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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
451

Perspectivas de uso e potencial de plantas no controle de culicíneos de importância em saúde pública / Prospects and potential use of plants in controlling culicines of public health significance

Castro Júnior, Laurindo Camilo de 15 September 2008 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T11:40:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laurindo Camilo de Castro Júnior - 2008.pdf: 744212 bytes, checksum: 54bc98384ca53eb5c272a0d02e1d0e7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T12:13:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laurindo Camilo de Castro Júnior - 2008.pdf: 744212 bytes, checksum: 54bc98384ca53eb5c272a0d02e1d0e7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-07T12:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laurindo Camilo de Castro Júnior - 2008.pdf: 744212 bytes, checksum: 54bc98384ca53eb5c272a0d02e1d0e7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The control and combat culicines have presented difficuties related to the emergence of resistant mosquito populations, ostensibly occasioned by the use of current synthetic insecticides. This reality creates the necessity of looking for new substances insecticide and constant development of new formulations. Face to this situation, phytochemical studies have demonstrated that plants are an abundant source of new active principles. In this work, a quantitative and qualitative review was carried out, between the period of 1970 and 2010, looking for plants that had presented insecticidal effect on culicines, with importance to public health. There were found 174 botanical species, distributed in 56 families, with bigger concentration of species in the Lamiaceae (15 species), Fabaceae (12 species), Asteraceae (12 species), Cucurbitaceae (9 species) and Myrtaceae (9 species) families. The main insecticidal effects founded in the related articles were: larvicidal action, mosquitocidal action, growth inhibition and repellency effect. About the insecticide activity, the Copaifera reticulata and Piper nigrum were the plants that presented the larger potentials for Culicinae. The diterpenoide, acid 3-ß-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-oico, isolated of C. reticulata, it was more active substance against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, following by the substances isolated of P. nigrum: piperina, pellitorine, piperecida, guineensina and retrofractamida that active against Ae. aegypti, Ae. togoi, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens pallens. / O controle e o combate de culicíneos têm apresentado dificuldades relacionadas ao surgimento de populações de mosquitos resistentes, ocasionadas pelo emprego ostensivo dos atuais inseticidas sintéticos. Na busca de alternativas de baixa toxicidade e menor impacto ambiental, vários investigadores têm estudado os produtos de origem botânica na procura de novas substâncias inseticidas. Frente a esta situação, estudos fitoquímicos têm demonstrado que as plantas são fontes abundantes de novos princípios ativos. Neste contexto, uma revisão da literatura pertinente a esse assunto foi realizada entre os períodos de 1970 a 2010, sobre plantas que apresentaram efeito toxicológico sobre culicíneos de importância para a saúde pública. Foram encontradas 174 espécies de plantas, distribuídas em 56 famílias, com maior concentração de espécies nas famílias Lamiaceae (15 espécies), Fabaceae (12 espécies), Asteraceae (12 espécies), Cucurbitaceae (9 espécies) e Myrtaceae (9 espécies). Os principais efeitos verificados foram ações larvicida, adulticida, efeito inibidor do crescimento e repelência. Com relação à atividade inseticida, a Copaifera reticulata e Piper nigrum, foram as plantas que apresentaram potenciais maiores para culicíneos. O diterpenoide, ácido 3- - acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-óico, isolado de C. reticulata, foi a substância mais ativa contra Aedes aegypti e Culex quinquefasciatus, seguidas das substâncias isoladas do óleo de P. nigrum: piperina, pellitorine, pipericida, guineensina e retrofractamida que se mostraram ativas para Aedes aegypti, Ae. togoi, Cx. quinquefasciatus e Cx. pipiens pallens.
452

Óleos vegetais e óleo mineral na mortalidade da Bemisia tabaci biótipo B e na transmissão do vírus do mosaico dourado no feijoeiro / Vegetable oils and mineral oil on the mortality of Bemisia tabaci biotype B and the transmission of the golden mosaic virus in bean

Marques, Míriam de Almeida 01 August 2011 (has links)
Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T17:02:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Míriam de Almeida Marques - 2011.pdf: 1500273 bytes, checksum: d34aa41a75621b87445ae291524bb2e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T17:02:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Míriam de Almeida Marques - 2011.pdf: 1500273 bytes, checksum: d34aa41a75621b87445ae291524bb2e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-07T17:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Míriam de Almeida Marques - 2011.pdf: 1500273 bytes, checksum: d34aa41a75621b87445ae291524bb2e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-01 / As an alternative to synthetic insecticides, mineral oils and vegetable oils have been shown to be promising in controlling Bemisia tabaci biotype B. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mineral and vegetable oils on eggs, nymphs and adults of B. tabaci biotype B, in the transmission of the bean golden mosaic virus and on dry production. The experiments were conducted at screenhouse at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás. The following oils in the concentration of 1% were used: Assist® mineral oil, Neem Max® neem oil, Veget'oil® vegetable oil, Citrole® orange oil, Castor Oil®, Sesame Oil®. The two last oils were emulsified with detergent Zupp® at 2%. Thiamethoxam at 200 g pc/ha (GD - dispersible granule) was used as a standard for comparison of chemical insecticide and distilled water as control. In all experiments, the experimental unit consisted of a polyethylene pot (34 cm diameter x 12 cm) containing two seedlings of common bean cv. Pearl. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications / treatment. In the first experiment was evaluated the effect of oils on the mortality of eggs of B. tabaci. The second experiment was conducted to verify that the treatment of eggs with the oils would affect first instar nymphs. In the third experiment was evaluated the mortality of nymphs of the second to fourth instar after spraying of oil on the second instar nymphs. In these experiments, seedlings of bean cv. Pearl infested with eggs or nymphs of the whitefly were sprayed with 250 μL of each treatment on the abaxial surface of leaves. In the fourth experiment, four seedlings infested with adults and distributed in one m2 were sprayed with 30 ml of treatment. In the fifth experiment the effect of oils on adult mortality, the incidence of bean golden mosaic virus and crop production were evaluated by spraying only vegetable oils before the infestation of the seedlings with adults. All treatments caused mortality of eggs lesser or equal to 9.5%. Vegetable oils, when applied to eggs, caused mortality of newly-hatched nymphs lesser or equal to 22.3%. All treatments caused significant mortality of second instar nymphs, ranging from 46.5% for thiamethoxan to 81.6% for to castor oil. The treatments also affected the development of the nymphs until the fourth instar. Mortalities of nymphs greater than 80% were observed with castor, neem, sesame and orange oils. Only castor, sesame and mineral oils caused significant adult mortalities of 41.2%, 25.7% and 38.0%, respectively, one day after spraying. The orange, castor, neem and sesame oils, when sprayed prior to insect infestation of beans seedlings, caused mortality of whitefly adults ranging from 32.1% to 53.6%, one day after application. The castor and orange oils reduced the incidence of golden mosaic virus in bean. Castor oil favored greater pod yield, while the lowest pod yield was observed on sesame oil. The total number of seeds, mean number of seeds per pod and seed weight was not increased with the use of vegetable oils. The use vegetable and mineral oils have the potential to control B. tabaci biotype B. / Como alternativa aos inseticidas sintéticos, óleos vegetais e óleos minerais têm se revelado promissores no controle da Bemisia tabaci biótipo B. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de óleos vegetais e mineral sobre ovos, ninfas e adultos da B. tabaci biótipo B e sobre a transmissão do vírus do mosaico dourado no feijoeiro e na sua produtividade. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa telada na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás. Utilizaram-se os seguintes óleos na concentração de 1%: óleo mineral Assist®, óleo de nim Max Neem®, óleo vegetal Veget’oil®, óleo de laranja Citrole®, óleo de Mamona®, óleo de Gergelim®, sendo os dois últimos emulsificados com detergente neutro Zupp® a 2%. Como padrão de comparação de inseticida químico utilizou-se o thiamethoxam a 200 g p.c./ha (granulado dispersível-GD) e como testemunha água destilada. Em todos os experimentos, a unidade experimental foi constituída por um vaso de polietileno (34 cm de diâmetro x 12 cm de altura) contendo duas plântulas do feijoeiro comum cv. Pérola. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições/tratamento. No primeiro experimento foi avaliado o efeito dos óleos sobre a mortalidade dos ovos da B. tabaci. O segundo experimento foi instalado para verificar se o tratamento de ovos com os óleos afetaria as ninfas de primeiro ínstar da mosca-branca. No terceiro experimento foi avaliada a mortalidade de ninfas do segundo ao quarto ínstar após a pulverização dos óleos sobre ninfas do segundo ínstar. Nestes experimentos, plântulas de feijão cv. Pérola infestadas com ovos ou ninfas da mosca-branca foram pulverizadas com 250 μL de cada tratamento na face abaxial das folhas. No quarto experimento, quatro plântulas infestadas com adultos e distribuídas em um m2 foram pulverizadas com 30 ml dos tratamentos. No quinto experimento avaliou-se o efeito dos óleos na mortalidade dos adultos, na incidência do vírus do mosaico dourado do feijoeiro e na produtividade dessa cultura, pulverizando-se apenas os óleos vegetais antes da infestação dos adultos nas plântulas. Todos os tratamentos causaram mortalidade de ovos menor ou igual a 9,5%. Os óleos vegetais quando aplicados sobre os ovos, apresentaram efeito residual, causando mortalidade de ninfas recém-eclodidas menor ou igual a 22,3%. Todos os tratamentos causaram mortalidades significativas de ninfas do segundo ínstar, variando de 46,5% para o thiamethoxan até 81,6% para o óleo de mamona. Os tratamentos também afetaram o desenvolvimento das ninfas até o quarto ínstar. Foram observadas mortalidades de ninfas maiores que 80% com o óleo de mamona, nim, gergelim e laranja. Somente os óleos de mamona, gergelim e mineral causaram mortalidades significativas de adultos de 41,2%, 25,7% e 38%, respectivamente, um dia após a pulverização. Os óleos vegetais de laranja, mamona, nim e gergelim, quando pulverizados antes da infestação do inseto em plântulas de feijão, causaram mortalidade de adultos da mosca-branca variando de 32,1% a 53,6%, um dia após aplicação. Os óleos de mamona e laranja reduziram a incidência do vírus do mosaico dourado no feijoeiro. O óleo de mamona favoreceu maior produção de vagens, enquanto que o gergelim proporcionou menores valores de produção. O número total de grãos, número de grãos por vagem e massa de grãos, não foi incrementado com o uso de óleos vegetais. O uso de óleos vegetal e mineral apresenta potencial no controle da B. tabaci biótipo B.
453

Determinação de resíduos de hexaclorociclohexano \"HCH\" no soro sanguíneo de trabalhadores expostos no Arquivo Histórico de Joinville na década de 80 / Determination of hexachlorcyciohexane residues on blood plasma of exposed employees of the Historical Archieve of Joinville on 80\'s decade

Elaine Cristina Damasceno Loiola 13 December 2007 (has links)
O Hexaclorociclohexano (HCH) é um inseticida do grupo dos organoclorados, composto por uma mistura de isômeros formados durante a síntese química, através de sucessivas adições de cloro ao benzeno. Estes isômeros podem contaminar não só o meio ambiente como também a população que tenha contato direto ou indireto com os resíduos. Nas décadas de 70 e 80, foi utilizado um produto comercial composto pelo ativo HCH comercializado como \"Hexabel®\" no controle de insetos xilófagos no Acervo Histórico de Joinville em Santa Catarina. A aplicação do inseticida foi realizada pelos próprios funcionários do Arquivo Histórico, e houve intensa manipulação dos documentos tratados durante uma mudança do prédio o presente trabalho teve como objetivo validar uma metodologia de determinação de resíduos do HCH e seus isômeros em soro sangüíneo, e analisar o grau de exposição dos funcionários e ex-funcionários do Arquivo Histórico de Joinville ao produto. Foram realizados exames sorológicos em todos os funcionários e ex - funcionários do local e também na população que sabidamente nunca tiveram contato com o ativo, denominada população controle. As análises foram realizadas após a validação do método multiresíduos que obtém todos os ativos em uma única extração e tem detecção por Cromatografia a gás com detector de captura (GC-ECD) de elétrons. Os resultados comprovaram comprovaram a eficiência do método, através de dados em conformidade com os critérios do ensaio. Os resultados obtidos no estudo da população mostraram que a quantidade de HCH no soro sangüíneo de funcionários, ex-funcionários e da população controle estão abaixo do limite de quantificação de 0,04μg dL-1 para Alfa HCH e Gama HCH \"Lindana\" e 0,08μg dL-1 para Beta e Delta HCH. / Hexachlorcyciohexane (HCH) is an organochloride insecticide formed by a mixture of chemical isomers produced during its chemical synthesis, obtained after successive inserts of chlorine atoms on benzene molecule. These isomers may contaminate both the environment and the people who had direct or indirect contact with the HCH residues. On 70\'s and 80\'s, its was used a commercial product which contained HCH on its formula and was commercialized as Hexabel®. The product was used to control the xylophage insect population on the Historical Archieve of Joinville, at Santa Catarina, Brazil. The own employees did the insecticide application and there was an intensive manipulation of the treated material during a building change. The objective of this work was to validate a methodology to quantify the HCH residues and its isomers on blood plasma and analyze the employee\'s exposure extent to the chemical. It was done serological investigation on employees, former-employees and on non-exposed people, which was classified as the control population. The analyses were done after the methodology validation. The method was capable to obtain all isomers on a unique extraction and the detection and quantification were done by gas chromatography with electron-capture detector (GC-ECD). The results obtained showed that the proposed method is accurate, and that the amount of HCH residues on blood plasma of all individuals analyzed was lower than the quantification limits established to the method, which were 0,04 μg dL-1 for the alpha- and gamma- HCH (lindana) and 0,08 μg dL-1 for the beta- and delta- HCH.
454

Eficiência de iscas tóxicas no controle de adultos de Sphenophorus levis Vaurie (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) em cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) / Efficiency of toxic baits with different attractive substances in the control of adult Sphenophorus levis Vaurie (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

Katherine Giron Perez 18 February 2008 (has links)
No Brasil, o bicudo da cana-de-açúcar, Sphenophorus levis Vaurie (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) tem se tornado nos últimos anos praga importante da cultura, principalmente no estado de São Paulo onde as perdas alcançam 30 ton/ha/ano e no Sul do estado de Minas Gerais. Isto devido à ausência de medidas preventivas para a disseminação e ao crescimento da área plantada, decorrente da alta demanda de álcool. Existem diversos métodos para o seu controle e um dos mais empregados são as iscas tóxicas; apenas impregnadas com o inseticida carbaril não existindo alternativas, o que pode favorecer a aparecimento de populações resistentes do inseto, dificultando o controle. Sendo assim, é evidente a necessidade de investigar outros inseticidas tão ou mais eficientes visando aumentar inclusive a eficiência das iscas utilizadas atualmente através da incorporação de substâncias mais atraentes. O presente trabalho foi realizado no Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo, e teve como objetivos avaliar a atração de adultos de S. levis por meio de olfatômetro \"Y\" a toletes de cana-de-açúcar com e sem melaço a 10% e casca de abacaxi, em diferentes períodos de fermentação (24, 48 e 72hs), horários (diurno e noturno) e sexos (machos e fêmeas) e estabelecer a relação entre os compostos emitidos pelos substratos, acetato de etila e etanol, por meio de cromatografia gasosa, com a atração dos insetos a cada substrato testado; assim como avaliar o efeito letal dos inseticidas cartap e tiametoxam em diferentes dosagens fornecidas através de iscas de cana-de-açúcar no laboratório é validá-los em campo, comparando-os com as capturas das iscas contendo carbaril. Os resultados do laboratório demonstraram que a mistura cana-de-açúcar com melaço fermentado por 24 horas, atraiu os insetos em até 90% e que a resposta dos insetos foi maior no horário diurno, sem diferenças estatísticas entre os sexos. Os inseticidas cartap e tiametoxam nas dosagens 2,0 g p.c/L de água e 0,6 gp.c/L de água respectivamente, ocasionaram níveis de mortalidade superiores a 80% no laboratório. No campo a mortalidade em iscas contendo cartap (2,0 g p.c/L) foi menor que as iscas contendo carbaril e tiametoxam (0,6 g p.c/L) as quais tiveram resultados semelhantes. O maior número de insetos capturados nas iscas tóxicas foi registrado aos 7 dias, nos dias subseqüentes as capturas diminuíram. / In Brazil, the sugarcane weevil, Sphenophorus levis Vaurie (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has become a serious pest of sugarcane in recent years mainly in the states of São Paulo and south of Minas Gerais where losses caused by this pest surpasses 30 ton/ha/year. This is due to lack of preventive measures for its dissemination and increase in the area planted with sugarcane as a result of high alcohol demand. There are several methods for its control and one of the most utilized methods are toxic baits impregnated with the insecticide carbaryl with no alternatives which could favor the selection of resistant populations of this pest, making control difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate other insecticides including improving the efficiency of baits that are in current use through incorporation of more attractive substances. The present study was realized in the department of Entomology, Plant pathology and Agriculture Zoology of Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", University of São Paulo, and had the objective to evaluate the attraction of the adults of S. levis through \"Y\" olfactometer to sugarcane nodes with and without 10% molasses and peelings of pineapple, in different fermentation periods (24, 48 e 72hs), times of the day (diurnal and nocturnal) and sexes (males and females) and to establish the relationship between the compounds emitted by substrates, ethyl acetate and ethanol by use of gas chromatography, with the attraction of insects by each substrate tested, as well as to evaluate the lethal effect of insecticides, cartap and thiametoxan in different doses delivered through sugarcane baits in the laboratory and field validation compared with carbaryl baits. The laboratory results demonstrates that a mixture of sugarcane with molasses fermented for 24 hours, attracted up to 90% of the insects and the insect response was higher during the day without statistical difference between the sexes. The insecticides cartap and thiametoxan at doses 2,0 g p.c/L and 0,6 gp.c/L of water respectively, caused mortality levels higher than 80% in the laboratory. In the field, baits containing cartap (2,0 g p.c/L) captured less insects than those with carbaryl and thiametoxan (0,6 g p.c/L) which had similar results. The highest number of captured insects in toxic baits was registered for 7 days and this diminished in subsequent days.
455

Inativação de fungos e extração de azadiractina e oleo de sementes de nim (Azadirachta indica A.Juss) utilizando fluidos supercuiticos / Fungi inactivation and extraction of azadirachtin and oil from neem seeds (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) using supercritical fluids

Mazoni, Julia Natalia de Oliveira 12 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Theo Guenter Kiechbusch, Alvaro Bandeira Antunes de Azevedo, Paulo Mazzafera / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T03:28:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mazoni_JuliaNataliadeOliveira_M.pdf: 998492 bytes, checksum: 7716662fd0dc6deb60a847156f0a7a1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) é uma árvore originária da Índia e seus extratos são amplamente utilizados na medicina popular como anti-séptico, vermífugo, contraceptivo, sabões, xampus, pastas dentais medicinais e no tratamento de várias moléstias. O principal princípio ativo encontrado nas sementes e em menor proporção no óleo de nim é a azadiractina, um tetranotriterpenóide que possui atividade inseticida. Este trabalho avaliou a aplicação de processos que usam fluidos supercríticos (FSC) em sementes (amêndoas moídas) de nim cultivadas no Estado de Pernambuco, contendo 1,05% de azadiractina (determinado por Soxhlet usando etanol) e 47,4% de óleo (determinado por Soxhlet utilizando hexano). As pressões de operação usadas foram 150, 200 e 250 bar nas temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70ºC (ensaios de extração com CO2 puro) e pressões de 200 e 300 bar nas temperaturas de 50 e 60ºC (ensaios de extração com CO2 contendo 5 ou 10% de etanol como co-solvente). A solubilidade do óleo em CO2 supercrítico aumenta com o incremento da pressão e diminui com o aumento da temperatura. A 300 bar e 50ºC a solubilidade é de 6,8 g de óleo/kg de CO2. Nos ensaios a 250 bar e 50ºC o CO2 puro foi capaz de remover 90% do óleo, mas apenas 6,4% de azadiractina das sementes. O uso de etanol como co-solvente favoreceu a extração de óleo (aumentos de 25%) e também de azadiractina, observando-se aumentos da ordem de 5 vezes para este princípio ativo. Um ensaio exploratório em duas etapas seqüenciais, a 50oC e 200 bar usando inicialmente 1800 g de CO2 puro, seguida de 1500 g de CO2+ 10% etanol, produziu uma fase oleosa na segunda etapa contendo cerca de 1,5% de azadiractina. Ensaios utilizando ciclos de pressão e despressurização de CO2 puro (entre 100 e 200 bar) a 40 e 60ºC visando a inativação de fungos presentes no nim mostraram-se eficientes na redução da contaminação de Aspergillus em sementes inteiras de nim (redução de até 80%), mas apresentaram resultados inconclusivos para as sementes moídas. Estes resultados são promissores para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia não-térmica de inativação que é quimicamente não-agressiva ao produto, usam temperaturas amenas e pressões que podem ser consideradas moderadas em comparação a processos de inativação a altas pressões (HPT). / Abstract: Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is a tree that grows naturally in India and neem extracts are widely used in the traditional medicine as antiseptic, worm killer, contraceptive, medicinal soaps, shampoos and toothpastes and for the treatment of several health disorders. The main active component found in the seeds and in lesser amount in neem oil is azadirachtin, a tetranotriterpenoid with insecticide properties. This work evaluated the applicability of processes that use supercritical fluids on milled seeds of neem cultivated in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, containing 1.05% of azadirachtin (determined by Soxhlet with ethanol) and 47,4% of oil (determined by Soxhlet with hexane). The operational pressures used were 150, 200, 250 bar at 50, 60 and 70ºC temperature (extraction runs with pure CO2) and pressures of 200 and 300 bar and temperatures of 50 and 60ºC (extraction runs with CO2+ethanol as co-solvent). The solubility of neem oil in supercritical CO2 increases with the increase of pressure and decreases when temperature increases. At 300 bar and 50ºC the solubility is 6,8 g of oil/kg of CO2. Runs with pure CO2 at 250 bar and 50ºC were able to remove 90% of the oil, but only 6.4% of azadirachtin from the seeds. Using ethanol as co-solvent improved the oil extraction in about 20% and boosted the recovery of azadirachtin 5 times. A two-step extraction run, at 50ºC and 200 bar using 1800 g of pure CO2 followed by 1500 g of CO2+10% ethanol produced an oil phase with 1,5% of azadirachtin. Runs using pure CO2 under cycling pressure varying between 100 and 200 bar, at 40 and 50ºC in order to inactivate naturally occurring molds in neem showed effective reduction of Aspergillus contamination in whole seeds (80% reduction), but inconclusive results for milled seeds. These results seems promising for the development of non-thermal inactivation treatments that are chemically non-aggressive to the products, use mild temperatures and pressures that can be considered moderate compared to HPT processes. / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
456

Atividade tóxica e deterrente de Koelreuteria paniculata (Laxm.) e seus extratos no desenvolvimento de Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) / Antifeedant and toxic activity of Koelreuteria paniculata (Laxm.) and its extracts on development of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Martins, Carlos Henrique Zanini, 1982- 21 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo, Maria das Graças Machado Freire / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T18:00:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_CarlosHenriqueZanini_M.pdf: 3256360 bytes, checksum: 92dcd99d5853476244d7668b4ceb774b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
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Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja tratadas com inseticidas / Seed physiological quality of soybean treated with insecticide

Xavier, Fernando Rodrigo 27 October 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fernando_rodrigo_xavier.pdf: 4002704 bytes, checksum: 1d4210b27bba576305263a041837bf2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-27 / The use of insecticide seed treatment for soybeans is a major component in pest control at the initial stage of soybeans, as they prevent the decrease plant stand. This treatment provides it with greater security and helps ensure the productivity of the crop, besides having a much lower environmental impact compared insecticide applications by air. With the large scale soy production in Brazil and abroad, some pests that are not the culture in question may start seeing it as a new source of livelihood. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the germination, seedling size and abnormal seedlings in treatments with insecticides Semevin (thiodicarb) Hurracan (Fipronil), Imitra (Imidacloprid) and Acetra (Acephate), the dosages recommended by manufacturers. Evaluations of physiological seed quality were conducted by means of germination, seedling size and abnormal seedlings in sand substrate, with the CD 202 variety of high germination and vigor. To avoid any discrepancies between the treatments all tests were used Firewalk fungicide (Thiram + Carbendazin). Treatment with insecticide Hurracan (Fipronil) proved to be superior to other insecticides because of its proximity to the witnesses and the significant difference by Tukey 5% of the other tests, indicating a better physiological quality compared to others. / O uso de inseticidas no tratamento de sementes de soja é um dos principais componentes no controle de pragas na fase inicial da soja, pois evitam que estas diminuem o estande de plantas. Este tratamento propicia com isso uma maior segurança e ajuda a garantir a produtividade da lavoura, além de ter um impacto ambiental muito menor se comparado as aplicações de inseticidas por via aérea. Com a larga escala na produção de soja no Brasil e no mundo, algumas pragas que são secundarias poderão começar a promover dano economico. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a germinação, tamanho de plântulas e plântulas anormais nos tratamentos com os inseticidas Semevin (Thiodicarb), Hurracan (Fipronil), Imitra (Imidacloprid) e Acetra (Acephato), nas dosagens recomendadas pelos fabricantes. As avaliações de qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram realizadas por meio de teste de germinação, tamanho de plântulas e plântulas anormais em substrato de areia, com a variedade CD 202 de alta germinação e vigor. Para evitar alguma discrepância entre os tratamentos todos os testes foram utilizados o fungicida Firewalk (Thiram + Carbendazin). O tratamento com o inseticida Hurracan (Fipronil) mostrou-se superior aos demais inseticidas devido a proximidade com as testemunhas e a diferença significativas pelo teste Tukey 5% dos demais testes, mostrando uma melhor qualidade fisiológica se comparado aos demais.
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Pyrethroid Insecticide Effects on Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus) and the Impacts of Bluegill Predation on Invertebrates in Microcosms

Morris, Rodney Gregg 05 1900 (has links)
Concurrent outdoor aquatic 1950 L microcosm and 0.04 ha mesocosm experiments with bluegill sunfish evaluated the ecological impact of cyfluthrin. Cyfluthrin effects were not observed on mesocosm bluegill; a slight decrease in growth was observed in the microcosm bluegill. Otolith weight to length relationships between bluegill size-classes from microcosms, local streams, and a fish hatchery revealed no differences. Our results indicated bluegill predation impacts were slight on benthic invertebrates. Extensive predation on emerging insects was observed. Microcosm bluegill impacts on zooplankton populations followed expected predation effects, resulting in larger populations of smaller taxa. Bluegill functioned as "keystone" predators for microcosm taxa and improved taxa richness for benthic colonizing invertebrates and zooplankton.
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IPM in Midwestern Agriculture: Implications to Pests, Pollinators, and Yield

Jacob R Pecenka (11797601) 19 December 2021 (has links)
<p>There is an existing conflict thrust upon U.S. food production systems; optimize crop yield to provide sustenance to a growing population while minimizing ecological impacts of high-intensity agriculture. This balancing act is experienced by Indiana’s watermelon growers who must maintain marketability of a crop that is reliant on insect pollinators. The dependence on pollinators to produce yield means that growers have to consider the negative impacts pesticide applications may have on both the desired pest and non-target pollinators. Navigating these trade-offs must be considered not just in the watermelon fields, but the surrounding agricultural landscape that has become increasingly reliant on prophylactic insecticides to control pests. This dissertation work results from an intensive set of experiments replicating grower practices in experimental fields throughout Indiana to assess the relationships of pests, pollinators, and crop yield.</p> Beginning with a priming year in 2017, watermelon plots were planted within larger corn fields to replicate the agriculture landscape and provide a “snapshot” of typical environment. These plots were paired at multiple locations and provided a contrast between a conventional management system that replicates grower insecticide programs with an IPM approach that removes insecticide applications outside of those based on scouting recommendations. I found that, while pest abundance and damage was higher in IPM fields, the increased pollinator visits in IPM fields led to higher yields in watermelons while corn yield was unaffected by an absence of insecticide use. Managed pollinator hives were placed in these fields and IPM resulted in the colonies exhibiting greater weight gain, lower mortality, increased reproductive growth, and higher insecticide residue accumulation. Insecticide residues were found more frequently at higher levels in the leaf tissue, crop pollen, field soil, and honey bee-collected pollen taken from CM fields. Despite these findings, there was a variable effect of the surrounding land use on the quality of collected pollen or the insecticides gathered by pollinators. These experiments demonstrate that IPM is a viable set of practices for specialty crop growers in the Midwest; successfully monitoring insect pests and conserving pollination services from both managed and wild pollinators. These findings provide a comprehensive look at the effect of IPM practices not just on the a specialty crop, but to the surrounding agricultural landscape as well. An IPM approach can be implemented by growers to decrease non-target effects from insecticides while maintaining or even improving productivity and profitability.
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Stanovení reziduí vybraných pesticidních účinných látek ve víně metodou GC/MS / Determination of residues of the selected pesticide effective substances in wine using the GC/MS method

Ehrenbergerová, Martina January 2010 (has links)
The grape is one of the oldest cultivated plants. It can be consumed as a fruit or it can be used as a raw material for making stews, juices or the cultivated drink – wine. Generations of wine-makers have been striving to improve both the cultivating conditions of vineyards and the quality of wine. Many harmful elements, such as herbivorous pests, diseases and storms are important factors that can have a negative impact on crop quality. To regulate the effects of these factors, an integrated protection system is used, incorporating agronomical measures, resistant varieties and a wide spectrum of pesticides. However, increasing the usage of pesticides brings certain dangers to both the production quality and the environment. This necessitates the monitoring of the negative effects, including the content of pesticide residues in the grapes. My thesis studies and experimentally assesses selected pesticide residues in certain wine samples.

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