How come that people with disabilities still do not have the same opportunity to receive a job offer as the rest of the population? Who represents these disabled people’s interests in labormarket-related discussions? This thesis aims to evaluate the representation of the disabled within the labor market by comparing interest groups to trade union organizations based on thedebate between the Power resource approach (PRA) and the New politics (NP) perspective.There is limited research on this area related to disabled people; therefore, this thesis adapts the two theories in a new way when trying to apply the perspectives on disabled people. To empirically investigate the representation between interest groups and trade union organizations, qualitative and quantitative data are collected and analyzed using a framework for representation based on Hanna Pitkin’s definition of substantive representation. The results show that the trade union organizations do participate to a large extent, though not to the same extent as interest groups. Thereby the thesis gives some empirical support for Pierson’s New politics perspective, but this area is still in need of future research.

För att nya medarbetare ska få så bra förutsättningar som möjligt då de kommer till en ny arbetsplats så har arbetsgivaren en skyldighet enligt Arbetsmiljöverkets föreskrifter (AFS 2001:1) att genomföra en introduktion - även kallad onboarding. En onboardingprocess handlar om att på ett effektivt sätt slussa in nyanställda i verksamheten tills dess att de levererar sin fulla kapacitet. I dagsläget använder sig många företag av denna välklingande process men det går att ställa sig frågan om den är anpassad efter organisationen eller den nyanställdas behov. Vid effektiviserade onboardingprocesser finns det en risk att mjuka värden i processen hamnar i skymundan och det går att fundera på om detta har någon påverkan på den nya medarbetarens känsla av tillhörighet. Med hjälp av bland annat Bauers (2010) framtagna modell The four C’s som delar upp onboardingprocessen i olika nivåer ville vi studera detta närmre. Syftet med denna studien är således att undersöka vad det finns för samband mellan onboardingprocessen och nyanställdas känsla av tillhörighet på arbetsplatsen, samt vilka andra variabler som kan vara av betydelse. Genom en digital enkät undersöktes 67 stycken tjänstemän som anställts inom de senaste tre åren. Bearbetning av materialet utfördes i IBM SPSS Statistics 27 där korrelationsanalyser och multipla linjära regressionsanalyser togs fram. Resultatet visade att det krävs olika typer av onboardingprocesser för att uppnå tillhörighet respektive nöjdhet med onboardingprocessen hos nyanställda. För att uppnå tillhörighet krävs i många fall en onboardingprocess på Culture-nivå, medan nöjdhet i de flesta fall uppnås redan på Clarification-nivå.

Tidigare forskning har bevisat att insynspersoner kan använda sitt informationsövertag för attnuppnå avvikelseavkastning genom handel med det egna företagets aktier. Det rådernmeningsskiljaktigheter kring möjligheten för investerare att använda informationen från insynspersoners transaktioner till att generera avvikelseavkastning. Tidigare forskning menarnäven att den typen av information har högt informationsvärde för investerare och leder till en marknadsreaktion redan innan transaktionen offentliggjorts. Studien bidrar till forskningen kring insynstransaktioners påverkan på aktiemarknaden och skillnaden i marknadens reaktion innan och efter offentliggörandet av en insynstransaktion. För att undersöka marknadens reaktion har en eventstudie använts med data från insynsförvärv under ett år för bolag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. Resultatet visar på att insynsförvärv har ett informationsvärde på dagen de rapporteras till marknaden, men där ingen avvikelseavkastning kan ses i den efterföljande perioden. Med hänsyn till kostnader för transaktioner kan det konstateras att det inte går att generera avvikelseavkastning baserat på informationen av insynstransaktioner. Undersökningen fann ingen indikation på att informationen blir känd för aktiemarknaden innan informationen blivit publik.

Insider threat has continued to be one of the most difficult cybersecurity threat vectors detectable by contemporary technologies. Most organizations apply standard technology-based practices to detect unusual network activity. While there have been significant advances in intrusion detection systems (IDS) as well as security incident and event management solutions (SIEM), these technologies fail to take into consideration the human aspects of personality and emotion in computer use and network activity, since insider threats are human-initiated. External influencers impact how an end-user interacts with both colleagues and organizational resources. Taking into consideration external influencers, such as personality, changes in organizational polices and structure, along with unusual technical activity analysis, would be an improvement over contemporary detection tools used for identifying at-risk employees. This would allow upper management or other organizational units to intervene before a malicious cybersecurity insider threat event occurs, or mitigate it quickly, once initiated. The main goal of this research study was to design, develop, and validate a proof-of-concept prototype for a malicious cybersecurity insider threat alerting system that will assist in the rapid detection and prediction of human-centric precursors to malicious cybersecurity insider threat activity. Disgruntled employees or end-users wishing to cause harm to the organization may do so by abusing the trust given to them in their access to available network and organizational resources. Reports on malicious insider threat actions indicated that insider threat attacks make up roughly 23% of all cybercrime incidents, resulting in $2.9 trillion in employee fraud losses globally. The damage and negative impact that insider threats cause was reported to be higher than that of outsider or other types of cybercrime incidents. Consequently, this study utilized weighted indicators to measure and correlate simulated user activity to possible precursors to malicious cybersecurity insider threat attacks. This study consisted of a mixed method approach utilizing an expert panel, developmental research, and quantitative data analysis using the developed tool on simulated data set. To assure validity and reliability of the indicators, a panel of subject matter experts (SMEs) reviewed the indicators and indicator categorizations that were collected from prior literature following the Delphi technique. The SMEs’ responses were incorporated into the development of a proof-of-concept prototype. Once the proof-of-concept prototype was completed and fully tested, an empirical simulation research study was conducted utilizing simulated user activity within a 16-month time frame. The results of the empirical simulation study were analyzed and presented. Recommendations resulting from the study also be provided.

Abstract Title: Can outsiders obtain abnormal returns by imitating insider trading?- An application to trade in tech stocks on the Nasdaq Stockholm stock exchange.Comparing high and low volatile stocks. Course: JEFT27. Authors: Antonious Shalaby & Reis Rexha Advisor: Benjamin Miller Key Words: Insider trading, Abnormal Returns, Event Study Purpose:This study aims to investigate if there is a possibility of achieving abnormal returns foroutsiders on the stock exchange by following insider trading. This is being done with the goalof beating the index and outperforming the majority of the market, which has long been abenchmark for investors who are constantly developing new investment strategies byincorporating new variables of information. Methodology:The purpose of this study was achieved by utilizing a quantitative approach in conjunctionwith the Event Study model. We distinguished between high and low-volatility companies, asprevious studies had justified this. Subsequently, we conducted statistical tests to determine ifthe results were significant while also exploring the possibility of long-term effects throughseveral calibrations of the event window. Theoretical perspectives:To conduct this study, considerable attention has been given to prior research in the area,including the theory of the Efficient Market Hypothesis and the concept of Informationasymmetry. Empirical foundation:The insider trading that was analyzed took place between 2019-2022 in the thirty largesttechnology companies on the Nasdaq Stockholm Stock Exchange. Companies that did notmeet the requirements for the number of data points were excluded from the analysis. In total,twenty-six companies contained sufficient data. Conclusion:The study showed that there exists a possibility of obtaining abnormal returns. However, it isconstrained. To achieve this, the outsider must buy a highly volatile stock on the day the newswas published and sell it the day after. If the restrictions are not followed, we do not find thatabnormal returns are possible in the study.

This study provides a test of the market valuation impact of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enforcement actions for foreign firms. I examine the SEC enforcement policy towards foreign firms under its jurisdiction. In contrast to Siegel (2005) who examines earlier years, I find that the SEC's current (post-2002) enforcement intensity is considerable and has increased dramatically by comparison. I construct a novel test using the burgeoning series SEC enforcement events as changes to the legal environment that circumvents the issues associated with firm-level exchange-listing events (e.g. self-selection and simultaneous changes to firm traits). The tests focus on stock returns of foreign firms not targeted by the SEC during event windows surrounding SEC announcements of enforcements against foreign firms. This isolates the effect of a changing enforcement environment. I find that when the SEC takes action against a foreign firm, non-target foreign firms experience positive stock returns. Returns are amplified for firms from weaker home legal environments, suggesting that the returns are due to a perceived increase in SEC scrutiny. Finally, consistent with the market adjusting to the new enforcement regime, the magnitude of non-target firm returns declines with each sequential SEC enforcement action. The overall results provide evidence that SEC oversight plays a significant role in increasing the value of foreign firms, which supports the legal bonding hypothesis discussed in prior literature.

<p dir="ltr">This paper examines the informational content of insider trades and the impact of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on the ability of outside investors to use this information. I find that while the new reporting requirement speeds up the incorporation of insiders’ information into the market, there still exists an opportunity for attentive outsiders. The studies also address how the increased market efficiency has affected the differences between insiders, such as top-level executives and the rest of insiders. I find that the Sarbanes Oxley Act has greatly leveled the playing field in terms of how outsiders perceive these groups. Further, I extend the analysis of identifying opportunistic insiders. I find that using 8K corporate events in addition to quarterly earnings announcements, we are able to more efficiently label insiders as opportunistic compared to previous studies. Finally, I extend the literature on institutional investors by analyzing the link between this group and insider activity. I show that the previous findings of institutional investors following insiders is being driven by a subset of institutions, and I find evidence to support important distinguishing characteristics of institutional investors indicating institutions should not be studied as a whole, but in groups.</p>

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Prior literature suggests that CEOs capitalize on their position within the hierarchy of all business executives, resulting in various – both positive and negative – firm outcomes. Using a novel data set on golf outings to measure the quality of a CEO's informal (vs. formal) network, as measured by the CEO's network centrality, this study examines whether well-connected CEOs generate private gains through insider trades. Results suggest that, among golfing CEOs, CEOs with higher quality informal networks generate significantly higher insider trading profits on sales of their firms' stock, consistent with more famous, powerful, and influential CEOs possessing superior information. The paper continues by delineating a channel through which private information flow to network participants by documenting significantly different golf patterns of CEOs during the two weeks before material firm events become public while showing that CEOs generate noticeably higher insider trading profits from stock trades executed during the two weeks following these golf outings. This study highlights a setting in which shareholders are at risk of wealth transfer and illustrates the potential limitations of regulation concerning insider trading.