Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-07-25T23:07:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PatriciaIngridMacedoDeCastro_DISSERT.pdf: 960843 bytes, checksum: 3369f0056a2e2ab1f071631a2015066a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-04T20:48:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PatriciaIngridMacedoDeCastro_DISSERT.pdf: 960843 bytes, checksum: 3369f0056a2e2ab1f071631a2015066a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T20:48:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PatriciaIngridMacedoDeCastro_DISSERT.pdf: 960843 bytes, checksum: 3369f0056a2e2ab1f071631a2015066a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / A pr?-ecl?mpsia ? uma doen?a que afeta 3-8% das mulheres gr?vidas. Os fatores de risco para essa doen?a n?o s?o completamente compreendidos, mas incluem desregula??o da resposta imune oriundos de defeitos na placenta??o, fatores ambientais e gen?ticos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar associa??o varia??o na quantidade de receptores de citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias (IL-1R, IL-6R e TNF-?R) estariam envolvidos com a pr?-ecl?mpsia. Receptores de citocinas (IL-1R2, TNF-?R1 e IL-6R) foram avaliados em c?lulas mononucleares das gr?vidas normotensas (controle n=11) e gr?vidas com pr?-ecl?mpsia (PE, n=24). Mulheres com pr?-eclampsia tinham peso mais elevado no in?cio da gravidez (p=0.0171). Foi observado uma diminui??o de mon?citos cl?ssicos, mas n?o de mon?citos intermedi?rios e n?o-cl?ssicos na pr?-ecl?mpsia. A frequ?ncia dos receptores de citocinas proinflamat?rias IL-1R2, TNF-?R IL-6R aderidos a membrana das subpopula??es de mon?citos (cl?ssicos, intermedi?rios e n?o cl?ssicos) e linf?citos (CD3+CD4+ e CD3+CD8+) estavam diminu?das em pacientes com pr?-ecl?mpsia, quando comparados com gr?vidas normais. A redu??o na quantidade de receptores de citocinas IL-1R2, TNF-?R1 e IL-6R em mon?ciots e linf?citos pode ser um fator mantenedor do estado inflamat?rio na pr?-eclampsia. / Preeclampsia is a disease specific of human pregnancy that affects 3-8% of pregnant women, and it is one of the three leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity. The disease is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation. The risk factors for this disease are not completely understood but appear to include dysregulation of the immune response arising from defects in placentation, environmental and genetic factors. This study aimed to determine whether the variation in the amount of proinflammatory cytokine receptors IL-1R2, IL-6R and TNF-?R1 would be involved in preeclampsia. They were recruited women with preeclampsia (n=24) and women who evolved during pregnancy without changes in blood pressure (n=12) were recruited. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. The cytokine receptors (IL-1R2, TNF-?R1 and IL-6R) were assessed in mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood using flow cytometry (Control = 8; PE = 24). C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined by CRP ultrasensitive method (Control = 7; PE = 18) was performed using sera pregnant women. Women with preeclampsia had higher weight at the beginning of the pregnancy (p=0.0171) and lower gestational age at delivery (0.0008). Classical monocytes were decreased in preeclampsia but not intermediate or non-classical monocytes. The frequency of IL-1R2 pro inflammatory cytokine receptors is decreased in women with PE only in the subpopulation of non-classical monocytes (p = 0.0011). TNF-?R1 receptor and IL-6R, had a decreased frequency in the three subpopulations of monocyte (classic, intermediate and non-classical) when compared to women with normal pregnancy. An increase in IL-1R2 receptor in TCD4+ lymphocytes, but a decrease in TNF-receptor and IL-6R in women with preeclampsia were found. No differences in the frequency of those receptors in CD3+/CD8+ in preeclampsia. There was no difference in C-reactive protein in preeclampsia. The reduction in the amount of IL-1R2, TNF- ?R1 and IL-6R monocytes and lymphocytes can be involved in the regulation of inflammation observed in preeclampsia, contributing to disease.

La naissance prématurée (PTB), soit une naissance se produisant avant la 37e semaine de grossesse chez l’humain, est encore à ce jour l’une des principales causes de mortalité et de morbidité néonatales. En accord avec les études actuelles, la gravité des issues à la naissance est fortement liée à une perte de la fine régulation physiologique de facteurs inflammatoires durant la grossesse. Notamment, plusieurs données ont identifié qu’une fluctuation à la hausse des taux d'interleukine(IL)-6 dans les tissus gestationnels, liquide amniotique et le sang fœtal augmentait grandement le pronostic de naissance prématurée et de ses comorbidités associées. En plus de créer un environnement inflammatoire défavorable durant la gestation, IL-6 augmente aussi les protéines d’activation utérine (UAP), ayant pour effet de diminuer le temps de gestation. À ce jour, les traitements disponibles consistent principalement à arrêter les contractions à l’aide de tocolytiques. Conséquemment, ils ne s'attaquent pas directement à l'inflammation maternelle en amont sur le développement du fœtus. C’est dans cette optique que notre laboratoire a développé un peptidomimétique, nommé HSJ633 (633), inhibant sélectivement le récepteur d’IL-6 (IL-6R). Brièvement, la liaison d’IL-6 à IL-6R permet l’activation de la protéine accessoire du récepteur, gp130, générant la phosphorylation des protéines STAT3, Akt et de Erk1/2. En se liant de manière allostérique, 633 a l’avantage d’inhiber sélectivement la voie de STAT3, celle-ci affectant principalement la production de protéines de la phase aiguë. Ainsi, nous émettons l'hypothèse qu’IL-6 peut causer des dommages aux tissus fœtaux et que l'inhibition d’IL-6R à l'aide de 633 améliorera les conditions à la naissance tout en maintenant l'intégrité du tissu fœtal. Durant tout ce travail, nous avons confirmé notre hypothèse en utilisant un modèle d’inflammation anténatal en administrant du lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sur des souris gestantes vers la fin de leur période de gestation. Les résultats ont montré que le LPS raccourcissait le temps de gestation, réduisaient le poids à la naissance et la survie des souriceaux. Nous avons confirmé qu’IL-6 est un acteur important dans l’induction de la PTB et que son inhibition sélective est suffisante pour diminuer les effets délétères de l’inflammation. De plus, nous avons caractérisé l’effet protecteur de 633 en analysant la transcription de gènes et la synthèse de protéines clés dans les tissus maternels et gestationnels. Nous avons poursuivi davantage la caractérisation en révélant la présence de 633 au niveau du placenta, mais pas dans le fœtus. Ces résultats permettent de clarifier que 633 diminue l’inflammation directement au niveau placentaire et qu’il empêche les dommages subséquents de se répercuter dans le fœtus. En outre, nous avons établi que 633 réduit la morphologie anormale des poumons et des intestins de la progéniture induite par l'inflammation. Ensemble, nos données montrent que 633 a rétabli avec succès les issues à la naissance en augmentant le temps de gestation, la survie à la naissance et en préservant l'intégrité des organes du fœtus dans un modèle de PTB induite par le LPS. Ces découvertes soulignent l’importance d’IL-6 et révèlent l’efficacité́ pharmacologique in vivo d’un nouveau modulateur de l’IL-6R. Le 633 est un nouveau prototype thérapeutique prometteur pour la prévention de la PTB chez l’humain. / Preterm birth (PTB), which occurs before the 37th week of pregnancy in humans, is still one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity. In agreement with current studies, the severity of birth outcomes is strongly associated with the loss of fine physiological regulation of inflammatory factors during pregnancy. Notably, several data have identified that upward fluctuation of interleukin (IL)-6 levels in gestational tissue, amniotic fluid, and fetal blood greatly increase the prognosis of preterm birth and its comorbidities. In addition to creating an adverse inflammatory environment during gestation, IL-6 also increases uterine activating protein (UAP), which results in decreased gestation time. To date, available treatments mainly consist of attempts to stop contractions with tocolytics. Consequently, they do not directly address the upstream maternal inflammation on the development of the fetus. To that end, our laboratory has developed a peptidomimetic, named HSJ633 (633), that selectively inhibits the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). Briefly, binding of IL-6 to IL-6R allows activation of the receptor accessory protein, gp130, resulting in phosphorylation of STAT3, Akt and Erk1/2. By binding allosterically, 633 has the advantage of selectively inhibiting the STAT3 pathway, the latter mainly affecting the production of acute phase proteins. Thus, we hypothesize that IL-6 can cause fetal tissue damage and that inhibition of IL-6R with 633 will improve birth outcomes while also preserving the integritý of fetal tissue. Throughout this work, we confirmed our hypothesis using a model of antenatal inflammation by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into pregnant mice towards the end of their gestation period. The results showed that LPS shortened gestation time and reduced pup weight and survival. We confirmed that IL-6 is an important player in the induction of PTB and that its selective inhibition is sufficient to decrease the deleterious effects of inflammation. In addition, we characterized the protective effect of 633 by investigating gene transcription and key protein synthesis in maternal and gestational tissues. We further characterized the effect by revealing the presence of 633 in the placenta, but not in the fetus. These results clarify that 633 decrease inflammation directly in the placenta and prevents subsequent injury in the fetus. In addition, we found that 633 reduces inflammation-induced abnormal morphology of the lungs and intestines of the offspring. Taken together, our data show that 633 successfully restored birth outcomes by increasing gestation time, survival at birth, and preserving fetal organ integrity in an LPS-induced PTB model. These findings underscore the importance of IL-6 and unveil the in vivo pharmacological efficacy of a novel modulator of IL-6R. 633 is a promising new therapeutic prototype for the prevention of PTB in humans.