Objective: The aim of this study is to describe additive manufacturing and evaluate how dentistry can take advantage of this technique today in general and for chair-side production of customized interim prostheses in particular. Method: Searches was made in the databases PubMed and ScienceDirect for information about additive manufacturing for dental applications. Searches was also made in the Rapid Prototyping Journal. Contacts was established with companies working with additive manufacturing for dental applications. The search engine Google was also used to find information about the additive manufacturing techniques in general and for dental applications. Results: Additive manufacturing is a rapidly expanding industry and can currently be used for several different applications in dentistry. It is today possible to use this technique, with materials approved for intraoral use, for chair-side fabrication of customized interim prostheses. Conclusion: Today it is possible to use additive manufacturing for chair-side production of interim prostheses. However, currently this production technique is still far too time consuming to be used effectively chair-side. With the current advancements in the area of additive manufacturing there is no doubt the technique can be utilized in the future and hopefully serve as a more reliable and safe way of producing interim prostheses. / Objective: The aim of this study is to describe additive manufacturing and evaluate how dentistry can take advantage of this technique today in general and for chair-side production of customized interim prostheses in particular. Method: Searches was made in the databases PubMed and ScienceDirect for information about additive manufacturing for dental applications. Searches was also made in the Rapid Prototyping Journal. Contacts was established with companies working with additive manufacturing for dental applications. The search engine Google was also used to find information about the additive manufacturing techniques in general and for dental applications. Results: Additive manufacturing is a rapidly expanding industry and can currently be used for several different applications in dentistry. It is today possible to use this technique, with materials approved for intraoral use, for chair-side fabrication of customized interim prostheses. Conclusion: Today it is possible to use additive manufacturing for chair-side production of interim prostheses. However, currently this production technique is still far too time consuming to be used effectively chair-side. With the current advancements in the area of additive manufacturing there is no doubt the technique can be utilized in the future and hopefully serve as a more reliable and safe way of producing interim prostheses.

The study of adolescent psychopathy has grown from being a fringe element in psychology to a mainstream topic for research. One issue that divides scholars centers on the relationship between conduct problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their relationship to adolescent psychopathy. Some state the former factor has the most crucial relationship while other scholars categorically disagree, claiming that ADHD is the strongest. The majority of adolescents assessed for adolescent psychopathy are residents at state training schools; however, many of the behaviors associated with psychopathy are seen in students assigned to their district’s alternative educational setting. In order to gauge which factor had strongest relationship with psychopathy, 80 male students, ranging in age from 12 to 18 years old, placed at interim alternative educational settings for misbehavior were assessed using the Antisocial Process Screening Device---Youth Edition (APSD-Y) to determine level of psychopathy. In addition, ADHD was assessed using both the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children- Second Edition (BASC-2) and Conners-Wells’ Adolescent Self-Report Scale-L (CASS:L); likewise, both instruments were used assess conduct problems. Each assessment instrument used a self-report method. Results indicated that of the two factors, conduct problems had a statistically significant relationship with adolescent psychopathy, while the relationship between ADHD’s and psychopathy was nonsignificant. The implications are straight forward. Adolescents with impulsivity problems are regularly sent to interim alternative educational settings for misbehaving; however, the findings of this study indicate that impulsivity alone should not be the focus when considering pathways to psychopathy. Rather, conduct problems should be considered a contributing factor as it shares a significant relationship with psychopathy. A secondary analysis using an Independent T-test was used to explore the differences between the Low and High scoring APSD-Y groups. Clinical significance was found between the two APSD-Y groups with the BASC-2 Externalizing and the CASS:L Externalizing subscales, as well as the BASC-2 Conduct Problems and the CASS-Conduct Problem scores.

Background and Objectives: Sharing of interim results by the Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) with non-DSMB members is an important issue that can affect trial integrity. The objective of this dissertation was to determine the views of the stakeholders on what kind of interim results can or should be shared by the DSMB, why, and with whom among those responsible for the conduct of a trial. Methods: We first conducted a systematic search of the literature to assess views and current evidence on sharing interim results. Secondly, we conducted two cross-sectional surveys aimed at those involved in trials to solicit their views on what type of interim results should be shared by the DSMB with non-DSMB members, with whom and under what circumstances. Thirdly, we assessed for any potential association of demographic factors with the sharing of certain interim results and their perceived usefulness, using regression analysis. Results: Mixed views exist in the literature on interim result sharing practices. Evidence from the surveys conducted resulted in the following findings. What to share: Based upon the survey results from our cross-sectional survey (Chapter 4), the interim control event rate (IControlER), the adaptive conditional power (ACP) and the unconditional conditional power (UCP) should not be shared. Most respondents from this survey thought the interim combined event rate (ICombinedER) could be shared provided proper conditions and provisions are in place. However, based on our cross-sectional scenario-based survey (Chapter 3), it was demonstrated that the ICombinedER, when shared at interim, is compatible with three possible interim results (Drug X doing better than placebo, worse than placebo or performing the same as placebo). Why share or not share: Respondents indicate that the ICombinedER can be shared because it does not unmask relative effects between groups, and keeps the steering committee (SC) informed about the trial’s progress; however, with the condition that sharing this type of result should be specified a priori including for what purpose and be at the DSMB’s discretion, especially if the control group rate is known from the literature. However, it is important to note that the ICombinedER, demonstrated with evidence from our cross-sectional scenario-based survey (Chapter 3), is compatible with three possible interim results and should not be shared because it has low usefulness and is flawed due to multiple interpretations. The IControlER and the ACP should not be shared because they are unmasking of interim results. It was mentioned that ICombinedER is usually known by the SC and sponsor making it easy to determine group rates if the IControlER is known. The UCP should not be shared because it is a technical measure that is potentially misleading of interim results. With whom to share: Survey results from Chapter 4 indicated that the ICombinedER can be shared with the SC and that the IControlER, the ACP, and the UCP should not be shared with any non-DSMB members by the DSMB. However, evidence from Chapter 3 also indicates that the ICombinedER should not be shared with any non-DSMB member. Factors associated with sharing: Having experience with greater than 15 trials with private industry sponsorship was found to be associated with not sharing the IControlER and an increase in perceived usefulness in sharing the ACP. Though some other demographic factors were found to be associated with sharing the ICombinedER and the UCP, they were sensitive to missing data upon our sensitivity analysis and will require more validation. Conclusions: Though mixed views exist within an extensive literature review on interim result sharing practices, survey evidence from this dissertation suggests that the ICombinedER, IControlER, the ACP and the UCP should not be shared with any non-DSMB member. The IControlER and ACP can be unmasking of interim results and the UCP is a technical measure that is potentially misleading. We agree with this reasoning. The majority of respondents from the survey in Chapter 4 indicated that the ICombinedER can be shared with the SC because it does not unmask relative effects between groups, however it was also stipulated that sharing this measure should be specified a priori and for what purpose and be at the DSMB’s discretion, especially if the control group rate is known from the literature. Even though the majority from our second survey in Chapter 4 indicate sharing the ICombinedER with the SC, we do not recommend sharing the ICombinedER at interim with any non-DSMB member because, as demonstrated with evidence from our cross-sectional scenario-based survey in Chapter 3, this measure is compatible with three possible interim results potentially leading to the introduction of trial bias at interim by those privy this interim measure and their interpretation. Based on the findings from the survey from Chapter 4, there appears to be a lack of awareness in how sharing the ICombinedER is flawed, of low usefulness, and potentially dangerous. The perceived desire to have this measure shared seems misguided. Experience with greater than 15 trials with private industry sponsorship was found to be associated with not endorsing the sharing the IControlER and an increase in perceived usefulness in sharing the ACP by the DSMB at interim. In regards to implications for future research, this characteristic should be further evaluated to see if this subgroup has insight into interim trial management practices that protect from trial bias. Results from this research have implications for practice and guidelines concerning trial design and protocols, and DSMB charters. These results can also help assess the need for proper safeguards around sharing an interim result when deemed appropriate by the DSMB and under their discretion, that prevent the introduction of bias that could alter the final trial results generated. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No / In recent years, corporate failures and accounting irregularities have led to concerns about the effectiveness of audit committees in the financial reporting process. In response, corporate governance committees in different countries have made specific recommendations designed to enhance the role of the audit committee in executing its financial reporting oversight duties. We investigate in this study, the effect of some of the recommendations by empirically examining the relationship between selected audit committee characteristics and the level of disclosure in interim reports of a sample of 262 UK listed companies. Specifically, the audit committee characteristics examined are shareholding of audit committee members (as a proxy for audit committee independence), audit committee size and audit committee financial expertise. Employing both a weighted and unweighted index to measure interim disclosure, the results indicate a significant negative association between shareholding of audit committee members and interim disclosure. Our results provide evidence of a significant positive association between interim disclosure and audit committee financial expertise. We find no significant relationship between audit committee size and the extent of disclosure in interim reports. Overall, however, our results suggest that audit committee characteristics have an impact on its monitoring effectiveness of the financial reporting process. These results have important implications for corporate governance policy-makers who have a responsibility to prescribe appropriate corporate governance structures to ensure that shareholders are protected

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der juristischen Problematik, ob ein Rechtsbehelf anzuerkennen ist, der es Anspruchsgegnern ermöglicht, in lauterkeitsrechtlichen Unterlassungsstreitigkeiten Verfahren des einstweiligen Rechtsschutzes zu initiieren. Ein solcher Rechtsbehelf ist für Anspruchsgegner bislang nicht anerkannt. Dies stellt sich als sehr problematisch dar, da Eilverfahren im Lauterkeitsrecht eine sehr hohe Bedeutung zukommt und Anspruchsgegner in diesen Verfahren signifikant benachteiligt werden. Dieser Umstand begründet auch eine erhebliche Gefahr von Fehlentscheidungen zu Lasten der Anspruchsgegner. Im Wettbewerb kann diesen Fehlentscheidungen große Bedeutung zukommen, weil durch sie beispielsweise der Vertrieb neuer innovativer Produkte untersagt werden kann. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass ein entsprechender Rechtsbehelf anzuerkennen ist, da er dem Anspruchsgegner eine Möglichkeit verschafft, sich wirksam vor schädigenden Fehlentscheidungen zu schützen und damit der Verwirklichung der verfassungsrechtlichen Vorgaben prozessualer Waffengleichheit und effektiven Rechtschutzes dient. / The dissertation deals with the juristic problem whether a legal remedy is to be recognized which enables opponents to initiate procedures of interim legal protection in disputes regarding injunctive relief in the field of unfair competition law. Such a legal remedy is not recognized for opponents up to now. This appears to be very problematic, as preliminary proceedings are of high importance in the field of unfair competition law and opponents are being significantly disadvantaged in these procedures. This fact also founds a considerable danger of wrong decisions at the expense of the opponents. In competition these wrong decisions may be of great importance as, for example, the distribution of new and innovative products can be prohibited by them. The work comes to the conclusion that a corresponding legal remedy is to be recognized, because it provides the opponent with an effective option to protect itself from damaging wrong decisions and it serves the realization of the constitutional requirements of procedural equality of opportunity and effective legal protection.

Denna uppsats undersöker tillämpningen av artikel 8 i Rådets förordning (EG) nr 1/2003 av den 16 december 2002 om tillämpning av konkurrensreglerna i artiklarna81 och 82 i fördraget (härefter ”Förordningen”). Enligt nämnda artikel får interimistiska åtgärder tillgripas för att motverka en överhängande risk för allvarlig och irreparabelskada på konkurrensen. I detta sammanhang anser Konkurrensverket att begreppetskada på konkurrensen behöver klargöras, och undrar om det kan likställas medbegreppet konkurrensskada. Därför har vi definierat begreppen i förhållande till varandra för att kunna dra slutsatser angående tillämpningen av artikel 8 i Förordningen. Vår utredning visar att konkurrensskada är ett snävt begrepp som syftar på en ren förmögenhetsskadasom drabbar individuella skadelidande på grund av en konkurrensrättsligöverträdelse. Begreppet utgår i allra högsta grad från ett individperspektiv ochkan, men behöver inte, sammanfalla med skadan som åsamkas konkurrensen, ekonomineller samhället. Skada på konkurrensen däremot, är ett allomfattande begrepp somåsyftar den allmänna skadan som åsamkas ekonomin i stort på grund av en överträdelseav konkurrensrätten. Trots att begreppet är allmänt hållet och öppet för fri tolkning av rättstillämparen, ställs specifika krav för förordnande av interimistiska åtgärder enligt artikel 8 i Förordningen, nämligen en prima facie konkurrensrättslig överträdelse som medför en risk för allvarlig och irreparabel skada på konkurrensen. Risken för att konkurrensenskadas måste preciseras på ett konkret och trovärdigt sätt och allvarlighetskravetinnebär till exempel att en konkurrent riskerar att försättas i konkurs. För attvara irreparabel får inte en skada kunna läkas av ett senare beslut av konkurrensmyndigheten. Skadan får inte heller endast vara av ekonomisk art. Slutsatsen är att det ställs höga krav för tillämpningen av artikel 8 i Förordningen,vilket kan förklara den nuvarande avsaknaden av praxis. Behovet för interimistiskaåtgärder anses dock vara stort, inte minst på grund av de långa handläggningstiderna i konkurrensmål. Därför anser vi att konkurrensmyndigheterna bör överväga att tillförordnainterimistiska åtgärder oftare, och att de kan förlita sig på den rättspraxis somfinns för att säkerställa att besluten kommer att motstå en överklagan.

Interim Measures are viewed as an essential means to protect parties‘ rights in international commercial arbitration disputes. Most Arbitration Laws and Rules have recognised the arbitral tribunal‘s power to grant such measures. The success of this system relies on the court‘s assistance of the tribunal during the process. This relationship between the tribunal and the court is something vague under Egyptian Law, since there are no clear rules addressing the matter. Hence, this research examines the theories that explain the tribunal‘s authority and the relationship with the authority of the court. This study uses a comparative analytical approach in terms of analyzing relevant legal texts to determine the optimal legal approach to the issue. The purpose of the study is to address deficiencies in the Egyptian law – the Code of Civil Procedure and Egyptian Arbitration Law – and compare it with English, Scottish Arbitration Acts and international arbitration systems, laws, and practices. The findings of this research offer several recommendations that could help achieve a successful and smooth arbitration process. This study identifies and explains types of interim measures and explores the international practice of every type. It gives some important recommendations for future development and improvement of the Egyptian law. It also makes general recommendations that would help improve the efficiency of the English and Scottish laws.

93 Abstract Preliminary injunction is one of the most important means of protecting the rights of the participants of civil proceedings. The proceedings on the preliminary injunction is easier and faster than the proceedings on the merits, which allows the courts to act without undue delays and to effectively secure either the legal relations of the parties or the risk of loss. The consequence of these facts, however, is a restriction on the application of certain principles of civil procedure, and therefore also of the rights of the parties, especially the defendant. The question is whether this restriction is not unreasonably high and thus whether the current legal regulations meet requirements that are placed on it. The aim of this thesis is to provide a critical look at the regulation of preliminary injunctions, especially on its possibilities and limits, regarding the doctrinal and judicial conclusions. The first part of this thesis deals with the regulation of preliminary injunctions in general. Preliminary injunctions are there defined in terms of their meaning and the purpose, then the author briefly describes the basic principles, the taxonomy and the history of the regulation. The second and the third part focus on the material and formal conditions of the preliminary injunction. In addition to...

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2017-02-21T16:49:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Wilson Gonçalves.pdf: 1151710 bytes, checksum: 108ecc06feb865e85a2f2498291a9725 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T16:49:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José Wilson Gonçalves.pdf: 1151710 bytes, checksum: 108ecc06feb865e85a2f2498291a9725 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / The deep concern about the abyss between the academy and the practice in which the Law is established has encouraged the inception of this work, which gives special emphasis to the prohibition of insufficient judicial protection, mainly due to abnormal delay and poor quality of the Lawsuit as a public service. Therefore, it was entitled "Effective judicial protection - A constant concern about time (but also with quality)." It is essential that, intransigently, an adequate speed is given to the lawsuit, specifically taking into account the need for the holder of the right defended in court. For this constitutional desideratum to be achieved, it is imperative to start with a good law including a good judicial structure and good applicators. They embody a trilogy which must work as a necessarily tuned gear. In addition, the process can not be regarded as a pure logical order, inflexibly subject to predetermined formulas, but instead, it must be practiced in a sensitive way to the specificity which justifies it democratically, rendering the service particularly appropriate, and always observing the useful contradictory, prior or postponed. In this respect, the differentiated procedures are honored, precisely aiming to meet the concrete need, especially the procedures established in order to tutor the right from the outset, either for the sake of assertion or for satisfaction, either in case of urgency or in case of evidence, fighting against scientific treasures or baroque formalism. The main idea is to draw attention to the fact that the study of law must be committed to a practical result, never allowing it to be conceived as a fuel of intellectual vanity, highly harmful / A inquietação com o abismo entre a academia e a prática no que atina ao Direito deflagrou a coragem à elaboração deste trabalho, que traz destaque especial à proibição da proteção judicial insuficiente, que se dá, principalmente, em face da demora anormal e da baixa qualidade do processo, enquanto serviço público. Por isso, foi intitulado “Proteção judicial efetiva – Uma preocupação constante com o tempo (mas, também, com a qualidade)”. É essencial que, intransigivelmente, imprima-se velocidade adequada ao processo, tomando-se em conta, concretamente, a necessidade do titular do direito defendido em juízo. Para que esse desiderato – que, aliás, é constitucional – seja alcançado é imprescindível que se inicie com uma boa lei e que haja boa estrutura judiciária e bons aplicadores, cuidando-se de trilogia que deve funcionar como uma engrenagem necessariamente sintonizada. Ademais, o processo não pode ser tido como uma ordem lógica pura, sujeito inflexivelmente a fórmulas predeterminadas, mas antes, deve ser praticado de modo sensível à especificidade que democraticamente lhe justifica, prestando-se o serviço particularmente apropriado, sempre com observância do contraditório útil, prévio ou postergado. Nessa toada, são prestigiados os procedimentos diferenciados, justamente visando atender à necessidade concreta, especialmente os procedimentos estatuídos na finalidade de tutelar o direito desde logo, seja visando à mera assegura- ção seja visando à satisfação, quer em caso de urgência quer em caso de evidência, combatendo-se as preciosidades científicas ou o formalismo barroco. A ideia central consiste em chamar a atenção para que o estudo do Direito tenha comprometimento com o resultado prático, não se concebendo que seja combustível de vaidade intelectual, altamente nefasta

In 1995, the Palestinian Authority (PA) was established as an interim Palestinian government on shreds of land within the West Bank and Gaza. One of the new authority’s lesser-known administrative mandates is protection of the environment from pollution. Though the PA was to have a semblance of “self-rule,” the Oslo Accords that established the PA also stipulated that the latter seek Israeli approval when building most large-scale infrastructures—including those designed to manage waste. Meanwhile, emergent ideas about the environment defined it as a limitless expanse. The environment projected out from PA enclaves on thirty percent of the land in all directions—including into the air above and into the subterrain below. The Accords projected environmental responsibility into Israel proper as well as into areas it “shares” with Palestinians in the occupied territories. As a consequence, Palestinian waste infrastructures are objects of concern not only to the Palestinian communities they are designed to serve but also to the Israeli state, to Israeli settlements, to regional neighbors and to foreign donors in far-flung offices who are concerned with “environmental security.” This dissertation investigates a series of multimillion dollar PA projects aimed at protecting what came to be called the “shared” environment through management of Palestinian wastes. In doing so it analyzes the tension between the insistence, on the one hand, that the PA govern “its” population within strictly defined borders as part of a hierarchical system of nested sovereignties in which Israel’s is the superior form, and the imperative, on the other hand, that this territorially-defined, officially interim government perform care for the territory’s longterm ecological future. It tends to be taken for granted that Oslo produced a period of separation by enclosing the West Bank and Gaza and cleaving them off from Israel proper. Millions of West Bank Palestinians are no longer permitted to work in, travel through or even visit Jerusalem or Israel. Israel has prohibited Israeli citizens’ entry into PA areas of the West Bank. This allows PA areas to appear relatively autonomous—insofar as they are viewed as separate from Israel. But in a number of significant ways, Israel continues to control and to direct the daily experiences and future possibilities of West Bank Palestinians. Separation and control are thus equally accurate characterizations of Palestinians’ experiences post-Oslo. This dissertation contends that their particular combination in the post-Oslo period has allowed people living in the West Bank to experience PA governance as what, borrowing a term I heard there, I call a phantom state (shibih dowlah). Palestinians see the limits of PA autonomy vis-a-vis Israel and the PA’s many donors. The PA is specter-like: an appearance without stable material follow-through. People nevertheless treat the PA as a matter-of-fact, tangible part of their lives: as an address for appeal, requests and complaints, as a distinct entity upon which responsibility, blame and, very occasionally, even praise is bestowed. Studies of garbage at the turn of the twenty-first century show that modern waste has the capacity to destabilize and to undermine political systems because of the risks it is perceived to pose and because of the difficulty of keeping it stable and contained. Unlike water, oil and electricity, waste is an infrastructural substrate whose flows should move out from inhabited areas rather than into them. As mobile, abject matter that perpetually threatens the environment, it requires constant monitoring. It is managed at regional scales. In the Palestinian context, waste therefore reveals some of the spatial-geographical complexities that render the treatment of separation and control as an either/or dynamic impossible to sustain. It also reveals the ways in which believing both separation and control to be true for the people experiencing them in combination means living, working and planning within a logic of constant contradiction. Waste is not the only infrastructural substrate that reveals the Mobius strip of separation and connectedness of the post-Oslo period. But waste and its infrastructures are uniquely useful for showing the impossibility and the partialness of a politics of separation more broadly in an emergent era of environmental securitization. This dissertation thus analyzes an incommensurable tension in what Achille Mbembe has called a “late-modern colonial occupation” that operates in the style of older forms of indirect colonial rule. That tension renders governance of people and territory both difficult and incoherent. It produces environmental hazards while seeking to eliminate them. And it performs major political displacements among colonized and colonizers alike.