Le graphène et les nanotubes de carbone, assimilés à des nano-systèmes graphitiques, partagent des propriétés mécaniques, optiques, électroniques et vibrationnelles uniques. Associant faible masse, grande rigidité et comportement semi-transparent, des membranes de 10 à 100 couches de graphène ont été suspendues au dessus d'un substrat réfléchissant, formant ainsi un résonateur mécanique couplé à une cavité optique. Le projet de cette thèse repose sur les diffusions élastiques et inélastiques de la lumière pour sonder les contraintes mécaniques et les effets thermiques dans ces nano-systèmes graphitiques. Ce type de mesure repose sur la spectroscopie Raman, sensible aux phonons optiques du matériau sondé. Un premier aspect du présent projet de thèse porte sur l'utilisation de cavités optiques à base de graphène comme élément de base pour constituer un système hybride. Après avoir déposé une couche de molécules à la surface de ces membranes, nous avons montré que le signal Raman des molécules est exalté par un effet d'interférences optiques constructives. Nous avons mis en évidence la possibilité de moduler ce signal en se déplaçant le long de l'échantillon, ou en variant la position de la membrane à l'aide d'une actuation électrostatique. De plus, on peut observer des effets thermiques importants associés aux phénomènes d'interférences optiques dans ces membranes à base de graphène. Le second axe de cette thèse est la détection du mouvement et des contraintes mécaniques dans un résonateur graphitique (membranes de graphène multicouche, nanotubes, etc.). Au travers d'expériences menées sur des membranes suspendues de graphène multicouche, nous avons détecté la résonance mécanique de deux façons : en analysant la modulation de la lumière réfléchie et en mesurant les variations de la réponse Raman du résonateur. Cette détection, reposant sur l'augmentation des contraintes mécaniques à résonance, associe le mouvement mécanique du résonateur à un décalage en énergie des photons Raman et représente un schéma original de couplage optomécanique. / Graphitic nano systems, such as graphene or carbon nanotubes, share unique mechanical, optical, electrical and vibrational properties. Combining low mass, high rigidity and semi-transparent behavior, membranes made of 10 to 100 graphene layers have been suspended over a reflecting substrate. This results in a nanomechanical resonator coupled to an optical cavity. This Phd project is based on elastic and inelastic scattering of light in order to probe mechanical stress and thermal effects within graphitic nano systems. This type of measurement is made by Raman spectroscopy which is sensitive to optical phonons. A first part of this Phd project is about using graphene based optical cavities as a constitutive blocks to make a hybrid system. We have shown interferential enhancement of Raman signal of molecules grafted on the membrane surface. We have also demonstrated the possibility to tune this molecular Raman signal by moving along the suspended membrane, or by changing the membrane position using electrostatic actuation. Moreover, we have observed important thermal effects associated to optical interferences within these graphene based cantilevers. A second part of this Phd project is the detection of motion and mechanical stress within a graphitic nano resonator. Through experiments on suspended multilayer graphene membranes, we have detected the mechanical resonance by two different means : by analyzing the reflected light modulation, and by measuring the variations of the Raman signal of the resonator. This spectral detection, based on the increase of the mechanical stress at resonance, couples the mechanical motion of the resonator to a shift in energy of the Raman scattered photons. This represents an original scheme for optomechanical coupling.

Pendant ces dix dernières années, les lancements successifs de satellites pour l´observation de la Terre dotés de capteurs SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) ont permis de montrer son fort potentiel, car ces systèmes sont capables de couvrir de vastes régions avec une résolution élevée, ce qui représente un avantage pour le suivi terrain. Cette thèse propose d’élargir les applications conventionnelles, en s’occupant d´investiguer le potentiel et les limites de l’interférométrie SAR pour la mesure de la déformation du terrain dans la région amazonienne, qui n’a pas encore été étudiée dans ce cadre spécifique. L´application consiste à estimer le déplacement de la surface de la Terre sur la zone urbaine de Manaus, la plus grande ville de l'État d'Amazonas au Brésil, qui représente un site important pour l'exploration pétrolière et gazière et pour le transport. Ce site est entouré par des écosystèmes fragiles, qui le rendent très sensible à la présence de l'industrie pétrolière. Dans ce contexte, une compréhension de la dynamique temporelle et de la distribution spatiale des phénomènes de néotectonique est fondamentale pour la définition de bonnes pratiques de gestion de l'environnement. Au niveau méthodologique, afin de lever les principales difficultés rencontrées pour l’application de l’interférométrie différentielle sur une pile de données Radarsat-1, une stratégie multi-échelles et “model free”, basée sur l´information de déformation non-linéaire au cours du temps est adoptée avec succès. La caractéristique essentielle de cette procédure est la séparation du signal de phase en différentes échelles spatiales pour simplifier la séparation des trois composantes de phase (topographie, atmosphère et déplacement). Cela conduit à une plus grande robustesse et permet l'inversion de composantes de phase pour les petites piles d’images. Au niveau géophysique, l’application de l’interférométrie à l’étude du déplacement du terrain est réalisée pour la première fois sur le milieu de l´Amazonie, en complétant les études de géologie structurale antérieures basées sur les mesures issues de la corrélation des images optiques et les mesures de terrain. En complément des connaissances antérieures, la présente étude apporte une information précise sur l'hypothèse de mouvements de la croûte récents liés aux activités néotectoniques du bassin de l'Amazonie. Les résultats indiquent une zone de mouvement de la croûte adjacente à une structure de drainage circulaire dans la ville de Manaus. Les images Radarsat-1 et 2 acquises sur cette région apportent une meilleure compréhension des activités géologiques et du mouvement de la croûte dans le bassin de l'Amazonie. / During the past decade, successive satellites launches for Earth observation with SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) sensors onboard have shown its potential, once these systems are able to cover large areas with high resolution, which represents an advantage for surface monitoring. The mass of data generated has enabled the development of radar interferometry and its relevance to the study of small deformations in urban areas or in fault zones, showing that the technique was able to focus on different spatial scales of deformation, as well as temporal scales ranging from a few weeks to more than a decade. Usually, these types of applications have been limited to non-equatorial regions of the world due to the presence of atmospheric disturbances that affect the radar signal. Given the large size and the remote location of tropical basins such as the Amazon, satellite observations remain as a viable approach to validate existing geophysical models. In this context, this thesis proposes to extend conventional applications, taking care to investigate the potential and limitations of SAR interferometry for the measurement of ground deformation in the Amazon region, not yet studied in this specific context. The research aim is to estimate the displacement at the surface of the Earth on the urban area of Manaus, the largest city in the state of Amazonas in Brazil, which is an important site for oil and gas exploration and the transport. This site is surrounded by fragile ecosystems, which make it very sensitive to the presence of the oil industry. Considering this, an understanding of the temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of neotectonic phenomena is fundamental to the development of best practice environmental management. At the methodological level, to overcome the major challenges of the application of differential interferometry on the data stack Radarsat-1, a multi-scale and "model free" strategy, based on the information of a non-linear deformation over time is passed successfully. The essential feature of this process is the separation of the phase signal into small and large scale spatial contributions to simplify the separation of the three phase components (topography, atmosphere and movement). This leads to a more robust processing and allows the phase component inversion for small piles of images. In the geophysical level, the application of interferometry to investigate the ground movement is performed for the first time in the middle of the Amazon, complementing previous studies of structural geology based on measurements from the correlation of optical images and field measurements. In addition to prior knowledge, this study provides accurate information on the hypothesis of recent crustal movements associated with neotectonic activities of the Amazon basin. The results indicate a range of motion of the adjacent crust structure circular drainage in the city of Manaus. The Radarsat-1 and 2 acquired in this region provide a better understanding of geological activity and crustal movement in the Amazon basin.

La spectrométrie est une méthode d'analyse permerttant d'avoir accès à la composition et à la strucuture de la matière. Les spectromètres étant utilisés dans de nombreux domaines , beaucoup de développements sont réalisés afin de les rendre plus compacts pour des raisons de place et de mobilité. Cette thèse présente la réalisation et la caractérisation d'un spectromètre de Fourier en optique intégrée sur verre appelé LLIFTS (Leaky Loop Integrated Fourier Transform Spectrometer). Il utilise le couplage d'un guide plan avec un guide courbe à fuite pour créer un interférogramme de Fourier. Des caractérisations dans le proche infrarouge et dans le domaine du visible ont permis de mesurer une résolution spectrale de 7nm (R=221) entre 1500nm et 1600nm et de 3nm (R=260) à 4nm (R=221) entre 700nm et 900nm. Le LLIFTS permet donc d'obtenir des résolutions spectrales équivalentes aus autres spectromètres compacts existants mais avec l'avantage d'être facilement réalisable. L'accès à l'interférogrmme de Fourier permet aussi de détecter des variations de phase entre deux ondes. Ce qui permet d'utiliser le LLIFTS dans des applications comme la tomographie optique cohérente (OCT). Des premières mesures de déphasage sont présentées dans cette thèse. / Spectrometry is an analytical method to access the composition and structure of the matter. Spectrometers are used in many fields. For reasons of space and mobility, many development are made to decrease the size of these spectrometers. This thesis presents the realization and characterization of a Fourier spectrometer in glass integrated optics called LLIFTS (Leaky Loop Integrated Fourier Transform Spectrometer). It uses the coupling of a plane waveguide with a bend waveguide to obtain a Fourier interferogram. Characterizations in the near infrared and visible domain were made. A spectral resolution of 7 nm (R = 221) between 1500nm and 1600nm and 3 (R = 260) 4 nm (R = 221) between 700nm and 900nm is obtained. The Fourier spectrometer developed in this thesis allows to obtain spectral resolution equivalent to other existing compact spectrometers but with an easier realisation. The measurement of the Fourier interferogram allows to detect phase changes between the two waves. So the LLIFTS can be used for applications such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). The first measurements of phase shift are presented in this thesis.

Orientador: Cláudio Kitano / Banca: Aparecido Augusto de Carvalho / Banca: Demartonne Ramos França / Resumo: Atuadores piezoelétricos convertem energia elétrica em energia mecânica, sendo amplamente utilizados como transdutores de deslocamento micrométricos ou sub-micrométricos de elevada precisão. Neste trabalho, atuadores piezoelétricos flextensionais (APFs), projetados pelo método de otimização topológica, são caracterizados em termos de linearidade entre a tensão de excitação e o deslocamento gerado, bem como em termos de resposta em frequência, utilizando-se um interferômetro de Michelson homódino e em malha aberta. Interferômetros homódinos não realimentados têm seu desempenho prejudicado pelo fenômeno de desvanecimento, causado por perturbações ambientais espúrias que incidem aleatoriamente entre seus braços. Nesta dissertação, enfatizam-se métodos de demodulação de fase óptica baseados em relações envolvendo as componentes espectrais do sinal de saída do interferômetro que são imunes ao problema do desvanescimento. Dentre estes, destacam-se métodos clássicos como J1... J4, J1... J4 modificado, J1... J6 neg e J1... J6 pos. Estes métodos permitem a medição direta de deslocamentos microscópicos, sem a necessidade de qualquer procedimento de calibração. Além disso, não são afetados por instabilidades da fonte óptica, da responsividade do fotodiodo e da visibilidade das franjas de interferência. Contudo, apresentam reduzidas faixas dinâmicas de demodulação de fase. A fim de superar esta deficiência, investiga-se um método adicional de detecção direta, baseado na análise do espectro do sinal fotodetectado, exibindo todas as vantagens dos demais métodos, mas que é capaz de estender a faixa dinâmica de demodulação a valores tão elevados quanto 100 rad. Simulações computacionais são executadas com este método, levando-se em consideração o efeito do desvanecimento e tensões de ruído eletrônico do tipo 1/f, evidenciando... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Piezoelectric actuators convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, being widely used as micrometric or sub-micrometric displacement transducer of high accuracy. In this work, piezoelectric flextensional actuators (PFA's), designed by the topology optimization method, are characterized in terms of linearity between the drive voltage and the corresponding displacement, as well as in terms of frequency response, using a homodyne, open-loop, Michelson interferometer. Homodyne interferometers without feedback have their performance spoiled by signal fading, caused by spurious environmental disturbances that occur randomly between their arms. This thesis emphasizes methods of optical phase demodulation, based on relations involving the spectral components of the interferometer output signal, which are immune to signal fading. Among these methods, it is detailed here the classical ones, such as J1... J4, modified J1... J4, J1... J6 neg e J1... J6 pos. These methods allow direct measurements of microscopic displacements, free of calibration procedures. Besides, they are not affected by optical source oscillations, photodiode responsivity and interferometric fringe visibility. However, they have reduced dynamic range for phase demodulation. In order to overcome this, this work investigates an additional method for direct detection, based on spectral analysis drawback of the photodetected signal. The method has all the advantages of the others, but it is able to span its demodulation dynamic range to values as high as 100 rad. Numerical simulations are done using this method (considering the signal fading and the 1/f electronic noise voltage), showing its viability to characterize PFA's. Experiments are performed in laboratory, involving tests with different PFA's. The method validation is carried out with the aid of an electrooptic intensity modulator, whose phase characteristics can... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

L’ostéogénèse imparfaite(OI) est une maladie génétique rare qui se caractérise, entre autres, par une fragilité accrue des os. Des analyses du génome des patients atteints ont permis d’identifier les mutations qui déclenchaient ce principal symptôme. Pour le tissu osseux, la difficulté dans la compréhension de cette pathologie réside dans la structure multi-échelle du tissu osseux et dans son caractère de tissu vivant renouvelé par le remodelage osseux.Dans cette thèse, nous avons donc dans un premier temps étudié l’impact des différentes mutations sur la structure nanoscopique du tissu osseux de patients OI. Pour ce faire, une technique d’exploration des propriétés physico-chimiques a été développée. Plus particulièrement, nous avons pu mesurer l’apport de la spectroscopie Raman à l’étude du tissu osseux. Cela a permis d’identifier différentes conséquences sur le tissu osseux créées par des mutations touchant des protéines impliquées dans le métabolisme osseux. Ainsi, du point de vue de la spectroscopie Raman, trois groupes de mutations sont dissociables :• les mutations touchant directement le collagène et ses modifications (OI type génétique III, VII et VIII),• les mutations causant l’OI de type VI qui se caractérise par une hyper minéralisation due à une sous production de collagène,• les mutations causant l’OI de type XI qui se caractérise par un taux de substitution en carbonate plus important que la moyenne traduisant un taux de remodelage plus faible.Dans un second temps, l’aspect vivant du tissu osseux a été étudié avec l’étude de la phase de résorption du remodelage osseux. Il a ainsi été montré que les cellules osseuses qui résorbaient la matrice osseuse n’agissaient pas de manière aléatoire, mais qu’elles ciblaient les zones aux propriétés mécaniques et minérales les plus faibles. Ce comportement étudié d’abord sur du tissu osseux adulte sain a été aussi observé sur les os des patients souffrant d’OI. La pathologie n’a pas modifié qualitativement ce comportement. / Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare genetic disease, whose main feature is more brittle bone. Genetic analysis identified mutations making the bone more prone to fracture. As the bone is a multistructrural material, while also being a living tissue, the symptoms and consequences of the disease are numerous. During this thesis, the focus was made on a first approach on the differences of nanostructures between the various mutations causing OI. More specifically, a new use of Raman spectroscopy was made in order to study the collagenic matrix as well as the mineral component. It was found that mutations could be gathered in three groups:• Mutations implied directly in the collagen synthesis and in its early modification (OI genetical type III, VII et VIII),• Mutations implied directly in the mineralization of the collagenic matrix, with an hypermineralization of this matrix (OI genetical type VII),• Mutations causing OI genetical type XI, characterized by a high rate of carbonate substitution, implying a low remodeling rate.On the other hand, the living aspect of bone tissue was studied, with a focus made on the resorption phase of the remodeling cycle. It was found on healthy adults bone that the cells were not behaving randomly, but target osteons with lower mechanical and mineral properties. Moreover, the behavior of those cells is not altered by OI: it was found that the cells had the same not-random behavior on bone of OI patients.

En septembre 2015, le détecteur LIGO a permis la première observation directe d'ondes gravitationnelles. Ce détecteur terrestre, tout comme le détecteur européen VIRGO, est basé sur des technologies purement optiques. Ces instruments sont extrêmement sensibles autour de 100 Hz mais ils sont limités en dessous de quelques dizaines de Hertz par différentes sources de bruit (bruit sismique, bruit newtonien...) qui ne sont pas distinguables de l'effet du passage d'une onde gravitationnelle.Le principe du projet MIGA (Matter wave – laser based Interferometer Gravitation Antenna) est de coupler un interféromètre optique avec plusieurs interféromètres atomiques séparés spatialement afin d'être sensible aux ondes gravitationnelles à plus basse fréquence (typiquement autour d'un Hertz). Les atomes froids sont lancés en configuration fontaine et sont séparés, réfléchis et recombinés par des impulsions laser effectuées dans une cavité optique de 300 m de long. Ces impulsions bénéficieront du gain optique intrinsèque au résonateur, leur permettant d'atteindre la puissance nécessaire à la réalisation de transitions de Bragg d'ordre élevé, augmentant ainsi la sensibilité des interféromètres atomiques. Chaque interféromètre mesure le champ gravitationnel local et les vibrations des miroirs. Le bruit sismique est donc rejeté dans le cas de mesures différentielles et en reconstruisant spatialement le champ gravitationnel, on pourra différencier le signal dû aux ondes gravitationnelles, qui est un pur gradient à l'échelle de l'instrument, du bruit newtonien qui a une signature spatiale.Les cavités de 300 m seront installées au LSBB (Laboratoire Souterrain Bas Bruit) à Rustrel, où l'antenne MIGA pourra bénéficier d'un environnement remarquablement calme. Cet instrument permettra de cartographier le champ gravitationnel du site, ce qui sera d'un grand intérêt pour l'étude géologique du massif karstique.Dans le cadre de ce projet, nous réalisons au LP2N une expérience préliminaire dont l'objectif est de générer un interféromètre de 87Rb en cavités en configuration de fontaine atomique. Cet instrument utilise une nouvelle architecture de résonateurs optiques demi-dégénérés afin de manipuler les atomes de façon cohérente avec des impulsions de Bragg. / In September 2015, the LIGO detector realized the first direct observation of gravitational waves. This ground-based detector, as well as the European detector VIRGO, is based on purely optical technologies. These instruments are extremely sensitive around 100 Hz but they are limited below few tens of Hertz by several sources of cavity length noise (seismic noise, Newtonian noise...) that mimic the effect of a gravitational wave.The idea of the MIGA (Matter wave-laser based Interferometer Gravitation Antenna) is to couple an optical interferometer with several atom interferometers spatially separated to be sensitive to gravitational waves at lower frequencies (typically around 1 Hz). The cold atoms are launched in a fountain configuration and are then split, deflected and recombined by laser pulses generated in a 300 m long optical cavity. These laser pulses will benefit from the intrinsic optical gain of the resonator, which will allow them to reach the needed power to generate high order Bragg transitions and to improve the sensitivity of the atom interferometers. Each interferometer measures the local gravitational field and the motion of the cavity. The seismic noise can be rejected by doing differential measurements and by reconstructing the spatial gravitational field, one can differentiate the gravitational wave signal, which is a pure gradient at the scale of our instrument, from the Newtonian noise that has a spatial signature.The 300 m long cavities will be implemented at the LSBB laboratory in Rustrel, where the antenna will benefit from an outstanding low noise environment. This instrument will allow to map the gravitational field of the site which will be of great interest for the geological study of the karstic massif.In the frame of this project, a preliminary experiment is currently under construction at the LP2N laboratory whose objective is to generate a 87Rb interferometer in a cavity in a atomic fountain configuration. This instrument uses a new architecture of half-degenerate optical resonators to manipulate coherently the atomic cloud with Bragg transitions.

Despite being one of the most productive ecosystems on earth, wetland areas have been heavily affected by human activities. The Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) in Colombia is one of these wetlands, where the inadequate construction of roads modified the hydrology and connectivity of this water body, generating massive mangrove mortality episodes. The lack of knowledge on the hydrological processes and connectivity of the CGSM has impaired mangrove restoration plans. Here we use wetland interferometry technique to remotely monitor the wetland and understand the flow of water in/out and across the CGSM wetland complex. A close collaboration with Miami University allowed us to access CGSM’s interferograms created with ALOS Palsar satellite data (from 2007 until 2011). The interferograms resulting from the analysis were correlated with daily hydrological data (precipitation, runoff in the main inflow of freshwater to the wetland, tide charts) to finally identify two main paths of inflow of water that are still active and are continuously feeding freshwater into the Cienaga. The most persistent was identified in the south-west part of the CGSM; a water flow coming directly from the Magdalena River and entering the main lagoon in its south-west corner. The second was located in the north-west area, where most of the mangroves have died. In this case, different interferograms showed different potential water flow paths depending on the season (dry / wet season), the Magdalena River’s discharge and the rainfall. These results reflect the complex hydrology of the CGSM . Furthermore, a coherence analysis was conducted to assess the quality of the remote sensing data and to better understand the different responses of the features within the Cienaga. The results showed that the coherence analysis could also be potentially used to identify areas of dead mangrove. This study confirms that despite the blockage of the connectivity of the wetlands, there are still important freshwater flow paths feeding the CGSM. Additional hydrological studies are needed to ensure the further understanding of the hydrology of the CGSM and confirm the results of this study.

A teoria da acustoelasticidade relaciona a variação de velocidade de propagação de ondas mecânicas à variação de tensão em um meio sólido. Em materiais frágeis como concreto, a danificação altera a velocidade de propagação paralelamente ao efeito acustoelástico. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e quantificar como a danificação e o efeito acustoelástico agem sobre a Velocidade de Pulso Ultrassônico (VPU) em corpos de prova de concreto submetidos a compressão uniaxial. Para tanto, foram realizadas três fases de ensaio. A primeira fase objetivou gerar dados para a análise da aplicação da interferometria de cauda de onda (Coda Wave Interferometry – CWI). Duas variações deste método foram estudadas e comparadas, com o propósito de determinar-se qual gera melhores resultados e quais parâmetros devem ser adotados para as análises. Para tal, um código computacional foi desenvolvido utilizando a linguagem Python 3.6.0. Foi constatado que a técnica do alongamento apresenta resultados melhores que a técnica tradicional da interferometria de cauda de onda. A segunda etapa foi dedicada ao estudo da variação de velocidade de propagação devido à recuperação de dano do corpo de prova. A terceira fase abordou a influência da geometria da amostra e da composição do concreto sobre a resposta do material à acustoelasticidade. Além disso, definiu-se um Índice de Dano (D) baseado na redução do módulo de elasticidade devido ao carregamento, a fim de isolar a variação de velocidade causada pelo efeito acustoelástico. Quanto ao estudo da recuperação de dano ao longo do tempo, a variação relativa de velocidade nas primeiras 24 horas após a retirada do carregamento se mostrou muito pequena em relação às variações geradas pelas condições de temperatura e umidade. Concluiu-se também que as amostras cilíndricas apresentaram respostas mais uniformes ao efeito acustoelástico que as amostras prismáticas. Por fim, o Índice de Dano se mostrou eficaz para isolar os efeitos da danificação e da acustoelasticidade sobre a VPU. / The acoustoelasticity theory relates the variation in propagation velocity of mechanical waves to the stress variation in a solid medium. In brittle materials such as concrete, damage affects the propagation velocity parallel to the acoustoelastic effect. This research aims to identify and quantify how damage and acoustoelastic effect act on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) in concrete samples subjected to uniaxial compression. In order to do so, three phases of testing were performed. The first one focused on generating data to analyze the application of the Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI). Two variations of this method were studied and compared, to the purpose of determining which variation shows better results and which parameters should be adopted in the analysis. To enable the analysis, a computational code using Python 3.6.0 language was developed. It was verified that the stretching technique shows better results than the traditional coda wave interferometry technique. The second phase was dedicated to study the variation in propagation velocity due to damage recovery in the sample. The third phase addressed the influence of the sample geometry and the concrete composition over the response from the material to the acoustoelasticity. Furthermore, a Damage Index (D) was defined based on the elastic modulus reduction due to loading, in order to isolate the variation of velocity due solely to the acoustoelastic effect. Regarding the study of damage recovery over time, the relative velocity variation in the first 24 hours following the withdrawal of the loading showed to be too little when compared to the variations caused by temperature and humidity conditions. It was also concluded that the cylindrical samples showed more uniform responses to the acoustoelastic effect than the prismatic samples. Finally, the Damage Index proved itself to be a reliable tool to isolate the effects of damage and acoustoelasticity over the UPV.

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Cargas oclusais excessivas podem promover tensões exageradas às estruturas de implantes/pilares/próteses, resultando em deformação, desadaptação ou mesmo fratura dos componentes e do próprio implante. Além disso, tais sobrecargas podem gerar necrose por compressão e perda óssea peri-implantar e, ainda, a ocorrência de microdeslocamentos na interface de conexão implante-pilar (I-P) ocasionando a formação de fendas propícias à colonização bacteriana, o que pode levar ao desenvolvimento de peri-implantite, contribuindo para o insucesso do conjunto. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar, por meio de uma técnica já amplamente utilizada na Engenharia e na Física a Interferometria Eletrônica por Padrões de Speckle (ESPI) as deformações a nível do colar de implantes com conexão cônica interna (cone Morse) de diferentes diâmetros (Kopp 4,3/5,5 mm e Neodent 3,5/5,0 mm), sob dois tipos (cêntrica e excêntrica) e intensidades (50 N e 100 N) de cargas, similares as quais os implantes ficam expostos durante a função mastigatória. Testou-se a hipótese de que a deformação do colar do implante seria inversamente proporcional ao diâmetro do implante. Além disso, discutiu-se vantagens e limitações da técnica ESPI frente a outros métodos comumente utilizados na avaliação de tensões. As maiores deformações foram sempre associadas às cargas excêntricas, com exceção do G1-Kopp. A maior deformação ocorreu no G1-Neodent sob carga excêntrica de 100 N e a menor, no G2-Neodent sob carga cêntrica de 50 N. A técnica ESPI mostrou-se altamente sensível e reprodutível para avaliar deformações a nivel do colar de implantes sendo possível confirmar a hipótese inicial, visto que a maior deformação esteve sempre associada aos implantes de menor diâmetro, em ambos os sistemas de implante pesquisados. / Occlusal overloading may promote excessive stresses to the implants/abutments/prosthesis, resulting in deformation, misfit or fracture of the components, until the implants. Futhermore, strains of the implant-abutment connection can cause the formation of microgaps propitious to bacterial colonization, which leads to the development of peri-implant sites, leading to the failure of the rehabilitation. This study aimed to evaluate, by a technique widely used in the engineering and physics Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) the strains related to the implant collar with internal tappered connection (Morse taper) with different diameters (Kopp 4.3/5.5 mm and Neodent 3,5/5,0 mm), under two types (centric and eccentric) and intensities (50 N and 100 N) of loads, similar which implants are exposed during masticatory function. We tested the hypothesis that the strains of the implants collar would be inversely proportional to the diameter of the implant. In addition, the survey discussed the advantages and limitations of the ESPI technique over other methods commonly used to assess strains. The largest strain was always associated with eccentric loads, except for G1-Kopp. The largest strain occurred in the G1-Neodent under the eccentric loads of 100 N and the lowest in the G2-Neodent under the centric loads of 50 N. The ESPI technique was a highly sensitive and reproducible to evaluate the strains at the level of the collar of implants being possible to confirm the initial hypothesis, since most strains was always associated with narrower-diameter implants in both implant systems studied.