Integrerad logistiksupport (ILS) är en teknisk process som ingår inom systemtekniken. Denna tekniska process utvecklades som svar på ett behov av integration mellan de olika tekniska processerna som ingår i ett systems livscykel. Syftet med ILS är att skapa ett samspel mellan de olika tekniska funktionerna som ingår i ett systems livscykel. Detta förhindrar att en enskild åtgärd drivs bort på egen hand i ett interagerat system, oavsett funktionsområde. Målet med ILS är även att reducera ett systems LCC, livscykelkostnad. ILS som supportprocess vanligtvis tillämpas vid design av avioniksystem. Till avioniksystem inkluderas de elektroniska samt elektromekaniska systemen ombord på ett luftfartyg. Dessa system har oftast en liknande intern uppläggning men kan olika ut externt. En nyckelfaktor till framtagningen av tillförlitliga och kostnadseffektiva avionik- och avioniksubsystem är krav och kravhantering. Denna studie ämnar att utforska om, och hur, ett systematisk tillvägagångsätt av ILS påverkar design- och utformningsprocessen för avioniksystem. Den syftar även att utforska hur en supportprocess som ILS kan påverka tillgängligheten av avioniksystem ur ett erfarenhetsbaserat perspektiv med input från avionik- samt ILS-kunniga ingenjörer. Resultat visar att ILS är ett väsentligt element inom systemdesign och vid framtagning av avioniksystem. Vidare visar resultatet att ett systematiskt framförhållningssätt vid design av avioniksystem är viktigt då det bidrar med ett helhetsperspektiv. I sin tur bistår detta med beslutsunderlag för beslutstagande beträffande systemets design och produktion. Resultatet visar även att framtiden för ILS ser positiv ut om lärdomar från avioniksystemen i operativdrift idag får influera morgondagens design- och produktionsprocesser.

The content of the diploma work is the proposal of a new, operativelly, technically and economically appropiate procedure for the landing on the runway 10 for the airport LKTB.The work includes the valuation of the present status of the airport, the problems with capacity, technical equipment and the meteorological influence on it. According to the processing of the results and comparing the individual systems using in the present fot the precision approach ,the final proposal will be presented.

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Sammanfattning I varje flygfas av en kommersiell flygrutt krävs att navigations- och inflygningshjälpmedlen klarar högt ställda krav på noggrannhet, kontinuitet, tillgänglighet och integritet. Befintliga ILS-landningssystem klarar inte alla de kraven. GBAS, som är en modern teknik, kan däremot ppfylla uppställda krav med hjälp av GPS-satellitsignaler och ge stöd för alla faser av precisionsinflygningskategorier. GBAS-teknik kan ersätta ILS-tekniken och göra flygtrafiken säkrare under olika flygfaser. Systemet tillämpar konceptet "differentiella korrigeringar" för att förstärka GPS-satellitsignaler och överföra korrigeringar från GNSS-data till utrustade flygplan i närheten av en flygplats. Detta möjliggör att angränsade flygplatser kan förses med behövligt stöd och möjliggöra precisionsinflygningar upp till CAT III. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att analysera GBAS-system och dess effekter på en flygplats och jämföra det med ILS-system för att bedöma vilket som är bäst. Sedan om möjligt ge förslag på hur man kan rädda små flygplatser med hjälp av GBAS-teknik. Arbetet inleddes med informationsinsamling om systemets tekniska och operativa kriterier. Utifrån denna information skapades ett analysschema för att analysera skillnaderna mellan landningssystemen. Resultaten av arbetet och analysschemat visar att GBAS-systemet bedöms vara mer ändamålsenligt med avseende på ekonomiska, tekniska och operativa förhållanden jämfört med ILS-systemet. Analyserna tyder också på att GBAS är ett bättre alternativ än ILS på små flygplatser och att man kan använda resultaten som verktyg för att identifiera olika problem med ILS-systemet. / Abstract Nowadays we have two general rules for flight: VFR (Visual Flight Rules) and IFR (Instrument Flight Rules). VFR can only be used according to visual flight rules, where the pilot always has visual contact with the ground. In low visibility conditions (such as fog, snow, low clouds level, rain and darkness) the pilot uses ILS (Instrument Landing System) to position the aircraft for approach and landing. Those situations at ILS are categorized into three different stages: CAT I, CAT II and CAT III. The categories are based on the sight (visibility conditions). ILS is sensitive to nearby radio signals from other devices and to buildings around the airport and cannot guide multiple aircraft simultaneously. At the same time the critical and sensitive areas of the ILS result in a reduction of the throughput under low-visibility conditions. In addition, the system is expensive and requires great maintenance. Another important disadvantage of this system is that it allows only straight approach (Not curved flying within landing and approach). Most of the airports’ landing systems have some inaccuracy and unreliability. It is due to older models and systems. Systems like ILS, VOR, TLS, MLS, GPS, GNSS, etc., have been constantly modernized and are used to reduce the risk of incidents and accidents during approach and landing phases which are crucial steps in the flight. However, the GPS (Global Position System) precision method cannot alone meet ICAO’s (International Civil Aviation Organization) requirements when additional accuracy, integrity, accessibility and continuity are required. In order to meet the ICAO requirements, one needs to strengthen the GNSS’s performance by using the GBAS system and guaranteeing very high performance in a given coverage area such as, an airport. The current GBAS has already been certified for CAT1 and can be improved to ICAO requirements. CAT II / III has already been developed by the ICAO Navigation System Panel (NSP) but not yet appended to Annex 10 as an alternative to ILS. Annex 10 is an ICAO regulation that contains all standards and practices for aviation telecommunications. This thesis study provides an overall overview of the aircraft’s performance with different aids and specifies new landing system and compares with some of the existing systems. Limitations are studied in order to analyze the best available new system that can be achieved.

Teaching vacancies are increasing nationally and the task of placing an experienced, subject-certified teacher in the classroom is getting more difficult for school districts. About 23% of all secondary teachers do not have a minor in their main teaching field. This is true for more than 30% of mathematics teachers and the proportion of such teachers is much greater in high-poverty schools and lower-level classes. In schools with the highest minority enrollments, students have less than a 50% chance of getting a science or mathematics teacher who holds a license and a degree in the field which he or she teaches. While placement of probationary teachers may help to relieve the shortages of licensed teachers, school districts should consider the consequences of placing these teachers in the classroom. One solution school districts have looked to is the use of technology. The Integrated Learning System (ILS) is a virtual classroom which may offer a solution for school districts not able to fill teaching vacancies with a fully prepared teacher. The focus of this study was on the impact of the ILS and teachers' mathematics preparation on 8th grade student achievement. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze existing data. The participants included 1223 students in 76 classes taught by 30 teachers. The results indicated that 8th grade student achievement in ILS classes was significantly higher compared to classes not using the ILS. When teachers' preparation in mathematics was added in to the model, the impact of the ILS was reduced. Results from this study suggested that the ILS may be beneficial for MJ-3 students and that the ILS may offer school districts an alternative technique in raising student mathematics achievement, specifically with low-income or minority students. In addition, the ILS may be a practical solution for school districts when dealing with teacher vacancies in mathematics classrooms. In regard to teacher preparation, the results from this study confirm the importance for school districts to hire mathematics teachers with knowledge of mathematics content and pedagogy; support the belief that alternative certification programs should emphasize pedagogy; challenge state licensing boards' option of certifying teachers without documentation of completed subject area courses; and support NCTM's vision of a well-prepared mathematics teacher.

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Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos palydovinės tikslaus tūpimo pagal prietaisus sistemos taikymo Lietuvos aviacijoje galimybės. Aptartos palydovinės navigacijos sistemos tikslumą įtakojančios paklaidos, jų šaltiniai. Nagrinėjama GBAS sistemos struktūra, veikimo principas, paklaidų eliminavimo būdai. Išnagrinėtos šios sistemos panaudojimo galimybės (infrastruktūros ir ekonominiu požiūriais) tarptautiniuose Vilniaus, Kauno, Palangos ir Šiaulių oro uostuose. Atlikti bandymai Vilniaus tarptautiniame oro uoste, įvertinant potencialias GPS paklaidas bei įvertinant GBAS sistemos tikslumo ir tinkamumo galimybes. Išnagrinėjus teorinius ir praktinius tyrimo rezultatus, pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados ir siūlymai. Darbą sudaro 9 dalys: įvadas, analitinė dalis, palydovinės radijo navigacinės sistemos antžeminė patikslinimo sis-tema, diferencinės pataisos, tikslaus artėjimo tūpti GBAS sistema, tiriamoji dalis, rezultatų apibendrinimas, literatūros sąrašas, priedai. Darbo apimtis – 63 p. teksto be priedų, 40 iliustr., 11 lent., 34 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / This master’s thesis explores possibilities of satellite precision instrument landing application for Lithuanian avia-tion. At the first part of the thesis satellite navigation errors affecting its accuracy and their sources were examined. GBAS system stricture, its operation and error elimination methods were reviewed. Further explored were possibilities of imple-menting the analyzed system (infrastructure and economic terms) in international Vilnius, Kaunas, Palanga and Šiauliai airports. Test were carried out in Vilnius international airport aiming for assessment of potential GPS signal errors and estimation of GBAS systems accuracy and fitness opportunities, followed by theoretical and practical examination of the analysis data collected. Based on the examination results final thesis conclusions and recommendations are formulated and provided at the ending of this thesis. Structure: introduction, analytical part, ground based augmentation system, diferential corrections, precision lan-ding GBAS system, exploratory part, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consist of: 63 p. text without appendixes, 40 pictures, 11 tables, 34 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:36:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 13060370 bytes, checksum: d278616bda56ec354853e6497ba88f41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The arrival of Digital TV has brought the possibility to broadcasters create interactive programs. For this, applications should be sent to the TV station via the standard DSMCC carousel. This standard enables data to be sent cyclically, so that any time you turn on the TV, it can receive all data transmitted. However, the way each interactive application will be available on the carousel has an impact on the users waiting time. The carousel can be modified to prioritize some applications, and so give more satisfaction to most users and also increase the profits of the station. It is not been defined yet a model of how to handle the priority of applications. Current work suggests an innovative business model, seeking to satisfy users, the broadcaster and the contractor.With the priorities of the applications, a new problem arises, termed here as the Download Time Variability Problem (DTVP). It defines the way that the carousel should be created to minimize the users waiting times. This is a difficult problem, which makes the use of exact techniques unapplicable for large instances. The paper proposes the use of GRASP and ILS metaheuristics to solve the problem. / A chegada da TV Digital trouxe consigo a possibilidade de criação de programas interativos por parte das emissoras. Para isso, aplicativos para TV devem ser enviados pela emissora através do padrão Carrossel DSM-CC. Esse padrão permite que os dados sejam enviados de forma cíclica, a fim de que a qualquer momento que o usuário ligue a TV, o mesmo possa receber todos os dados transmitidos. Porém, a forma com que cada aplicativo interativo vai estar disponível no carrossel tem um impacto no tempo de espera do usuário. O carrossel pode ser modificado de forma a priorizar algumas aplicações, e assim dar maior satisfação a maioria dos usuários e também aumentar o lucro da emissora. Ainda não existe um modelo definido de como tratar a prioridade das aplicações. O trabalho corrente sugere um modelo de negócio inovador, buscando satisfazer os usuários, a emissora e a empresa contratante. Com as prioridades das aplicações, surge um novo problema, denominado neste trabalho como o Problema da Variabilidade do Tempo de Download (PVTD). Ele trata da forma com que o carrossel deve ser gerado para minimizar o atraso no download das aplicações. Isso é um problema difícil, o que inviabiliza a utilização de técnicas exatas para grandes instâncias. O trabalho propõe a utilização das metaheurísticas GRASP e ILS para solucionar o problema.