De maneira geral, a necessidade de melhorar o desempenho e diminuir o tamanho de sistemas mecatrônicos tem levado a indústria moderna a desenvolver mecanismos de posicionamento com características excelentes de aceleração e precisão. O uso de posicionadores em equipamentos de precisão, em particular no posicionamento da ferramenta/peça na usinagem de ultraprecisão, deve-se à necessidade de se obter rígido controle do perfil a ser fabricado. Neste sentido, foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Engenharia de Precisão da EESC-USP um microposicionador angular rotativo capaz de monitorar a posição da ferramenta em relação à peça durante o processo de usinagem e fazer as devidas compensações de erros, além da possibilidade de obtenção de geometrias diferenciadas. Neste trabalho encontram-se estudos referentes à aplicação do método dos elementos finitos com o intuito de verificar a funcionalidade do sistema mecânico proposto, avaliando suas características estáticas e dinâmicas. Além disso, propõe-se validar o uso de redes neurais artificiais como ferramenta capaz de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de identificação de imagens, baseado no conhecimento, que emprega como elemento multi-sensor, imagens interferométricas, representando posições. Dentre as principais características a serem alcançadas pelo algoritmo idealizado está a habilidade de identificar a posição de uma superfície justaposta ao sistema microposicionador angular e, assim, permitir maior rapidez de processamento das informações, possibilitando seu emprego em sistemas de controle em tempo real. A aplicação desta técnica foi avaliada por meio de simulação e apresenta resultados significativos para incentivar pesquisas envolvendo imagens interferométricas. / In broad terms, to achieve high performance and miniturization of mechatronic systems it is necessary to develop positioning mechanisms with high response and precision. The use of positioning devices compatible with precision equipment, particularly in the positioning of a tool relative to a workpiece in ultraprecision machining, results from the need for absolute control of the dimensions of cut. A microtilt stage was developed in the Precision Engineering Laboratory of EESC-USP which is capable of monitoring the position of a diamond tool relative to a workpiece, in-process, permiting error compensation and the generation of complex forms. Finite Element Method is applied to perform a functional analysis (static and dynamic) of the mechanical parts. The use of artifitial neural networks as a tool to help the development of an algortithm for the identification of images is proposed. This algorithm is based on knowledge and employs interferograms as a multi-sensor element representing positions. One desired characteristic of the proposed algorithm is its ability to perform the identification of the position of a surface on the tilt stage and to permit fast processing of the information. This turns the device appropriate to be used in real time applications. This technique was assessed by simulation and presented significant results, encouraging further researches envolving interferometric pattern recognition.

Este estudo objetivou pesquisar a distribuição das tensões através de próteses fixas implanto-suportadas e dento-implanto-suportadas em hemi-mandíbulas de canis familiaris mediante o método de interferometria holográfica de dupla exposição. Três cães foram selecionados e colocados três implantes em cada um deles (hemi-mandíbula direita: um implante e na hemi-mandíbula esquerda: dois implantes). Após a espera de dois meses, os dois tipos de próteses foram fixados sobre os implantes e os animais sacrificados. A seguir, as hemi -mandíbulas foram extraídas e fixadas no dispositivo especialmente desenhado para tal fim (CAMPOS, 2001). Todo o sistema foi colocado sobre uma mesa holográf ica e carga estática foi aplicada sobre três posições previamente estabelecidas nas próteses (sobre o pilar anterior, ponto médio da barra e pilar posterior). 18 hologramas foram obtidos mediante a técnica holográfica. A análise dos hologramas revelou que de forma geral, as hemi-mandíbulas com próteses dento-implanto-suportadas sofreram maior tensão quando comparadas com as hemi-mandíbulas com próteses implanto-suportadas. Em relação às próteses, as implanto-suportadas foram aquelas que melhor distribuíram os esforços quando comparadas com as dento-implanto-suportadas. / The aim of this study was to investigate the stress distribution of tooth-implant and implant supported prosthesis in dog mandibles by means of holographic interferometry double exposition method. Three mongrel dogs were selectioned and three osseointegrated implants were placed (right hemi-mandible: one implant and in the left hemi-mandible: two implants). After two months, both prostheses were fixed on the implants and the animals were sacrificed. The hemi-mandibles were fixed in a special device (CAMPOS, 2001) and placed on the holographic table. A static load was applied on three different positions on the prosthesis (anterior abutment, midpoint of the bar and posterior abutment) and eighteen holograms were obtained. The hologram analysis revealed that the hemi-mandibles with tooth-implant prosthesis transmitted more tension that the hemi-mandibles with implant supported prosthesis. In addition to, an equal distribution of stress were observed in the implant supported prosthesis when compared with the tooth-implant prosthesis.

An investigation was initiated, targeting snapshot 3D image sensors, with the objective to match the speed and resolution of a scanning sheet-of-light system, without using a scanning motion. The goal was a system capable of acquiring 25 snapshot images per second from a quadratic scene with a side from 50 mm to 1000 mm, sampled in 512×512 height measurement points, and with a depth resolution of 1 µm and beyond. A wide search of information about existing 3D measurement techniques resulted in a list of possible schemes, each presented with its advantages and disadvantages. No single scheme proved successful in meeting all the requirements. Pulse modulated time-of-flight is the only scheme capable of depth imaging by using only one exposure. However, a resolution of 1 µm corresponds to a pulse edge detection accuracy of 6.67 fs when visible light or other electromagnetic waves are used. Sequentially coded light projections require a logarithmic number of exposures. By projecting several patterns at the same time, using for instance light of different colours, the required number of exposures is reduced even further. The patterns are, however, not as well focused as a laser sheet-of-light can be. Using powerful architectural concepts such as matrix array picture processing (MAPP) and near-sensor image processing (NSIP) a sensor proposal was presented, designed to give as much support as possible to a large number of 3D imaging schemes. It allows for delayed decisions about details in the future implementation. It is necessary to relax at leastone of the demands for this project in order to realise a working 3D imaging scheme using concurrent technology. One of the candidates for relaxation is the most obvious demand of snapshot behaviour. Furthermore, there are a number of decisions to make before designing an actual system using the recommendations presented in this thesis. The ongoing development of electronics, optics, and imaging schemes might be able to meet the 3D snapshot demands in a near future. The details of light sensing electronics must be carefully evaluated and the optical components such as lenses, projectors, and fibres should be studied in detail.

This dissertation is a comprehensive summary of four papers on the development and application of new strategies for locating tremor and relocating events in earthquake catalogs. In the first paper, two new strategies for relocating events in a catalog are introduced. The seismicity pattern of an earthquake catalog is often used to delineate seismically active faults. However, the delineation is often hindered by the diffuseness of earthquake locations in the catalog. To reduce the diffuseness and simplify the seismicity pattern, a relocation and a collapsing method are developed and applied. The relocation method uses the catalog event density as an a priori constraint for relocations in a Bayesian inversion. The catalog event density is expressed in terms of the combined probability distribution of all events in the catalog. The collapsing method uses the same catalog density as an attractor for focusing the seismicity in an iterative scheme. These two strategies are applied to an aftershock sequence after a pair of earthquakes which occurred in southwest Iceland, 2008. The seismicity pattern is simplified by application of the methods and the faults of the mainshocks are delineated by the reworked catalog. In the second paper, the spatial distribution of seismicity of the Hengill region, southwest Iceland is analyzed. The relocation and collapsing methods developed in the first paper and a non-linear relocation strategy using empirical traveltime tables are used to process a catalog collected by the Icelandic Meteorological Office. The reworked catalog reproduces details of the spatial distribution of seismicity that independently emerges from relative relocations of a small subset of the catalog events. The processed catalog is then used to estimate the depth to the brittle-ductile transition. The estimates show that in general the northern part of the area, dominated by volcanic processes, has a shallower depth than the southern part, where tectonic deformation predominates. In the third and the fourth papers, two back-projection methods using inter-station cross correlations are proposed for locating tremor sources. For the first method, double correlations, defined as the cross correlations of correlations from two station pairs sharing a common reference station, are back projected. For the second method, the products of correlation envelopes from a group of stations sharing a common reference station are back projected. Back projecting these combinations of correlations, instead of single correlations, suppresses random noise and reduces the strong geometrical signature caused by the station configuration. These two methods are tested with volcanic tremor at Katla volcano, Iceland. The inferred source locations agree with surface observations related to volcanic events which occurred during the tremor period.

Le travail de recherche réalisé dans le cadre de mon projet de doctorat a consisté à concevoir, construire et caractériser un nouveau dispositif expérimental fondé sur une source atomique refroidie par évaporation dans un piège dipolaire optique. Il vise à améliorer l’incertitude sur la mesure du rapport h/m entre la constante de Planck et la masse d’un atome de rubidium, en réduisant l’effet de la phase de Gouy et de courbure du front d’onde.Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié différentes configurations optiques pour optimiser le taux de chargement du piège dipolaire : le faisceau de 50 W à 1070 nm est mis en forme pour constituer un double faisceau réservoir de 93 µm de waist, ainsi qu’un faisceau fin croisé de waist 20 µm. Après avoir optimisé et caractérisé le processus d’évaporation, nous avons obtenu un condensat de Bose-Einstein.Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en place, pour l’interférométrie Raman, un nouveau système laser utilisant des sources primaires à 1560 nm doublées en fréquence. Nous avons conçu un double asservissement : il permet d’une part d’asservir en phase les deux sources laser et, d’autre part, de corriger le bruit de phase accumulé dans les amplificateurs à fibres.Le nouveau dispositif expérimental est aujourd’hui prêt à réaliser l’interférométrie atomique sur le condensat de Bose-Einstein. / This research work fulfilled as part of my PhD project involved to design, build and characterise a new experimental setup based on an atom source by evaporative cooling in an optical dipole trap. It goes after the improvement of the uncertainty on the measurement of the ratio h/m between Planck’s constant and the rubidium atom mass, reducing the Gouy phase and wavefront curvature.In a first step we have studied several optical configurations to optimise the dipole trap loading: the 50 W beam at 1070 nm is shaped in a double 93 µm waist reservoir and one crossed 20 µm waist dimple. After having optimised and caracterised the evaporative process, we obtained one Bose-Einstein condensate.Furthermore, for Raman interferometry, we set up a new laser system at 1560 nm based on frequency doubling. We developed a double cervo loop: on the one hand, it allows to phase lock the two laser sources, and on the other hand to correct phase noise accumulated in fibered amplifiers.Today, our new experimental setup is ready to perform atom interferometry on a Bose-Einstein condensate.

Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse s'articule en deux volets. Le premier porte sur l'étude de l'effet des interactions entre atomes au sein d'un interféromètre atomique, dont la source est un condensat de Bose-Eintein. Nous présentons un modèle analytiquepermettant d'obtenir des expressions simples pour le déphasage induit par celles-ci. Ce modèle est comparé à des simulations numériques résolvant les équations de Gross-Pitaevskii couplées, et présente un excellent accord. Le second concerne la conception et la construction d'un nouveau dispositif expérimental visant à obtenir un condensat de Bose-Einteindans le but de réaliser des mesures de haute précision par interférométrie atomique. / The work performed during this thesis comprises two orientations. The first one is the study of the effect of interactions between atoms in an atom interferometer which source of atoms is a Bose-Einstein condensate. We present an analytical model allowing to obtain simple expressions for the phase shift induced by them. This model is compared to numerical simulations solving the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations and presents a good agreement. The second one is the design and construction of a new experimental set-up for the production of a Bose-Einstein condensate to perform high precision measurements with the use of atom interferometry.

Cette thèse a pour objet de repousser les performances d'un interféromètre à atomes froids principalement sensible aux rotations selon un axe particulier. Des atomes de Cesium sont refroidis par laser, piégés, et lancés verticalement selon une configuration en fontaine. La sensibilité du gyromètre repose sur l'effet Sagnac et est proportionnelle à l'aire physique qu'entourent les deux bras de l'interféromètre. Nous utilisons des transitions Raman stimulées pour séparer les ondes atomiques et former une géométrie d'interféromètre de type Mach-Zehnder replié. Avec un temps d'interrogation de 800 ms, nous parvenons à une aire physique de 11 cm^2. Le manuscrit décrit les améliorations apportées au dispositif expérimental pour faire fonctionner le gyromètre avec une telle aire Sagnac. Une procédure d'alignement relatif des faisceaux Raman au niveau du microrad est présentée et est particulièrement importante pour permettre aux ondes de matière d'interférer. La caractérisation des bruits de vibration impactant la sensibilité du gyromètre, ainsi que sa réjection sont également décrites. Nous démontrons une sensibilité de 160 nrad/s à 1 s, et une stabilité long terme de 1.8 nrad/s après 10 000 s d'intégration. Ce niveau de stabilité représente une amélioration d'un facteur 5 par rapport à la précédente expérience de gyromètre du SYRTE de 2009, et d'un facteur 15 par rapport aux autres résultats publiés. Cette thèse présente également une nouvelle méthode d'interrogation des atomes pour opérer le gyromètre sans temps morts, un aspect important pour diverses applications des capteurs à atomes froids en navigation inertielle, en géophysique et en physique fondamentale. / This thesis aims at pushing the performances of a cold atom interferometer principally sensitive to rates of rotation in a particular axis. In our experiment, Cesium atoms are laser cooled, trapped and launched in a fountain configuration. According to the Sagnac effect, the sensitivity of the interferometer to rotation is proportional to the area enclosed by the interferometer arms. We use stimulated Raman transitions to split the atoms in two paths and to form a folded Mach-Zehnder-like interferometer architecture using four Raman pulses. With an interrogation time of the atoms of 800 ms, we achieve a Sagnac area as high as 11 cm^2. The thesis describes the improvements to the experimental setup to operate the gyroscope with such a high Sagnac area. A procedure for the relative alignment of the Raman beams at the microrad level is presented, which is critical to meet the interference condition of the cold atoms at the interferometer output. The characterization and mitigation of the vibration noise, affecting the gyroscope, is also demonstrated. We finally demonstrate a short term rotation stability of 160 nrad/s at 1 s and a long term stability of 1.8 nrad/s after 10 000 s of integration time. This stability level represents a factor 5 improvement compared to the previous SYRTE gyroscope experiment of 2009 and a factor 15 compared to other published results. The thesis work also presents a new method of interrogation to operate the gyroscope without dead times, which is important for various applications of cold atom sensors in inertial navigation, geophysics and in fundamental physics.

No description available.

Tumour necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is a protein expressed in a wide range of cell types and tissues, predominantly in response to inflammatory stimuli. The expression of TSG-6 is believed to be associated with the protection of tissues from the damaging effects of inflammation. In animal models treatment with TSG-6 protein has been found to reduce inflammatory damage in myocardial infarction, corneal injury and arthritis. Endogenous TSG-6 production has been suggested to play a protective role in inflammatory arthritis and has been implicated in bone homeostasis. The expression of TSG-6 is also essential in the process of cumulus matrix formation that occurs around the oocyte in the periovulatory period and is necessary for successful ovulation and fertilisation. In many cases the mechanism underlying a particular TSG-6 function is not fully understood. TSG-6 has numerous binding partners including the serum glycoprotein inter-alpha-inhibitor (IαI), the growth factor bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, as well as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as hyaluronan and heparan sulphate (HS). The TSG-6 protein is mostly composed of contiguous Link and CUB domains, with the majority of ligand binding sites identified within the Link module. The CUB domain of TSG-6 has been less extensively studied. Here biophysical techniques have been used to investigate the TSG-6 interactome including both the Link module and CUB domain. Intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy was used to establish the metal-ion binding properties of the CUB domain, which was established to have a high affinity Ca2+-binding site. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), a novel metal-ion dependent interaction was found for the CUB domain of TSG-6 and the heavy chains (HCs) of IαI. Investigation using mutants of both the CUB domain of TSG-6 and HC of IαI established that the metal-ion binding sites within each protein are involved in the interaction. SPR analysis was also used to define the affinities and binding sites for TSG-6 interactions with fibronectin and BMP-2. High affinity interactions between TSG-6 ligands were also revealed (e.g. BMP-2 and HC, fibronectin and HC) and their binding sites defined. The discovery of the novel interactions between these TSG-6 ligands suggests crosstalk within the TSG-6 interactome, with the potential for ternary complex formation or indeed hierarchical orders of binding. Thus work was undertaken to develop a passivated lipid bilayer platform for use with surface sensitive techniques. This platform was used to investigate the hierarchy of protein and GAG interactions using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and dual polarisation interferometry (DPI). The investigation revealed a novel role for the Link module of TSG-6 in heparin condensation, potentially via protein dimerisation and/or oligomerisation which could affect heparin/HS functions within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Thus the biophysical analysis of TSG-6 presented here has identified novel interactions and functions of TSG-6 which may provide mechanisms for the protective functioning of TSG-6 in inflammation and its ECM structuring role in ovulation.

Pregnancy tests and related immunoassays are heavily dependent on specific and non-specific protein adsorption. These interfacial processes are affected by many factors that influence the in situ conformations of interfacially immobilised antibodies. This thesis examines a number of representative features with dual polarisation interferometry (DPI) and neutron reflection (NR), thus combining real-time dynamic monitoring with high interfacial structural resolution. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was initially used as a model system to compare the surface coverage and thickness measurements of DPI and NR. The results show that DPI and NR provided similar surface coverage data but the measured thicknesses differed at BSA concentrations above 0.1 mg/ml. This discrepancy arose from the adoption of the uniform-layer model used by DPI for data analysis and the greater thickness sensitivity of NR. A model pregnancy immunoassay was built in steps on a silica surface so that the adsorption of each protein could be accurately monitored. Both DPI and NR provided evidence of BSA insertion into the gaps on the surface between the antibody molecules. This suggests that BSA adsorption is an excellent method to block the non-specific adsorption of target antigens to the immunoassay test surface. A magnetic tweezer system was designed and built in order to measure the specific antibody/antigen binding force. The antibodies and antigens were used to immuno-link magnetic beads to the experimental surface before the immuno-links were broken by increasing the attractive force between the magnetic tweezers and beads. The force per antibody/antigen immuno-link was estimated to lie between the values of 13.6 pN and 43.8 pN.Immuno-link detachment as a function of time was investigated. It was found that the immuno-link comprised both a strong and a weak interaction. The dissociation constant of the strong antibody/antigen interaction was found to equal 3E-4 /s and had an interaction length of 0.06 nm. The low population of beads bound by the second, weaker interaction meant that it was not possible to obtain accurate values of the dissociation constant and bond length of the second weaker interaction.