos PMs manteve seu resultado antimicrobiano, sendo acompanhada da liberação de IL-1α. A morte celular e a secreção das citocinas IL-1α e IL-1β, foi mediada por catepsinas lisossomais, sugerindo uma cooperação entre a via lisossomal e os inflamassomas nas respostas induzidas pela flagelina. Além disso, a flagelina de S. typhimurium foi capaz de induzir dano lisossomal e secreção de IL-1α e IL-1β mediada pelo eixo caspase-catepsinas, na ausência de carreadores, e estas citocinas tiveram um impacto na imunidade adaptativa induzida pela flagelina, no modelo de ativação de linfócitos T específicos por células dendríticas, in vitro. / Flagellin is a natural agonist of TLR5 and NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome that is responsible for IL-1β and IL-18 secretion and for the induction of a necrotic cell death, both mediated by caspase-1. However, we observed that flagellin from B. subtilis inserted into lipid vesicles, induced an atypical cell death in peritoneal macrophages (PMs) in the absence of NLRC4, ASC and caspase-1/11. This inflammasome-independent cell death retained its antimicrobial outcome, being accompanied with IL-1α secretion. Importantly, cell death and caspase-1-dependent IL-1α and IL-1β secretion were regulated by lysosomal cathepsins, suggesting a cooperation between the inflammasome and lysosomal pathway in response to flagellin. We also observed that flagellin from S. typhimurium is able to induce lysosomal damage and IL-1α and IL-1β secretion by PMs in the absence of a carrier, through a caspase-catepsins-dependent manner, and that cytokines were important to the ability of flagellin in to induce adaptive immune response by antigen-specific T cells.

Modularität ist ein wiederkehrendes Thema in biologischen Netzwerken, in denen sich unabhängige Elemente wiederholen und neu zusammensetzen, um neue Funktionen zu erzeugen. In der angeborenen Immunität sind supramolekular organisierende Zentren (SMOCs) ein Beispiel für Modularität, die durch eine ligandeninduzierte komplexe Selbstassemblierung gekennzeichnet sind und deren Signalkomponenten in ihrer lokalen Konzentration zunehmen. Das Myddosom ist ein SMOC, das sich als Reaktion auf den Liganden IL-1, ein wichtiges proinflammatorisches Zytokin, zusammensetzt. Der Myddosom-vermittelte IL-1-Signalweg wurde mit biochemischen Methoden umfassend charakterisiert, doch Informationen zur Dynamik sind weiterhin begrenzt. Es gibt widersprüchliche Berichte darüber, wie die Proteine des IL-1-Signalwegs zusammengesetzt werden, und es ist nicht bekannt, ob die Komplexe des IL-1-Signalwegs wieder abgebaut werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Dynamik der Myddosom-vermittelten IL-1-Signaltransduktion untersucht, wobei eine völlig neue Hochdurchsatz-Bildanalyse-Pipeline, eine Phasenporträtanalyse, ein neuartiger Mikroskopie-Assay und CRISPR/Cas9-editierte lebende Lymphomzelllinien kombiniert wurden. Hier zeige ich, dass der Aufbau des IL-1-Signalwegs sequenzielle Schritte, eine ligandeninduzierte De-novo-Oligomerisierung, Proteine, die die Oligomergröße regulieren, und zwei Module umfasst: das Myddosom und die NF-κB-Signalosome. Das stromaufwärts gelegene Myddosom-Signalosom (MyD88, IRAK4, IRAK1, TRAF6, TAB2) erscheint zuerst, zeigt keine Erholung in FRAP-Experimenten und zeigt eine positive interne Rückkopplung. Das nachgeschaltete NF-κB-Signalosom (HOIL1, NEMO, RelA, A20) erscheint später, erholt sich nach FRAP und reguliert das Myddosom-Signalosom negativ. Ich zeige auch zum ersten Mal, dass sich der IL-1-Signalweg nach Überschreiten eines kritischen stöchiometrischen Verhältnisses auflöst und dass dynamische Gleichungen den Zusammenbau und den Abbau nachbilden können. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, wie ein SMOC-abhängiger Signalweg Modularität zur Regulierung einsetzt. Das Verständnis von Signalisierungsmodulen ist von großer Bedeutung für die Aufklärung der regulatorischen Schaltkreise in biologischen Netzwerken. Meine Hochdurchsatz-Pipeline bietet einen vielversprechenden Ansatz, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen. / Modularity is a recurring theme in biological networks where independent elements repeat and shuffle to produce novel functions. In innate immunity, supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs) are an example of modularity, characterized by ligand-induced complex self-assembly, and signaling components increase in local concentration. The Myddosome is a SMOC that assembles in response to the ligand IL-1, a vital proinflammatory cytokine. The Myddosome-mediated IL-1 signaling pathway has been extensively characterized using biochemical methods, yet dynamic information remains limited. There are conflicting reports of how the IL-1 pathway proteins assemble, and it is unknown whether IL-1 pathway complexes disassemble. This thesis investigated the Myddosome-mediated IL-1 signal transduction dynamics, combining a completely new high-throughput image analysis pipeline, phase portrait analysis, a novel microscopy assay, and CRISPR/Cas9-edited live lymphoma cell lines. Here, I show that the IL-1 pathway assembly has sequential steps, ligand-induced de novo oligomerization, proteins regulating oligomer size, and two modules: the Myddosome and NF-κB signalosomes. The upstream Myddosome signalosome (MyD88, IRAK4, IRAK1, TRAF6, TAB2) appears first, has no FRAP recovery, and shows positive internal feedback. The downstream NF-κB signalosome (HOIL1, NEMO, RelA, A20) appears later, recovers after FRAP, and negatively regulates the Myddosome signalosome. I also show, for the first time, that the IL-1 pathway disassembles after crossing a critical stoichiometric ratio, and that dynamical equations can recapitulate assembly-disassembly. These results demonstrate how a SMOC-dependent pathway uses modularity to achieve regulation. Understanding signaling modules holds significant implications for elucidating the regulatory circuitry in biological networks. My high-throughput pipeline offers a promising approach to achieving this objective.