In a time of expanding globalization and worldwide interconnectedness through the Internet, the need for a better understanding of diverse cultures has taken on a new urgency. One way people learn about cultures other than their own is through the news media. Yet journalists have long been criticized for their inability to represent the complexities of cultures. The concept of cultural competence has been used to enhance cultural understanding in a variety of professions, including health care, social work, psychology, business and public relations. This dissertation applied the concept of cultural competence to journalists, using as theoretical frameworks the social construction of reality and concepts related to social cognition. The study explored factors that contribute to or hinder the cultural competence of journalists, including multimedia journalistic practices that influence the cultural competence of reporters and their news coverage. To answer the research questions posed in this dissertation, an extensive case study was conducted in a multimedia journalism laboratory at Temple University in Philadelphia, PA, in which student reporters produce news pieces about urban neighborhoods. The research involved 223 surveys, 28 observations of students reporting in the field, and 71 in-depth interviews with student reporters, news sources, neighborhood representatives, and lab professors. A textual analysis also was conducted of selected multimedia news packages produced by the student reporters. Five key factors were found to influence the cultural competence of journalists: awareness of self; awareness of the complexity of "insider" or "outsider" status; use of journalistic ethics, norms and routines; knowledge of the other, and skills and attributes that influence knowledge of the other. New multimedia journalistic practices were found to provide the potential to move journalists and their news texts toward more cultural competence. This study provides new meaning for what it means to be a journalist as one who dwells in the borderlands, occupying liminal spaces and promoting understanding over current norms of objectivity. This new meaning could be supported by journalism education programs that encourage future reporters to strive for a culturally competent approach to reporting and news production that promotes understanding for themselves and their audiences. / Mass Media and Communication

I analyze the relationship between insider trading outcomes and insiders' information environment within a network. While most existing studies rely on one dimension of commonality (e.g., personal ties, professional ties, geographic proximity) to construct the social network, I document the formation of the institutional investor groups (cliques) that exogenously connect firm-level insiders within the social network. Using difference-in-differences designs examining changes in clique size, I provide empirical evidence on the information dissemination channels within a network in which its members are quasi-randomly selected. Insider transactions in larger cliques exhibit lower abnormal trading profits, higher level of trading frequency, and larger amount of trade size, suggesting information dissemination is increasing in clique size. Then, I provide empirical evidence that the association between the value of information and the information dissemination rate is monotonic, consistent with prior theoretical studies. / Doctor of Philosophy / People communicate and are influenced by other people when they reside in a social network. I analyze how corporate insiders' trading outcomes are influenced by their information environment within a network. Most current research rely on one specific type of connection (e.g., personal relationships, professional relationships, geographic proximity) to build the social network, I provide evidence that firm-level insiders are involuntarily connected by the institutional investor social network (cliques). Using archival study approach, I document that insider transactions in larger cliques exhibit lower abnormal trading profits, higher level of trading frequency, and larger amount of trade size, suggesting information dissemination is increasing in clique size. Then, I provide empirical evidence that the association between the value of information and the information dissemination rate is linear, consistent with prior theoretical studies.

This dissertation examines the role of insider trading activity in explaining announcement price effects of seasoned debt and equity issues for investment. As has been widely discussed in the finance literature, the announcement of new financing for investment purposes can convey good or bad news depending on the motivation behind the issue, the profitability of the investment, and the stage of firm development. If insider trading can effectively reduce information asymmetry about investment opportunities at the time of corporate financing announcements, markets can be expected to react less negatively to these announcements. Corporate insiders know more about the expected impact of current earnings and future investments than anyone else. Consequently, the value and direction of their personal trading should reflect, to some extent, their expectation of the value of the firm in the future. John and Mishra’s [1990] signaling model explains how insider trading can act as a joint signal along with a corporate announcement in sending information to the market efficiently. A cross-sectional analysis is conducted to test the hypothesis that announcements of new financing (debt or equity) for investment that are preceded by insider buying are accompanied by a less negative stock price response than issues that are preceded by insider selling. This analysis is followed by several tests designed to examine the robustness of this relationship. The results of this study suggest a correlation between trading and announcement period price effects for equity issues that is consistent with this hypothesis, though the effect is more pronounced for smaller firms. There appears to be no connection between insider trading and the announcement period reaction to debt issues, however. / Ph. D.

Yes / This paper investigates the relation between insider trading and the likelihood of insolvency with a specific focus on the directors’ sale and purchase transactions preceding insolvency.We use a unique data set on directors’ dealings in 474 non-financial UK firms, of which 117 filed for insolvency, over the period 2000–2010.We show that the directors of insolvent firms increase their purchase transactions significantly as the insolvency approaches. The results also reveal a significant relation between three different measures of insider trading activity and the likelihood of insolvency, which is observed to be positive only during the last six-month trading period. The relation is negative for the earlier trading periods. While the earlier purchase transactions appear to be motivated by superior information held by insiders, the purchase trades closer to the insolvency date are possibly initiated by directors’ motives to influence the market’s perception of the firm in an attempt to avert or delay insolvency.

This study aims to investigate if an outside investor can gain positive return from investing in company stocks on the Swedish stock market following published announcements of insider stock purchases done through the Swedish financial regulatory authority Finansinspektionen’s public insider transaction registry. Studying a total of 5 966 announced stock purchases during the period 2014 – 2018, the study finds significant positive abnormal return over all studied time periods following the announcement date, regardless of differences in company size. Highest return was found in smaller companies, at the cost of accepting a higher degree of risk. Despite significant results showing informational value of the announced purchases, economic gain from following insider behavior could be inhibited by the cost of investment and would require the outside investor to pick the right stock, which could prove difficult.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-06T12:13:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Cleveston Gelain_.pdf: 2822869 bytes, checksum: 6a55ac10919adbbf56ac2d7ead2111a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T12:13:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Cleveston Gelain_.pdf: 2822869 bytes, checksum: 6a55ac10919adbbf56ac2d7ead2111a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de entender o que os elementos subculturais e sujeitos que envolvem a subcultura Riot Grrrl dizem sobre a sua atualização no Brasil. Enquanto elementos subculturais estão os fanzines, blogs, shows, bandas e eventos como o Girls Rock Camp no país. Enquanto sujeitos, entendo as mulheres que estão em contato direto e envolvidas com a subcultura Riot Grrrl no Brasil, amostra composta por 67 entrevistadas de 11 estados brasileiros, entre 15 e 47 anos de idade. A partir de autores e autoras como David Hesmondhalgh (2005), Paula Guerra (2010), Dick Hebdige (1979), Paul Hodkinson (2011) como base, proponho discutir o porquê de tratar Riot Grrrl enquanto subcultura, e ainda as questões de invisibilidade feminina na música e nos estudos subculturais e sobre juventude. Quanto à metodologia, assumo, através de uma observação participante (online e off-line) e inspirada na etnografia virtual, a posição de pesquisadora insider (Paul HODKINSON, 2005; Adriana AMARAL, 2009). Por fim, não há um consenso sobre o que significa ser uma riot grrrl, nem sobre o que seria a subcultura hoje no Brasil, mas nesta complexidade de vozes, idades, estados e opiniões, a vontade de trazer outras mulheres para pensar os feminismos parece falar mais alto do que os diferentes estilos musicais, as dissidências ou preocupações em dar nome às inspirações que tomamos sobre as atitudes das primeiras e “originais” riot grrrls. / This work aims to understand what the subculture elements and people that involve Riot Grrrl show about their update in Brazil. As subculture elements I understand the fanzines, blogs, shows, bands and events such as Girls Rock Camp. As people are the women who are in direct contact and involved with the subculture Riot Grrrl in Brazil, a sample composed of 67 interviewees from 11 Brazilian states, between 15 and 47 years of age. From authors such as David Hesmondhalgh (2005), Paula Guerra (2010), Dick Hebdige (1979), Paul Hodkinson (2011) as a basis, I propose to discuss why to treat Riot Grrrl as a subculture, as well as invisibility issues about women in music and in subcultural studies, and also on youth studies. About methodology, I’ve assumed through a participant observation (online and offline) and inspired by the virtual ethnography, the position of an insider researcher (Paul HODKINSON, 2005; Adriana AMARAL, 2009). Finally, there is no consensus on what it means to be a riot grrrl, nor on what would be the subculture in Brazil today but in this complexity of voices, ages, states and opinions, the desire to bring other women to think feminisms seems to speak louder than the different musical styles, disagreements or concerns in naming the inspirations we take about the attitudes of the first and "original" riot grrrls.

Cyber attacks against companies and organizations can result in high impact losses that include damaged credibility, exposed vulnerability, and financial losses. Until the 21st century, insiders were often overlooked as suspects for these attacks. The 2010 CERT Cyber Security Watch Survey attributes 26 percent of cyber crimes to insiders. Numerous real insider attack scenarios suggest that during, or directly before the attack, the insider begins to behave abnormally. We introduce a method to detect abnormal behavior by profiling users. We utilize the k-means and kernel density estimation algorithms to learn a user’s normal behavior and establish normal user profiles based on behavioral data. We then compare user behavior against the normal profiles to identify abnormal patterns of behavior.

Background: Achieving an abnormal return on your investment is something investors are trying to achieve. A lot of attempts have been made to try and find an investment strategy that always generates abnormal returns, although none has been proven to be absolute. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) proponents argue that when it comes to public available information, one could not get an abnormal advantage of this information. Behavioural Finance (BF) proponents however argue that there may still be possible for this due to human psychology. For markets to have the best possibilities for being efficient, it must be a large and competitive market where information transfers rapidly. When analysing aspects necessary for earning abnormal return for outsiders, there are indications that these aspects does exist and it might be profitable to mimic the insiders operating in the Swedish large-cap bank sector. The large-cap bank sector contains of Svenska Handelsbanken (SHB), Nordea, Swedbank and Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB). Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore whether there exist an opportunity in the Swedish bank sector for outsiders to earn abnormal return based on insiders’ transactions. In the process an indirect test will be made to see if the semi-strong form of efficiency holds for the Swedish bank sector. Method: Observing the movements on the market when the information about insider trading becomes public. The results are tested for both statistical significance and economical significance. Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to try and determine whether or not outsiders could mimic the insider’s transactions in order to earn abnormal return in the Swedish bank sector. However, based on this study this seems not to be possible in the overall sector. The signs that indicated that this would be possible for the Swedish large-cap banks turned out to be false. The result that showed statistical difference from zero was negative and it was therefore concluded that the insider did not predict the future very well. This leads to the conclusion that there are stronger factors than the sign of insiders’ transactions determine the future stock price. Since the insiders could not predict the future stock prices, any attempt from outsiders to try to exploit their information would not be beneficial. This resulted in the BF assumptions of under- and overreaction in the price did not occur in this study and instead the results turned out to be in line with the EMH description of semi-strong markets. / Bakgrund: Att uppnå överavkastning på sin investering är något investerare ständigt försöker uppnå. Många försök har gjorts för att försöka hitta en investeringsstrategi som alltid genererar överavkastningen, dock har inga gjorts som visat sig vara kontinuerliga. Den Effektiva Marknads Hypotesens förespråkare hävdar att när det gäller offentligt tillgänglig information kan man inte få onormal fördel av detta. Dock hävdar förespråkare för Behavioural Finance att detta fortfarande kan vara möjligt och att detta beror delvis på mänsklig psykologi. För att marknader ska ha de bästa möjligheterna för att vara effektiv, måste de vara stora och konkurrenskraftiga där information överförs snabbt. När man analyserar vissa aspekter som är nödvändiga för att tjäna överavkastningen för utomstående, verkar det finnas tecken på att detta skulle kunna vara möjligt genom att imitera insynshandel i den Svenska large-cap bank sektorn. Sektorn består av Handelsbanken (SHB), Nordea, Swedbank och Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB). Syfte: Är att undersöka om det finns en möjlighet för utomstående att få överavkastningen baserad på insynspersonernas transaktioner. I processen görs ett indirekt test för att se om den Svenska banksektorn uppnår semi-stark effektivitet. Metod: Observera rörelserna på marknaden när information om insynshandel blev allmänt. Resultatet testas för både statistisk och ekonomisk signifikans. Slutsats: Syftet med denna studie var att försöka avgöra huruvida utomstående kunde imitera insynspersonernas transaktioner för att tjäna onormal avkastning i den Svenska banksektorn. Baserat på denna studie verkar detta inte vara möjligt i den totala sektorn. De tecken som indikerade att detta skulle vara möjligt för visade sig vara falskt. Resultatet som visade statistisk skillnad från noll var negativt och därför drogs slutsatsen att insynspersonerna inte kunde förutsäga framtiden särskilt väl. Detta leder till slutsatsen att det finns starkare faktorer än insynspersoners transaktioner som avgör framtida aktiekurser. Eftersom insynspersoner inte kunde förutse de framtida aktiekurserna, skulle varje försök från en utomstående att försöka utnyttja detta inte vara fördelaktigt. Detta resulterade i fenomenet av under- och överreaktioner som BF förespråkade, inte förekom i denna studie. Istället visade resultatet sig vara i linje med EMH beskrivningen av semi-starka marknader.

Cyber attacks against companies and organizations can result in high impact losses that include damaged credibility, exposed vulnerability, and financial losses. Until the 21st century, insiders were often overlooked as suspects for these attacks. The 2010 CERT Cyber Security Watch Survey attributes 26 percent of cyber crimes to insiders. Numerous real insider attack scenarios suggest that during, or directly before the attack, the insider begins to behave abnormally. We introduce a method to detect abnormal behavior by profiling users. We utilize the k-means and kernel density estimation algorithms to learn a user’s normal behavior and establish normal user profiles based on behavioral data. We then compare user behavior against the normal profiles to identify abnormal patterns of behavior.

Arbetsplatsintroduktion och onboarding handlar om att hjälpa nya medarbetare att transformeras från organisatoriska outsiders till att bli organisatoriska insiders. Genom att använda sig av strukturerade och formaliserade onboardingprocesser som baserar sig på vetenskaplig forskning kan organisationer bidra till att de nya medarbetarna får förståelse för sina arbetsuppgifter och sin roll i organisationen och hjälpa dem utvecklas till produktiva och engagerade medarbetare. Denna studies syfte är att undersöka hur arbetsplatsintroduktionen inom ett företag upplevs av nyanställda medarbetare genom att besvara forskningsfrågorna; sker det någon systematisk arbetsplatsintroduktion inom organisationen och hur är denna arbetsplatsintroduktion utformad? Hur upplevs introduktionsperioden av nya medarbetare? Hur kan arbetsplatsintroduktion förstås med utgångspunkt i teorier rörande onboarding och organisationssocialisering? Metoden är kvalitativ och empiri har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sammanlagt sex informanter som samtliga arbetar inom IT-branschen. Det teoretiska ramverk som använts vid analys av insamlad empiri utgörs av Bauers (2010) modeller över organisatorisk och individuella aspekter av onboarding samt Lindelöws (2016) teori avseende innehållet i arbetsplatsintroduktion. Resultatet pekar på att den studerade verksamheten arbetar informellt och ostrukturerat med arbetsplatsintroduktion och att de nya medarbetarnas upplevelse ger uttryck för ett behov av förändring och formalisering av arbetsplatsintroduktionen. Ett förslag till förändring av den studerade verksamhetens arbetsplatsintroduktion som utgår från informanternas upplevelser och det teoretiska ramverket presenteras där åtgärder innefattar exempelvis mentorskapsprogram och tydligare information till nya medarbetare angående verksamhetens kultur och kärnvärden. / Workplace introduction and onboarding is about helping new employees transform from organizational outsiders into organizational insiders. By using structured and formalized onboarding processes based on scientific research, organizations can help the new employees understand their duties and their role in the organization and help them develop into productive and committed co-workers. The purpose of this study is to investigate how workplace introduction within a company is experienced by newly employed employees by answering the research questions; is there any systematic workplace introduction within the organization and how is this workplace introduction designed? How is the introduction period of new employees experienced? How can workplace introduction be understood based on theories on onboarding and organizational socialization? The method is qualitative and the empirical data has been collected through semistructured interviews with a total of six informants, that all work in the IT industry. The theoretical framework used for analyzing collected empirical data is Bauer's (2010) models of organizational and individual aspects of onboarding and Lindelöws (2016) theory regarding the content of workplace introduction. The result indicates that the studied organization is working informally and unstructured with workplace introduction and that the new employees experience the need for change and formalization of workplace introduction. A proposal for a change in the organizations workplace production is presented, based on the experiences of the informants and the theoretical framework, where measures includes, for example, mentorship programs and clearer information to new employees regarding the culture and core values ​​of the business.