Este trabalho busca analisar a relação existente entre a distribuição de renda e o crescimento econômico no caso brasileiro desde 1985. Em um primeiro momento, a partir da visão mundial, é feita uma revisão das principais teorias relacionando a desigualdade de renda e o crescimento econômico. É realizada uma revisão das formas de mensuração de desigualdade de renda, e então são mostrados os resultados obtidos pela análise empírica da relação entre desigualdade e crescimento. Na seqüência há uma explanação sobre o histórico da desigualdade no Brasil e são realizados testes empíricos com base nas séries históricas brasileiras de desigualdade e crescimento. A análise será a nível nacional e estadual e compreenderá os testes de convergência Beta e Sigma, utilização de dados em painel com variáveis cointegradas, o cálculo da Fronteira de Possibilidade de Desigualdade e a Razão da Extração da Desigualdade. Por fim, observa-se que a diversidade de abordagens existentes sobre a desigualdade expõe que o tema ainda é de grande relevância e, levando-se em conta o contexto brasileiro de alto nível de desigualdade, essa importância aumenta ainda mais. / This paper aims to analyze the relationship between distribution of income and economic growth in Brazil since 1985. Firstly, the main theories and studies relating income inequality and economic growth are reviewed. Then an explanation about the possible ways to measure income inequality is made, and the results obtained by empirical analysis are shown. Subsequently there is a review about the history of inequality in Brazil and some empirical tests, based on Brazilian historical series of inequality and growth. The analysis will be carried out in national and state levels and will include Beta and Sigma convergence tests, panel data with cointegrated variables and Inequality Possibility Frontier calculus and the Ratio of Maximum Inequality at state level. Finally, we observe that the diversity of approaches on inequality demonstrates that the issue is still of great importance and, taking into account the Brazilian context of high inequality, it becomes even more important

Este trabalho busca analisar a relação existente entre a distribuição de renda e o crescimento econômico no caso brasileiro desde 1985. Em um primeiro momento, a partir da visão mundial, é feita uma revisão das principais teorias relacionando a desigualdade de renda e o crescimento econômico. É realizada uma revisão das formas de mensuração de desigualdade de renda, e então são mostrados os resultados obtidos pela análise empírica da relação entre desigualdade e crescimento. Na seqüência há uma explanação sobre o histórico da desigualdade no Brasil e são realizados testes empíricos com base nas séries históricas brasileiras de desigualdade e crescimento. A análise será a nível nacional e estadual e compreenderá os testes de convergência Beta e Sigma, utilização de dados em painel com variáveis cointegradas, o cálculo da Fronteira de Possibilidade de Desigualdade e a Razão da Extração da Desigualdade. Por fim, observa-se que a diversidade de abordagens existentes sobre a desigualdade expõe que o tema ainda é de grande relevância e, levando-se em conta o contexto brasileiro de alto nível de desigualdade, essa importância aumenta ainda mais. / This paper aims to analyze the relationship between distribution of income and economic growth in Brazil since 1985. Firstly, the main theories and studies relating income inequality and economic growth are reviewed. Then an explanation about the possible ways to measure income inequality is made, and the results obtained by empirical analysis are shown. Subsequently there is a review about the history of inequality in Brazil and some empirical tests, based on Brazilian historical series of inequality and growth. The analysis will be carried out in national and state levels and will include Beta and Sigma convergence tests, panel data with cointegrated variables and Inequality Possibility Frontier calculus and the Ratio of Maximum Inequality at state level. Finally, we observe that the diversity of approaches on inequality demonstrates that the issue is still of great importance and, taking into account the Brazilian context of high inequality, it becomes even more important

This paper scrutinizes the development of heights in Peru from the early republican period to the end of the guano era (1820-1880). Studying heights of prisoners from the Lima penitentiary, we find that those of prisoners from the lower classes stagnated throughout the period. We argue that the presence of such a valuable export as guano had no positive effects on the standard of living of the middle and lower classes, not even in Lima, where most of the benefits from guano exports were concentrated. After controlling for ethnic and occupational differences throughout the period under consideration, we find no statistically significant regional disparities in living standards. Moreover, we find that ethnic differences were as pronounced during that time as they would have been if no political change had happened, and that they remained unchanged throughout the entire century. In addition, this study is the first to present data on 19th-century Peruvian women. / Este artículo escudriña el desarrollo de las estaturas en el Perú que va desde los inicios del periodo republicano hasta el fin de la era del guano (1820-1880). Estudiando las estaturas de los prisioneros de una penitenciaria de Lima, encontramos que las estaturas de los prisioneros de clases bajas se estancaron a través del periodo. Argumentamos que la presencia de un bien de exportación con tanto valor como el guano no tuvo efectos positivos en el nivel de vida de las clases medias y bajas, ni siquiera en Lima, donde se concentró la mayoría de beneficios de las exportaciones de guano. Luego de controlar las diferencias étnicas y ocupacionales para todo el periodo en consideración, no encontramos disparidades regionales en los niveles de vida que sean estadísticamente significativas.Además, hallamos que las diferencias étnicas fueron tan pronunciadas durante ese tiempo como lo habrían sido de no haber ocurrido ningún cambio político, y que estas permanecieron sin cambio durante el siglo entero. Adicionalmente, este estudio es el primero en presentar datos sobre la mujer peruana del siglo XIX.Este artículo fue originalmente publicado en Economics & Human Biology, 8(2), 2010, 145-152 con el título The seed of abundance and misery. Peruvian living standards from the early republican period to the end of the guano era (1820-80). La traducción al castellano fue realizada por Stephan Gruber Narváez.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo testar o argumento de que as escolas públicas modificaram a sua estratégia educacional ao buscar o aumento do seu Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB) após 2007 (ano da criação desse índice). A base do argumento é que essa mudança de estratégia foi no sentido de alocar maiores investimentos e esforços educacionais nos alunos com as melhores chances de apresentarem os maiores ganhos de proficiência na Prova Brasil, o que poderia aumentar a desigualdade de proficiência dentro das escolas. Os nossos resultados indicam evidências para rejeitar esse argumento inicial. Há evidências de que as escolas, que aumentaram o IDEB entre 2007 e 2009, reduziram a desigualdade de proficiência dos seus alunos. Além disso, existem evidências de que a desigualdade entre diferentes escolas pode estar aumentando. / The present study aims to test our argument that public schools changed their educational strategies while trying to increase their IDEB (educational quality index) between 2007 and 2009. This argument is about an increase in the educational investments and efforts from schools into their students, specifically those that presented the highest chances to obtain the largest achievement gains. These investments and efforts would contribute to increase the achievement inequality within schools. Ours results shows evidence to reject our argument. There is evidence that these schools contributed to lower the achievement inequality between their students. We also find evidence that achievement inequality may be increasing between schools.

Este trabalho busca analisar a relação existente entre a distribuição de renda e o crescimento econômico no caso brasileiro desde 1985. Em um primeiro momento, a partir da visão mundial, é feita uma revisão das principais teorias relacionando a desigualdade de renda e o crescimento econômico. É realizada uma revisão das formas de mensuração de desigualdade de renda, e então são mostrados os resultados obtidos pela análise empírica da relação entre desigualdade e crescimento. Na seqüência há uma explanação sobre o histórico da desigualdade no Brasil e são realizados testes empíricos com base nas séries históricas brasileiras de desigualdade e crescimento. A análise será a nível nacional e estadual e compreenderá os testes de convergência Beta e Sigma, utilização de dados em painel com variáveis cointegradas, o cálculo da Fronteira de Possibilidade de Desigualdade e a Razão da Extração da Desigualdade. Por fim, observa-se que a diversidade de abordagens existentes sobre a desigualdade expõe que o tema ainda é de grande relevância e, levando-se em conta o contexto brasileiro de alto nível de desigualdade, essa importância aumenta ainda mais. / This paper aims to analyze the relationship between distribution of income and economic growth in Brazil since 1985. Firstly, the main theories and studies relating income inequality and economic growth are reviewed. Then an explanation about the possible ways to measure income inequality is made, and the results obtained by empirical analysis are shown. Subsequently there is a review about the history of inequality in Brazil and some empirical tests, based on Brazilian historical series of inequality and growth. The analysis will be carried out in national and state levels and will include Beta and Sigma convergence tests, panel data with cointegrated variables and Inequality Possibility Frontier calculus and the Ratio of Maximum Inequality at state level. Finally, we observe that the diversity of approaches on inequality demonstrates that the issue is still of great importance and, taking into account the Brazilian context of high inequality, it becomes even more important

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-08-08T12:41:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação_PIMES_2016_Girlan.pdf: 1133393 bytes, checksum: 31885f288a4ba8b8d7a46a5c4ac59f8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T12:41:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação_PIMES_2016_Girlan.pdf: 1133393 bytes, checksum: 31885f288a4ba8b8d7a46a5c4ac59f8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-04 / As tentativas empíricas de capturar o efeito global da desigualdade sobre o crescimento têm, em sua maioria, produzido resultados imprecisos e inconclusivos, fato atribuído à consideração de que a desigualdade de renda, que é a medida de desigualdade mais amplamente utilizada nestas análises, é constituída por duas partes distintas, a desigualdade de oportunidades e a desigualdade de esforço, as quais podem repercutir sobre o processo de crescimento por vias opostas, fazendo com que a relação entre desigualdade e crescimento dependa de qual desses efeitos é superior. Diante da dificuldade conceitual que envolve a distinção entre circunstâncias e esforço, além deste último não ser um fator diretamente observável e de haver uma escassez de variáveis que representem de maneira satisfatória as circunstâncias, o presente trabalho se propõe a averiguar a relação entre o crescimento da renda real mensal familiar per capita média e uma representação indireta das desigualdades de oportunidades, dada pelo Índice de Oportunidade Humana (IOH). O estudo promove a comparação entre as estimações de modelos de convergência condicional, partindo de um modelo tradicional em que constam apenas variáveis clássicas da teoria do crescimento econômico, e no qual vão sendo adicionados um a um, o IOH e os índices de desigualdade de renda de Gini, Theil-T e Theil-L, para depois juntarmos a cada um desses últimos o Índice de Oportunidade Humana. Com o uso de dados das Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostras de Domicílios (PNADs) e da base de dados do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA) – Ipeadata - para os estados brasileiros e o Distrito Federal no período de 1995 a 2014, os resultados da análise apontam para uma relação negativa entre as desigualdades de oportunidades e o crescimento da renda. / Empirical attempts to capture the overall effect of inequality on growth have mostly produced imprecise and inconclusive results, a fact attributed to the consideration that income inequality, which is the most widely used measure of inequality in these analyzes, is constituted by two distinct parts, inequality of opportunity and inequality of effort, which can affect the growth process by opposite paths, making the relationship between inequality and growth depend on which of these effects is superior. In view of the conceptual difficulty that involves the distinction between circumstances and effort, besides the latter not being a directly observable factor and having a scarcity of variables that satisfactorily represent the circumstances, the present work proposes to ascertain the relation between the growth of the average family monthly real income per capita and an indirect representation of inequalities of opportunity, given by the Human Opportunity Index (IOH). The study promotes the comparison between the estimations of conditional convergence models, starting from a traditional model that contains only classic variables of the economic growth theory, in which the IOH and the income inequality indexes of Gini, Theil-T and Theil-L are added one by one, to later join each of the latter the Human Opportunity Index. Using data from the National Surveys by Household Samples (PNADs) and from the database of the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) – Ipeadata – for the Brazilian states and the Federal District from 1995 to 2014, the results of the analysis point to a negative relationship between inequalities of opportunity and income growth.

This dissertation argues that public opinion regarding the acceptability and desirability of income differences is affected by actual income inequality. Cross-national survey evidence is combined with laboratory and survey experiments to show that estimates regarding appropriate income differences depend on (perceptions of) real income differences. When income inequality changes, public opinion "habituates" by adjusting expectations for fair levels of inequality in the same direction as the factual change. The adjustment occurs because humans are subject to status quo bias and have a motivated tendency to believe in a just world. In the context of increasing inequality in developed democracies over the last 40 years, the implication is that normative expectations for appropriate levels of inequality have adjusted up. This habituation process helps explain why increases in inequality have not been accompanied by increased demands for redistribution and why cross-national variation in income inequality is not clearly linked to public opposition to such inequality. / Government

This diploma thesis deals with income inequality measurements and concentrates mostly on the subjective parameters that are used in inequality computations. The core of the thesis is an evaluation of data from a survey, in which a questionnaire was completed by 150 people, mostly students and recent graduates. The most surprising finding is that approximately one third of respondents support the absolute invariance principle; eventually, this means a denial of many types of measurements in welfare economics, including the Gini Index. In the questionnaire, the respondents were also supposed to estimate actual Czech income distribution. All groups of respondents, not excluding economists, substantially overestimated the lowest income class size.

The majority of mental illness on college campuses remains untreated, and mental illness stigma is the most cited explanation for not seeking mental health treatment. Working-class college students are not only at greater risk of mental illness, but also are less likely to seek mental health treatment and hold more stigmatized views toward people with mental illness compared to affluent college students. Research on college culture suggests that elite college contexts may be associated with greater stigmatization of mental illness. This study bridges the social status and college culture literatures by asking—does social status and college context together predict students’ mental health attitudes? By surveying 757 undergraduates at an Ivy League university and a Non-Ivy League university, I found that 1) elite college students had greater mental illness stigma than non-elite students, 2) social status was positively related to personal stigma and negatively related to perceived stigma, and 3) low social status students at the Ivy League university had greater personal mental illness stigma compared to their counterparts at the Non-Ivy League university. Low social status students’ perceptions of themselves as social status minorities may be responsible for their greater stigmatization of mental illness in the elite college context. These findings suggest that increasing socioeconomic diversity on college campuses may improve lower social status students’ mental health attitudes.

Cette thèse comprend quatre chapitres sur la répartition des revenus. Tous les chapitres sont interdépendants et leur objectif commun est de discuter le concept d’inégalité dans la composition du revenu. Ce concept est étudié de manière approfondie du point de vue conceptuel, mathématique et économique. Le chapitre 1 présente cette thèse et ses principales conclusions. Le chapitre 2 présente le concept d’inégalité dans la composition du revenu, ainsi qu’un résumé statistique pour son évaluation technique. Le chapitre 3 analyse les déterminants de la variation de l’inégalité des revenus à la lumière de la nouvelle dimension de l’inégalité précédemment introduite. Le chapitre 4 étudie l’évolution de l’inégalité dans la composition du revenu en Italie entre 1989 et 2016. Le chapitre 5 propose une méthode pour analyser conjointement les répartitions du capital et du travail et de l’épargne et de la consommation. Cette méthode repose sur le concept d’inégalité dans composition du revenu. Enfin, le chapitre 6 conclut cette thèse et jette les bases de futures recherches en la matière. / This thesis consists of four chapters on income distribution. All chapters are interrelated, and cohesively they serve the sole purpose of discussing the concept of income composition inequality. This concept is thoroughly explored from a conceptual, mathematical, as well as political economy perspective. Chapter 1 introduces this dissertation and its main findings. Chapter 2 presents the concept of income composition inequality, together with a summary statistics for its technical assessment. Chapter 3 analyzes the determinants of income inequality variation in light of the novel inequality dimension previously introduced. Chapter 4 studies the evolution of income composition inequality in Italy between 1989 and 2016. Chapter 5 proposes a method to jointly analyze the distributions of capital and labor and of saving and consumption across the population. This method hinges on the concept of income composition inequality. Finally, Chapter 6 concludes this dissertation and lays the ground for future research on the matter.