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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Johannesburg 2017 / This research report uses In Dependence by Sarah Ladipo Manyika to demonstrate that African romance fiction is not necessarily escapist fantasy. It does this by focusing on the exploration of gender, racism, national and cultural identity in the post-colonial era in this novel that uses the romance template. The close textual analysis that is at the core of this reading is guided by an eclectic theoretical framework made out of several notions, the most important of which are: Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s idea of fiction as a form of language; the understanding that gender and race are socially constructed and can thus be remade or unmade; cosmopolitanism, and particularly the variety known as Afropolitanism. The research report is divided into five chapters. Chapter I, the introductory chapter, plots what the research report is about, explains how the research that led to the writing of the report was carried out, and locates the report in its appropriate intellectual contexts. Chapter II engages with the formal characteristics of In Dependence. Evidence is assembled to support the argument that in In Dependence Manyika creatively enhances the popular romance in the process forging a “fiction language” that she uses to communicate significant social and political messages in a rhetorically powerful manner. Chapter III analyzes the manner in which Manyika uses an inter-racial heterosexual relationship in the novel to explore gender and racism. The key argument pursued in the chapter is that in In Dependence Manyika challenges racialized patriarchal ideologies and envisions a cosmopolitan world in which the genders interact in a humane and fair manner. Chapter IV demonstrates that the story of an interracial romantic relationship that is used to structure the novel problematizes cultural identities and their attendant prejudices such as sexism and racism, and ultimately raises cosmopolitanism as the solution to the problem of intercultural interaction. Chapter V is the Conclusion. The arguments and conclusions of the core chapters of the research report – Chapter II, Chapter III and Chapter IV – are rehashed here. Also stated in this final chapter are the reading’s general conclusions on the novel and its contribution to the romance genre in the broader context of African literature. / MT 2018

Although both the Immorality Act and the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act were repealed in 1985, for the most part, interracial intimate relationships continue to be fraught with controversy. It was hypothesised that discourses on interracial intimate relationships in post-apartheid South Africa would intersect with racist and/or antiracist discourses. This study sought to identify and explore discourses on these relationships, and to investigate the possible intersections with discourses on racism. Thompson’s method of depth hermeneutics (of which critical discourse analysis was a component) was employed to analyse data generated by two focus group discussions and two interviews with interracial couples. The study yielded a wealth of data. This research report presents significant findings in terms of how discourses on interracial intimate relationships in post-apartheid South Africa intersect with discourses on race and racism. The three main discursive themes were on race, whiteness, and interracial intimate relationships, with the latter theme dominating. Of particular significance was how discursive strategies were employed in order to deny, negate and justify racism. The most striking findings relate to how discourses on interracial relationships intersect with discourses on three main themes: i) experimentation, as depicted by discourses on developmental psychology, ii) geographical locations, socio-economic status, and class, as manifested in the discourse of “It depends on where you go”, and iii) the ideological construction of the family, which functions to maintain a racially stratified society that maintains the status quo.

A espécie canina foi descrita como a espécie mais polimórfica do planeta, apresentando vasta heterogeneidade interracial, mas perceptível homogeneidade intrarracial. Em considerando tal informação, a necessidade de pesquisas para constatar tais divergências, principalmente no que se diz respeito ao intervalo de referência de exames laboratoriais, vem se expandindo de maneira exponencial, com intuito de afastar qualquer interpretação equivocada e complementar no diagnóstico clínico. Portanto, a hipótese foi que de cães da raça Dachshund apresentam parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos diversos daqueles referenciados, na literatura, para a espécie canina. Assim, o objetivo foi determinar os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de cães adultos e sadios da raça Dachshund e compará-los aos já existentes (valores de referência) na literatura para a espécie em questão. Avaliaram-se 69 animais adultos e sadios da raça Dachshund, referentes a 23 parâmetros laboratoriais, quais sejam: contagem total de hemácias (He), hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito (Ht), volume corpuscular médio (VCM), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM), contagem total de leucócitos, neutrófilos totais, metamielócitos, bastonetes, segmentados, linfócitos típicos, linfócitos atípicos, monócitos, eosinófilos, basófilos, plaquetas, proteína total, albumina, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina (FA), ureia e cretinina. Após análise estatística, concluiu-se que os analitos hematócrito, hemoglobina e albumina apresentaram valores maiores quando comparados com os intervalos de referência já existentes, corroborando, assim, a heterogeneidade interracial existente e a necessidade do conhecimento de tais diferenças na rotina clínica. / The canine species was described as the most polymorphic species on the planet, presenting vast inter-racial heterogeneity, but noticeable intrarracial homogeneity. Taking this information into account, the need for research to verify such divergences, especially regarding the reference interval of laboratory exams, has been expanding exponentially, in order to avoid any misinterpretation and complementary interpretation in the clinical diagnosis. Therefore, the hypothesis was that of Dachshund dogs have hematological and biochemical parameters different from those referenced in the literature for the canine species. Thus, the objective was to finish the hematological and biochemical parameters of adult and healthy dogs of the Dachshund breed and to compare them with the existing ones (reference values) in the literature for the species in question. A total of 69 healthy adult Dachshund animals were evaluated objectifying 23 laboratory parameters: red blood cell count (Hb), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (total cholesterol), total neutrophils, metamielocytes, segmented rods, typical lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, platelets, total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total corpuscular hemoglobin (HCMM) , alkaline phosphatase (FA), urea and creatinine. After statistical analysis, it was concluded that hematocrit, hemoglobin and albumin analytes presented higher values when purchased with the existing reference intervals, thus corroborating the interracial heterogeneity and the need for knowledge of such differences in clinical routine.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Department: Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work.

This research is a qualitative, heuristic study involving in-depth interviews with eight white, professional heterosexual women in interracial relationships. The women were found through an opportunistic or snowball approach. The participant women were in the age range 25-60. Six were married and two were in long term relationships. All women had children, seven having mixed-race children between 18 months and 23 years of age. Four women had partners of African-Caribbean heritage, three had partners of African heritage and one had a partner of Nepalese heritage. The women shared their reflections on having to confront the realities of racism, coming to terms with their own ambiguous racial position, facing the notion of whiteness and considering their social position as white women. The research was conducted using a heuristic methodology to explore white women's experiences, using creative images and personal reflective and reflexive narratives integrated throughout the text. The research offers insight into how the social experiences of being in an interracial relationship impacts on white women; as individuals, partners and in their role of mother. Implications for themselves as mothers and parenting their children in a racist context are explored and discussed. The findings suggest the women can feel caught between the known (whiteness) and the unknown (blackness). Having crossed a 'socially unaccepted racialised boundary' and challenging explicit dominant social, gendered and racialised beliefs, the women stepped into the unknown involving experiences of changes in status, challenges to assumptions of their maternal competence and living in a world which involved a continuous process of deconstruction and reconstruction of a new, unforeseen racialised identity. The white women moved from being an 'insider' within their own dominant social experiences, to becoming an 'outsider' within another cultural context, sometimes experiencing uncertainty about where they belonged. The white women experienced a shift of reference group orientation, with a new experience of continuous external scrutiny unfolding. These newly encountered social and personal events challenged the white women to review how they previously saw themselves, with this all impacting on their previously taken for granted social status. These experiences impacted at emotional and cognitive levels. As a consequence, the white women often found themselves occupying a liminal or unknown space where a process occurs of attempting to come to terms with the new experiences, new learning and adopting alternative strategies to deal with these different experiences. Implications for counsellors working with white women in interracial relationships are considered and suggestions for therapeutic engagement are made.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Konstruktionen literarischer Figuren in Bezug auf die kulturellen Konstruktionen von „race“ und Gender. Die beiden hier besprochenen Romane „Quicksand“ und „Passing“ von Nella Larsen zeigen Hauptprotagonistinnen mit interrassischen Identitäten, die auf einer schwarzen und weißen Elternschaft beruhen und sich damit an den bis in die späten 1970er Jahre in den USA tatsächlich existierenden sog. Rassenmischungsverboten (Anti-Miscegenation Laws) sowie an schwarzen Weiblichkeitsentwürfen reiben. Aus kultureller wie auch aus literarischer Perspektive sind diese Identitäten interessant, da sie lange als „schwarz“ und nicht als „interrassisch“ eingeordnet wurden und eigene interrassische Identitätsentwürfe damit weitenteils fehlen. Eine Ausnahme ist die Figur der Tragischen Mulattin, die in Kapitel 3 besprochen wird. Die Arbeit blickt nach einer Darlegung kultureller Prozesse der Identitätsbildung auf interrassische Figuren in der Literaturgeschichte, Identitätsentwürfe in der Harlem Renaissance, Vorstellungen von Weiblichkeit und Sexualität und schließlich auf die Praxis des Passing (dem Verschleiern eines Teils der Herkunft zu Gunsten eines anderen). / This paper is concerned with the construction of literary figures in their relations to the concepts of „race“ and gender. “Quicksand” and “Passing” deal with interracial main protagonists whose identities rest on black, white, and interracial parentage. Their identities enable both novels to implicitly deal with the Anti-Miscegenation Laws, which existed until the late 1970s and to discuss constructions of femininity. From both a cultural and a literary perspective interracial identities are of interest because for a long time they were categorized as “black” causing a lack of conceptions of interracial identities. An exception is the literary figure of the “tragic mulatto” which will be discussed in chapter 3. This paper offers a survey of identity forming processes in cultural terms, interracial figures in literary history, identity conceptions as they were valid in the Harlem Renaissance, conceptions of femininity and sexuality, and finally the act of passing as a cultural performance.

Despite recent scholarly interest in Anglo-Islamic relations and the Turk figure on the early modern stage, the intricate power dynamics of interracial romance has been largely neglected. My project seeks to address this lacuna in the scholarship by examining the ways in which romantic relationships between interracial couples invert gender, racial, and religious stereotypes in plays by William Shakespeare, Phillip Massinger, Lodowick Carlell, and Robert Greene. Many studies have found a xenophobic, racialized gender ideology in such plays, but as I will demonstrate, the representation of Muslims as licentious, cruel, and barbarous is not always the norm. Nor are the captive maids, brides-to-be, or wives as weak or helpless as critics have made them out to be. lnstead, Christian-Muslim relations in these plays challenge what have been seen as the official gender, racial. and religious ideologies in early modern England.

<p>To exist racially "in-between," has been characterized as a tragic existence in the modern world. The loneliness and isolation of these lives have given rise to the term the "tragic mulatto." The dissertation Mulatto Theology: Race, Discipleship, and Interracial Existence theologically interprets mulatto lives making visible and interrogating the wider reality of racialized lives in modernity. The mulatto's body is significant in that it discloses what is masked in modern (and particularly white) identities.</p><p>Culture, identities (individual and communal) are not only interconnected, but they are mixtures where peoples become presenced in the lives and practices of other "alien" peoples. This mixture requires reflection upon the formation of all identities, and the ways these identities become visible within the world. Given this arc of identity any reflection upon Christian identity must articulate itself within the tensions of these identities and the practices that mark such identities within the world.</p><p>In examining the formation and performance of mulatto bodies this dissertation suggests these bodies are theologically important for modern Christians and theological reflection in particular. Namely, the mulatto's body becomes the site for re-imagining Christian life as a life lived "in-between." The primary locus of this re-imagination is the body of Christ. </p><p>A re-examination of theological reflection and Scripture regarding his person and work display his character as mulatto, or the God-man. But not only is his identity mulatto, but his person also describes the nature of his work, his re-creation of humanity. So</p><p>understood Christian bodies can be construed as "interracial" bodies -- bodies of flesh and Spirit that disrupt modern formations of race. The Christian body points to a communal reality where hybridity is no longer tragic, but rather constitutive of Christian discipleship. This new, hybrid and "impure" way of existing witnesses to God's redemptive work in the world.</p> / Dissertation

Some romantic relationship types have a greater likelihood of receiving parental support than do others. Specifically, adults in traditional romantic relationships (i.e., same-race, opposite-sex) perceive more parental support for their relationships than do individuals in socially stigmatized relationships (e.g., interracial, same-sex relationships; Lehmiller & Agnew, 2006). The goal of the current study was to understand better what motivates parents to provide support for their adult children’s romantic relationships. To address this question, the original and a modified version of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1975) were tested. The TRA was implemented to measure whether parents’ attitudes toward showing support and the parents’ subjective norms were associated with the parents’ intentions to provide support for their children’s relationships in the future. In the modified model, subjective norms was reconceptualized to include parents’ perceptions of stigma by associating with their children’s relationships and the perceived threat of sanctions from the parent’s social networks if the parents were to provide support for their children’s relationships in the future. To improve predictive ability of the models, theoretically relevant covariates were included in each model. To capitalize on a variety of viewpoints, this study included parents whose children were either single or in dating relationships. Parents whose child was single completed the questionnaire while imagining his or her child in a traditional, interracial, or same-sex relationship whereas parents whose child was in a dating relationship reported on his or her child’s current relationship. A sample of 438 parents completed an online survey. Overall, across all groups, parents’ attitudes toward providing support were consistently associated with parents’ intentions to provide support. Associations between the parents’ subjective norms and intentions to provide support varied across groups and were not always significantly associated with parents’ intentions to provide support in the future. Furthermore, parents’ motivations to provide support differed among parents who imagined their children in relationships compared to parents whose children were in real relationships, suggesting parents may overestimate problems with their children’s interracial and same-sex relationships and underestimate problems with their children’s traditional relationships than may occur in real-life situations. / text