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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Regina Hezel.pdf: 2628130 bytes, checksum: f776400a56686d4085b790f2d9436120 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-16 / In engineering it is always looked to construct resistant structures, safe and economically viable. The safe and economic project of the structures is function of the imposed actions; in the case of silos it does not have a Brazilian norm that it prescribes on its projects and action, moreover, some divergences are observed between the foreign norms. This main work as objective the comparative analysis of the lapsings of the international norms: ENV (1995), the 3774 (1996), ACI 313 (1991), DIN 1055 (1987) and BMHB (1985), becoming an analysis statistics between them, being elaborated an electronic spread sheet of calculation of the pressures, being able itself to vary the properties, to facilitate to the analysis and the development of an theoretician-experimental study. It still has as purpose to present a theoretical study of the pressures in vertical silos, for this, a state of the art of the theories of pressures proposals for the most important researchers was developed and finally the modeling of a silo to be analyzed through Ansys® software. The comparative analysis statistics of the main foreign norms showed the existence of sufficiently significant differences between the gotten values, being that in the case of the horizontal pressures it has differences of up to 59% (between norm BMHB and DIN) and that in the average the lesser values are gotten in the British and the greaters in the German. It was still verified that the majority of the foreign norms adopts the theory of Janssen for the determination of the horizontal pressures. In relation to the vertical pressures, the difference between the norms arrived 400% almost (between norms ENV and), in average the lesser values is gotten in the European norm and the greaters in the Australian, were still observed that the model of Janssen, without no alteration are considered by norm ACI. E in the case of the pressures of attrition with the wall the lesser values are gotten in norm BMHB and the greaters in the DIN, having arrived themselves it 59% differences (between norm BMHB and DIN). In relation to the use of the Ansys® program an initial plan of modeling of a silo was sketched, observing itself that the program and the methodology are useful, being able itself to make a refinement, to compare the results and to vary the in agreement pressure the diverse existing norms, being able to be developed in a future work, becoming a comparative degree between practical theoretician and with silo use archetype and cells of pressure. / Na engenharia, procura-se sempre construir estruturas resistentes, seguras e economicamente viáveis. O projeto seguro e econômico das estruturas é função das ações impostas; no caso de silos, não há uma norma brasileira que prescreva sobre seus projetos e ações, além disso, algumas divergências são observadas entre as normas estrangeiras. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a análise comparativa das prescrições das normas internacionais: ENV (1995), AS 3774 (1996), ACI 313 (1991), DIN 1055 (1987) e BMHB (1985), fazendo-se uma análise estatística entre elas, sendo elaborada uma planilha eletrônica de cálculo das pressões, podendo-se variar as propriedades, facilitar a análise e o desenvolvimento de um estudo teórico-experimental. Tem ainda como finalidade apresentar um estudo teórico das pressões em silos verticais, para isso, um estado da arte das teorias de pressões propostas pelos mais importantes pesquisadores foi desenvolvido e por último a modelagem de um silo para ser analisado através do software Ansys®. A análise comparativa estatística das principais normas estrangeiras mostrou a existência de diferenças bastante significativas entre os valores obtidos, sendo que no caso das pressões horizontais há diferenças de até 59% (entre norma BMHB e DIN) e que na média os menores valores são obtidos na Britânica e os maiores na Alemã. Verificou-se ainda que a maioria das normas estrangeiras adota a teoria de Janssen para a determinação das pressões horizontais. Em relação às pressões verticais, a diferença entre as normas chegou a quase 400% (entre normas ENV e AS), em média os menores valores são obtidos na norma Européia e os maiores na Australiana, observou-se ainda que o modelo de Janssen, sem nenhuma alteração é proposto pela norma ACI. E no caso das pressões de atrito com a parede os menores valores são obtidos na norma BMHB e os maiores na DIN, chegando-se a diferenças de 59% (entre norma BMHB e DIN). Em relação ao uso do programa Ansys® esboçou-se um plano inicial de modelagem de um silo, observando-se que o programa e a metodologia são úteis, podendo-se fazer um refinamento, comparar os resultados e variar a pressão conforme as diversas normas existentes, podendo ser desenvolvido em um trabalho futuro, fazendo-se um comparativo entre teórico e prático com uso de silo protótipo e células de pressão.

This thesis deals with the debate on non-lethal chemical weapons under the Chemical Weapons Convention regime. I examine the evolution of the debate between 2002 and 2017 and use a modified theory of the cycle of normative change to analyse it. Apart from identifying main actors and actions taken by them, I identify the rule structure, rule tensions and arguments that are central to the issue of riot control agents and incapacitating chemical agents, later re-branded as central nervous system acting chemicals. In addition, I highlight the importance of (re-)framing and issue decoupling as successful strategies for norm- entrepreneurs to employ when gathering support.

In 1998 the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement were developed following years of crises faced by the millions of people experiencing forced displacement, especially those internally displaced. These Principles were widely considered to be precedent setting, both historically and normatively. However, the examination of the construction of the international norms that underpin the Principles indicates that there are important epistemological weaknesses in widely used constructivist frameworks that understand normative shifts in international relations. They are critiqued as being impedingly linear, temporally compressed and analytically obstructive in its agent-centric view of norm cascading. This research aims to address some of these gaps with an enhanced life-cycle model using cluster genealogies and the processes of replication and particularization. The reformulated framework is tested for robustness and feasibility using two preliminary cases – UNSC Resolution 1325 and the Chemical Weapons Convention. It is then used to conduct an in-depth original analysis of the development of the 1998 UN Guiding Principles. The findings in the case of the Guiding Principles show, for example, that though the acceptance of the IDP definition was a big leap, the replication and particularization of human rights limits the humanitarian scope of the Guiding Principles, and also brings into question existing humanitarian protection of IDPs under the Geneva Conventions. Meanwhile, rooting them in ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ has not shifted the community of states’ intersubjective take on sovereignty, but it has added to the existing normative tension – individual vs. state – that underpins the very understanding of sovereignty.

This study critically analyses the protection and enforcement of inmates’ socio-economic rights in South Africa. For the purpose of this study inmates’ socio-economic rights include the right to adequate medical treatment, accommodation, nutrition and education. This analysis is informed by the fact that South African courts are struggling to interpret and enforce inmates’ socio-economic rights as required by the Constitution and international norms and standards. The objective of this study, therefore, is whether South Africa protects and enforces these rights as required by the Constitution and international norms and standards. In an attempt to resolve the problem, the methodology of this study relies on a legal methodology which focuses on a review of law books, journal articles, the constitutions, statutes, regulations and case law. The study concludes that South Africa protects and enforces these rights as required by the Constitution and complies with international norms and standards. However, the enforcement of these rights has to pay attention to the constitutional imperatives of interpreting the Bill of Rights. When interpreting inmates’ right to adequate medical treatment, it is imperative for the courts to unpack its content. The courts need to also promote the value of human dignity when determining whether overcrowding violates their right to adequate accommodation. The determination of whether their right to adequate nutrition has been violated should focus on whether inmates’ claim to cultural food is based on a sincere belief which could be objectively supported. Further, the Regulations should extend the right to cultural or religious food to all inmates. Lastly, it is the duty of the courts and the institutions of higher learning to ensure that inmates have access to the internet for study purpose. / Public, Constitutional, & International Law / LL.D.

This study critically analyses the protection and enforcement of inmates’ socio-economic rights in South Africa. For the purpose of this study inmates’ socio-economic rights include the right to adequate medical treatment, accommodation, nutrition and education. This analysis is informed by the fact that South African courts are struggling to interpret and enforce inmates’ socio-economic rights as required by the Constitution and international norms and standards. The objective of this study, therefore, is whether South Africa protects and enforces these rights as required by the Constitution and international norms and standards. In an attempt to resolve the problem, the methodology of this study relies on a legal methodology which focuses on a review of law books, journal articles, the constitutions, statutes, regulations and case law. The study concludes that South Africa protects and enforces these rights as required by the Constitution and complies with international norms and standards. However, the enforcement of these rights has to pay attention to the constitutional imperatives of interpreting the Bill of Rights. When interpreting inmates’ right to adequate medical treatment, it is imperative for the courts to unpack its content. The courts need to also promote the value of human dignity when determining whether overcrowding violates their right to adequate accommodation. The determination of whether their right to adequate nutrition has been violated should focus on whether inmates’ claim to cultural food is based on a sincere belief which could be objectively supported. Further, the Regulations should extend the right to cultural or religious food to all inmates. Lastly, it is the duty of the courts and the institutions of higher learning to ensure that inmates have access to the internet for study purpose. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LL. D.

O trabalho \"A normativa de protecao ao tráfico ilícito do patrimônio cultural: acervo arqueológico do Instituto Cultural Banco Santos\", visa a analisar a normativa de proteção do patrimônio cultural no que tange os contornos jurídicos construídos sobre o tráfico ilícito de bens culturais, por meio de normativas internacionais e nacionais, com destaque aos bens culturais arqueológicos. Como objeto de estudo, será tomado o acervo de obras arqueológicas do Instituto Cultural Banco Santos, pertencente ao Banco Santos S/A, composto por aproximadamente 2.100 peças. Sua constituição contribui para o entender a respeito do funcionamento das normas juridicas de combate ao tráfico de bens culturais no Brasil, especialmente no que tange ao tráfico de bens patrimoniais culturais na escala internacional. / The work \"The rules of protection against the illicit trafficking of cultural heritage: the archaeological collection of the Instituto Cultural Banco Santos aims to analyze rules on the protection of cultural heritage, regarding the legal contours on illicit trafficking of cultural goods, through international and national law, with emphasis on archaeological cultural goods. The archeological collection of the Instituto Cultural Banco Santos, which belongs to Banco Santos S/A, with approximately 2,100 goods in taken as subject of study. Its constitution contributes to understand the enforcement of legal rules on trafficking of cultural goods in Brazil, taking into consideration the trafficking of cultural heritage on an international scale.

O trabalho \"A normativa de protecao ao tráfico ilícito do patrimônio cultural: acervo arqueológico do Instituto Cultural Banco Santos\", visa a analisar a normativa de proteção do patrimônio cultural no que tange os contornos jurídicos construídos sobre o tráfico ilícito de bens culturais, por meio de normativas internacionais e nacionais, com destaque aos bens culturais arqueológicos. Como objeto de estudo, será tomado o acervo de obras arqueológicas do Instituto Cultural Banco Santos, pertencente ao Banco Santos S/A, composto por aproximadamente 2.100 peças. Sua constituição contribui para o entender a respeito do funcionamento das normas juridicas de combate ao tráfico de bens culturais no Brasil, especialmente no que tange ao tráfico de bens patrimoniais culturais na escala internacional. / The work \"The rules of protection against the illicit trafficking of cultural heritage: the archaeological collection of the Instituto Cultural Banco Santos aims to analyze rules on the protection of cultural heritage, regarding the legal contours on illicit trafficking of cultural goods, through international and national law, with emphasis on archaeological cultural goods. The archeological collection of the Instituto Cultural Banco Santos, which belongs to Banco Santos S/A, with approximately 2,100 goods in taken as subject of study. Its constitution contributes to understand the enforcement of legal rules on trafficking of cultural goods in Brazil, taking into consideration the trafficking of cultural heritage on an international scale.

La multiplication des mouvements d’exportation et d’importation des modèles de gestion sociale, politique et économique a récemment trouvé un foyer privilégié et peu exploré : celui de l’échange entre acteurs du « Sud ». L’expérience brésilienne de modernisation agricole ou de politiques sociales a attiré l’attention de la communauté internationale dans les années 2000, en manque de réponses politiques face aux défis mondiaux de « lutte contre la pauvreté ». Cet intérêt s’est accru eu égard aux efforts diplomatiques brésiliens pour intensifier la coopération, le commerce et les investissements avec les pays en développement, notamment sur le continent africain. C’est dans le but de saisir le contenu, les processus et les implications politiques de l’internationalisation des instruments des politiques publiques brésiliennes pour le secteur rural que nous réalisons cette étude. Il nous intéresse également d’appréhender de manière plus large les dynamiques de distribution de pouvoir à l’échelle internationale face à l’insertion de nouveaux acteurs et de nouveaux référentiels d’action publique, en tenant compte de la particularité historico-politique des échanges sud-sud. Nous montrerons que l’influence des acteurs brésiliens dans la production et la circulation de normes internationales en matière de développement rural a été plus effective dans le changement organisationnel et normatif au sein des institutions multilatérales telles que la FAO que dans la réorientation des instruments politiques au sein des institutions publiques des pays du Sud, dans notre cas le Mozambique. Cette conclusion repose sur l’idée selon laquelle l’internationalisation d’instruments d’action publique fait l’objet d’un processus politique impliquant des réseaux d’acteurs à de multiples niveaux. Nous identifions trois ordres de facteurs influençant les résultats des interactions entre les acteurs brésiliens et les « récepteurs » des normes au niveau multilatéral aussi bien que national : i) les stratégies d’acteurs impliquant la redistribution des ressources politiques ; ii) le changement du cadre cognitif de la coalition dominante ; et/ou iii) l’altération du contexte intérieur ou extérieur au système politique (structure d’opportunité). Ces étapes devraient nous permettre de mieux saisir les enjeux de la transformation de l’État dans un contexte de mondialisation et de consolidation de nouvelles recettes mondiales de solutions publiques. / The proliferation of export and import of social, economic and policy management models has recently found a new arena: that of South-South relations. Brazil gained wide international recognition during the 2000s for its agricultural modernisation and social policies. The country’s domestic moves were especially significant in a context of weak political responses to the worldwide challenges of « fight against poverty ». Global interest in Brazil has strengthened in view of its diplomatic efforts to intensify cooperation, trade and investment with developing countries, especially in Africa. This study aims to understand the content, the process and the political implications of the internationalization of Brazil’s rural public policy instruments. The study also intends to broadly analyse the dynamics of power distribution at the international level resulting from the emergence of new actors and new public policy frameworks, taking into account the historical and political distinctiveness of South-South exchanges. We show that the influence of Brazilian actors in the production and the circulation of international norms of rural development has been more effective in producing organisational and normative change within multilateral institutions, such as the FAO, than in the reorientation of policy instruments and institutions in the Global South, and in particular in Mozambique which is our case study. This assumption is grounded in the idea that internationalization of policy instruments is subject to a political process involving actors’ networks at multiple levels. For our study, we identify three factors influencing the interactions between Brazilian players and the “receivers” of norms at multilateral and national levels: i) strategies of the actors involved in the redistribution of political resources; ii) changes in the cognitive frame of the ruling coalition; and/or iii) changes to the internal or external context of the political system (opportunity structure). This analysis should enable a clearer understanding of the drivers of state transformation in a context of globalisation and the consolidation of new global policy solutions. / A multiplicação de movimentos de exportação e importação de modelos de gestão social, política e econômica tem se intensificado a partir de um novo eixo: o das relações entre países do “Sul”. A experiência brasileira de modernização agrícola e de implementação de políticas sociais foi reconhecida pela comunidade internacional nos anos 2000, principalmente num contexto de fragilidade das respostas políticas face aos desafios mundiais de “luta contra a pobreza”. Tal interesse internacional tem se aprofundado diante dos esforços da diplomacia brasileira em intensificar a cooperação, o comércio e os investimentos nos países em desenvolvimento, em particular no continente africano. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o conteúdo, os processos e as implicações políticas da internacionalização de instrumentos brasileiros de políticas públicas para o setor rural. Ele busca ainda examinar de maneira mais ampla as dinâmicas de distribuição de poder na esfera internacional, como resultado da emergência de novos atores e de novos marcos de políticas públicas, levando-se em conta as particularidades histórico-políticas das relações Sul-Sul. Nós mostraremos que a influência de atores brasileiros na produção e na circulação de normas internacionais em matéria de desenvolvimento rural se mostrou mais efetiva na mudança organizacional e normativa no âmbito das instituições multilaterais, como a FAO, do que na reorientação de instrumentos políticos nas instituições públicas dos países do Sul, em particular em Moçambique que representa no nosso estudo de caso. Tal conclusão baseia-se na ideia de que a internacionalização de instrumentos de políticas públicas representa um processo político envolvendo redes de atores em múltiplos níveis de ação. Três principais fatores influenciam os resultados das interações entre atores brasileiros e os “receptores” das normas no âmbito multilateral e nacional: i) as estratégias dos atores levando à redistribuição de recursos políticos; ii) a mudança da estrutura cognitiva da coalizão dominante; e/ou iii) a alteração do contexto interno ou externo ao sistema político (estrutura de oportunidade). Esta análise deverá proporcionar uma melhor compreensão do processo de transformação do Estado num contexto de globalização e de consolidação de novas soluções globais de políticas públicas.

The aim of this work is to test the ability of three selected theoretical approaches to explain the response of the Czech Republic to the American offer to build the ABM radar device on the Czech soil. These theories are: neorealism, utilitarian liberalism and constructivism. Each of these approaches looks at the social reality from a different perspective which allows us to view the issue in its complexity and diversity. Each theory also uses a different set of independent variables to explain the behavior of the Czech government in this case (these variables are: autonomy and influence for neorealism; domestic interests for liberalism and international and domestic norms for constructivism). Thanks to this variety of variables we are enabled to critically evaluate which key factors played the crucial role in the Czech decision-making process in this particular issue and possibly also to point out some assumed regularities which might play an important role in forming of the Czech security policy as such. The main task of the first chapter is to provide some broader historical and political context of the case. Next three chapters are then dedicated to testing of the theories by comparing their deductively phrased hypothesis with the value of dependent variable, which for our work is represented...