Este presente trabalho visa fornecer novas ferramentas para a análise de índices de qualidade no âmbito do planejamento agregado de investimentos em sistemas de distribuição primária. O planejamento agregado de investimentos representa uma metodologia de previsão de investimentos em Sistemas de Distribuição de uma empresa, que utiliza a análise estatística e classificação de rede em famílias para representação da rede, considera aspectos de incertezas e critérios de priorização de obras, em função dos recursos disponíveis, e informa o tipo de obra a ser realizada e o montante de investimentos necessário por tipo de obra. Este trabalho procura complementar o modelo através da análise técnica dos índices de qualidade, quantificando-se os benefícios obtidos ao longo do horizonte de estudo, através de um sistema computacional que, baseado nos resultados dos representantes dos grupos de redes, determina os índices técnicos para tais representantes, para as regionais definidas e para todo o sistema, possibilitando a análise gerencial da evolução da rede elétrica. Também foi desenvolvida ferramenta que permite a determinação do Custo Incremental Médio de Longo Prazo (CIMLP) e do Custo Marginal do sistema de média tensão, englobando subestações de distribuição e circuitos primários do sistema elétrico. O trabalho é finalizado com o estudo de um caso de planejamento de uma área de concessão de uma empresa fictícia, onde são executados os processamentos e analisados os resultados técnicos, de custos e de qualidade. / This work aims at developing new tools for the analysis of quality of supply indices regarding long term investment planning of primary electric power distribution systems. Investment planning in aggregated basis represents a established methodology for estimating future investments in all distribution systems of a utility, by using statistic and clustering analysis to represent the overall network through groups of elementary distribution systems. The methodology also considers uncertainty and makes use of a number of criteria to prioritize new facilities to be incorporated into the system, taking into account financial constraints. For each new facility the system determines costs and corresponding benefits. This dissertation complements such model through the introduction and analysis of various quality of supply indices, helping the planner engineer to assess all benefits related to a given investment plan. The developed computational system is based on the results obtained for each elementary distribution system. It then evaluates global and regional technical indices, that allows for important managerial analysis concerning the system expansion. The computational system also evaluates the average long range incremental and the marginal costs associated with a specific investment plan, thus taking into account new facilities concerning substations and network feeders. A case study considering a fictitious distribution company and its overall system illustrates the tools developed, showing all potential studies and decision making capabilities which were made available during this research work.

Este presente trabalho visa fornecer novas ferramentas para a análise de índices de qualidade no âmbito do planejamento agregado de investimentos em sistemas de distribuição primária. O planejamento agregado de investimentos representa uma metodologia de previsão de investimentos em Sistemas de Distribuição de uma empresa, que utiliza a análise estatística e classificação de rede em famílias para representação da rede, considera aspectos de incertezas e critérios de priorização de obras, em função dos recursos disponíveis, e informa o tipo de obra a ser realizada e o montante de investimentos necessário por tipo de obra. Este trabalho procura complementar o modelo através da análise técnica dos índices de qualidade, quantificando-se os benefícios obtidos ao longo do horizonte de estudo, através de um sistema computacional que, baseado nos resultados dos representantes dos grupos de redes, determina os índices técnicos para tais representantes, para as regionais definidas e para todo o sistema, possibilitando a análise gerencial da evolução da rede elétrica. Também foi desenvolvida ferramenta que permite a determinação do Custo Incremental Médio de Longo Prazo (CIMLP) e do Custo Marginal do sistema de média tensão, englobando subestações de distribuição e circuitos primários do sistema elétrico. O trabalho é finalizado com o estudo de um caso de planejamento de uma área de concessão de uma empresa fictícia, onde são executados os processamentos e analisados os resultados técnicos, de custos e de qualidade. / This work aims at developing new tools for the analysis of quality of supply indices regarding long term investment planning of primary electric power distribution systems. Investment planning in aggregated basis represents a established methodology for estimating future investments in all distribution systems of a utility, by using statistic and clustering analysis to represent the overall network through groups of elementary distribution systems. The methodology also considers uncertainty and makes use of a number of criteria to prioritize new facilities to be incorporated into the system, taking into account financial constraints. For each new facility the system determines costs and corresponding benefits. This dissertation complements such model through the introduction and analysis of various quality of supply indices, helping the planner engineer to assess all benefits related to a given investment plan. The developed computational system is based on the results obtained for each elementary distribution system. It then evaluates global and regional technical indices, that allows for important managerial analysis concerning the system expansion. The computational system also evaluates the average long range incremental and the marginal costs associated with a specific investment plan, thus taking into account new facilities concerning substations and network feeders. A case study considering a fictitious distribution company and its overall system illustrates the tools developed, showing all potential studies and decision making capabilities which were made available during this research work.

Advances in microprocessor and communications technologies are making it possible to deploy advanced traffic signal controllers capable of integrating emergency vehicle preemption and transit priority operations. However, investment planning for such an integrated system is not a trivial task. Investment planning for such a system requires a holistic approach that considers institutional, technical and financial issues from a systems perspective. Two distinct service providers, fire and rescue providers and transit operators, with separate operational functions, objectives, resources and constituents are involved. Performance parameters for the integrated system are not well defined and performance data are often imprecise in nature. Transportation planners and managers interested in deploying integrated emergency vehicle preemption and traffic priority systems do not have an evaluation approach or a common set of performance metrics to make an informed decision. There is a need for a simple structured analytical approach and tools to assess the impacts of an integrated emergency vehicle preemption and transit priority system as part of investment decision making processes. This need could be met with the assistance of a decision support system (DSS) developed to provide planners and managers a simple and intuitive analytical approach to assist in making investment decisions regarding emergency vehicle preemption and transit signal priority. This dissertation has two research goals: (1) to develop a decision support system framework to assess the impacts of advanced traffic signal control systems capable of integrating emergency vehicle preemption and transit signal priority operations for investment planning purposes; and (2) to develop selected analytical tools for incorporation into the decision support system framework. These analytical tools will employ fuzzy sets theory concepts, as well as cost and accident reduction factors. As part of this research, analytical tools to assess impacts on operating cost for transit and fire and rescue providers have been developed. In addition, an analytical tool was developed and employs fuzzy multi-attribute decision making methods to rank alternative transit priority strategies. These analytical tools are proposed for incorporation into the design of a decision support system in the future. / Ph. D.

Distribution system plays a significant role in the overall electrical power system due to its impact on electricity costs, reliability as well as security of supplied energy. Optimal development planning of modern distribution system is mainly required to satisfy continuous change in customer demands and generations in a cost-effective manner, utilizing the available smart solutions. All these aspects need to be addressed in modern distribution planning methodology that can be applied today in real-life. Review has shown that there are no distributions planning models that adequately model security of supply of radially operated networks. Moreover, the optimal development planning models still do not consider multiple operating regimes, which has become a necessity due to connection of low carbon technologies. Numerous techniques published on this subject tend to ignore the regulations and planning standards that must be complied during system development, resulting in methodology that is not in-tuned with business practices. Furthermore, a comprehensive model that integrates all major components of today’s real-life distribution planning is still lacking, even though many of them have been addressed individually. In this thesis, integrated planning methodology for development of distribution system is proposed, incorporating utility practices in the UK. The overall methodology built on two independent stages, investment stage and operation stage. The operation stage is further cast into two sub-stages, quality of supply planning and minimization of operation costs planning. The overall planning methodology incorporates the novel probabilistic decision tree concept for distribution system planning to consider probable network uncertainties. The first model which is the investment stage determines the new construction and reinforcement of circuits and switchgear, along with circuit decommissioning. Multiple operating regimes due to fluctuation in generation and load profiles are considered, in addition to explicit modelling of N-1 security constraint according to P2/6 planning standards. The quality of supply planning determines the allocation of switchgear and its automation to maximise the reliability benefits from the regulatory incentive regime. Finally, the operation model determines the optimal network configuration that minimises the total operation costs of distribution system. The final outputs are list of cables and switchgear for construction, reinforcement, and decommission, benefits harvested due to quality of supply investments on switchgear, optimal network running arrangement, etc. These studies have proven to be important in formulating effective strategies for development of distribution system, in compliance to the planning standards and resulted in higher network operation capabilities.

The diploma thesis is concerned with the issue of investments decision and capital investment planning. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate a possible investment in the underground gas storage Rožná. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first theoretical part deals with the characterization and terms defining in the field of investments decision. It also mentions the methods how to evaluate the effectiveness of investments decision. The second theoretical part discusses the strategic analysis of gas industry with the emphasis on using of the underground gas storages in the Czech Republic and in other countries within the European Union. The third part analyzes the effectiveness evaluation of the investment while applying the terms of both theoretical parts.

The introduction of performance based tariff regulations along with higher media and political pressure have increased the need for well-performed risk and asset management applied to electric power distribution systems (DS), which is an infrastructure considered as a natural monopoly. Compared to other technical systems, DS have special characteristics which are important to consider. The Swedish regulation of DS tariffs between 1996 and 2012 is described together with complementary laws such as customer compensation for long outages. The regulator’s rule is to provide incentives for cost efficient operation with acceptable reliability and reasonable tariff levels. Another difficult task for the regulator is to settle the complexity, i.e. the balance between considering many details and the manageability. Two performed studies of the former regulatory model, included in this thesis, were part of the criticism that led to its fall. Furthermore, based on results from a project included here, initiated by the regulator to review a model to judge effectible costs, the regulator changed some initial plans concerning the upcoming regulation.   A classification of the risk management divided into separate categories is proposed partly based on a study investigating investment planning and risk management at a distribution system operator (DSO). A vulnerability analysis method using quantitative reliability analyses is introduced aimed to indicate how available resources could be better utilized and to evaluate whether additional security should be deployed for certain forecasted events. To evaluate the method, an application study has been performed based on hourly weather measurements and detailed failure reports over eight years for two DS. Months, weekdays and hours have been compared and the vulnerability of several weather phenomena has been evaluated. Of the weather phenomena studied, heavy snowfall and strong winds significantly affect the reliability, while frost, rain and snow depth have low or no impact. The main conclusion is that there is a need to implement new, more advanced, analysis methods. The thesis also provides a statistical validation method and introduces a new category of reliability indices, RT. / Distribution av elektricitet är att betrakta som ett naturligt monopol och är med stor sannolikhet det moderna samhällets viktigaste infrastruktur – och dess betydelse förutspås öka ytterligare i takt med implementering av teknik ämnad att minska mänsklighetens klimatpåverkan. I Sverige finns det fler än 150 elnätsbolag, vilka är av varierande storleksordning och med helt olika ägarstrukturer. Tidigare var handel med elektricitet integrerat i elnätsbolagens verksamhet, men 1996 avreglerades denna; infrastruktur för överföring separerades från produktion och handel. Införandet av kvalitetsreglering av elnätstariffer under början av 2000-talet och hårdare lagar om bland annat kundavbrottsersättning samt politiskt- och medialt tryck har givit incitament till kostnadseffektivitet med bibehållen god leveranskvalitet. En viktig aspekt är att eldistribution har, jämfört med andra infrastrukturer, flera speciella egenskaper som måste beaktas, vilket beskrives i avhandlingens första del tillsammans med introduktion av risk- och tillförlitlighetsteori samt ekonomisk teori.  Två studier som kan ha bidragit till den förra regleringens fall och en studie vars resultat ändrat reglermyndighetens initiala idé avseende modell för att beräkna påverkbara kostnader i kommande förhandsreglering från 2012 är inkluderade.   Av staten utsedd myndighet övervakar att kunder erbjudes elnätsanslutning och att tjänsten uppfyller kvalitetskrav samt att tariffnivåerna är skäliga och icke diskriminerande. Traditionellt har elnätsföretag mer eller mindre haft tillåtelse till intäkter motsvarande samtliga omkostnader och skälig vinst, så kallad självkostnadsprissättning. Under slutet av 1990-talet började ansvarig myndighet emellertid arbeta mot en reglering av intäktsram som även beaktar kostnadseffektivitet och kundkvalitet. Vid utformande av en sådan reglering måste svåra avvägningar göras. Exempelvis bör elnätsföretags objektiva förutsättningar, såsom terräng och kunder, tas i beaktning samtidigt som modellen bör vara lätthanterlig och konsekvent. Myndigheten ansåg ingen existerande reglermodell vara lämplig att anpassa till svenska förhållanden, så en ny modell utvecklades: Nätnyttomodellen (NNM). För 2003 års tariffer användes denna och beslut om krav på återbetalning till berörda elnätskunder togs, vilka överklagades. En utdragen juridisk process inleddes, där modellen kritiserades hårt av branschen på flera punkter. Två, i avhandlingen inkluderade studier, underbyggde kritisk argumentation mot NNM. Beslut i första instans (Länsrätt) hade inte tagits 2008 då parterna kom överens avseende år 2003-2007. Ett EU-direktiv tvingar Sverige att gå över till förhandsreglering, och i stället för att modifiera NNM och fortsätta strida juridiskt för den, togs beslut att ta fram en helt ny modell. Nätföretagens tillåtna intäktsram kommer förenklat grunda sig på elnätsföretagens kapitalkostnader och löpande kostnader. Därtill, utifrån hur effektivt och med vilken kvalitet nätföretagen bedrivit sin verksamhet, kan tillåten intäktsram justeras.   En systematisk beskrivning av ett elnätsföretags nuvarande riskhantering och investeringsstrategier för olika spänningsnivåer tillhandahålles med syfte att stödja elnätsföretag i utvecklandet av riskhantering och att ge akademiskt referensmaterial baserat på branscherfarenhet. En klassificering av riskhantering uppdelat i olika kategorier och en sårbarhetsanalysmetod samt en ny tillförlitlighetsindexkategori (RT) föreslås i avhandlingen, delvis baserat på genomförd studie. Sårbarhetsanalysens övergripande idé är att identifiera och utvärdera möjliga systemtillstånd med hjälp av kvantitativa tillförlitlighetsanalyser. Målet är att detta skall vara ett verktyg för att nyttja tillgängliga resurser effektivare, t.ex. förebyggande underhåll och semesterplanering samt för att bedöma om förebyggande åtgärder baserat på väderprognoser vore lämpligt. RT är en flexibel kategori av mått på sannolikhet för kundavbrott ≥T timmar, vilket exempelvis är användbart för analys av kundavbrottsersättningslagars påverkan; sådana har exempelvis införts i Sverige och UK under 2000-talet. En statistisk valideringsmetod av tillförlitlighetsindex har tagits fram för att uppskatta statistisk osäkerhet som funktion av antal mätdata ett tillförlitlighetsindexvärde är baseras på.   För att utvärdera introducerad sårbarhetsanalysmetod har en studie utförts baserat på timvisa väderdata och detaljerad avbrottsstatistik avseende åtta år för två olika eldistributionsnät i Sverige. Månader, veckodagar och timmar har jämförts vars resultat exempelvis kan användas för fördelning av resurser mer effektivt över tid. Sårbarhet med avseende på olika väderfenomen har utvärderats. Av de studerade väderfenomen är det blott ymnigt snöfall och hårda vindar, särskilt i kombination, som signifikant påverkar eldistributionssystems tillförlitlighet. Andra studier har visat på sårbarhet även för blixtnedslag (som ej fanns med som parameter i avhandlingen inkluderad studie). Temperatur (t.ex. inverkan av frost), regn och snödjup har således försumbar påverkan. Korrelationsstudier har utförts vilket bland annat visar på ett nästan linjärt samband i Sverige mellan temperatur och elförbrukning, vilket indirekt indikerar att även elförbrukning har försumbar påverkan på leveranskvalitet. Slutligen föreslås ett analysramverk som introducerad sårbarhetsanalys skulle vara en del av. Övergripande idé presenteras, vilket främst skall inspirera för fortsatt arbete; emellertid bör påpekas att introducerad sårbarhetsanalysmetod är en självständig och färdig metod oavsett om föreslagna idéer genomföres eller ej. / QC 20110815

Рассмотрены понятие, сущность и классификация инвестиций, механизм инвестиционного планирования на предприятии и государственный инвестиции в федеральные округи России. Также были проанализированы существующие методики управления инвестиционными проектами и обоснована необходимость реализации проектов технического перевооружения на ФГУП УЭМЗ. Была разработана интегрированная методика подготовки инвестиционных проектов, которая включает в себя как этапы подготовки проекта в пределах ФГУП УЭМЗ, так и этапы рассмотрения документации по проекту на уровне ГК «Росатом», что повысит эффективность инвестиционной деятельности предприятия путем расширения инвестиционного портфеля за счет проектов, финансируемых из консолидированного ресурса ГК «Росатом»; был произведен расчет показателей инвестиционной привлекательности проекта технического перевооружения производственного подразделения ФГУП УЭМЗ. / Examines the concept, nature and classification of investments, the mechanism of investment planning at the enterprise and state investments in Federal districts of Russia. Also analysed the existing methods of management of investment projects and the necessity of implementation of projects of technical re-equipment of the FSUE UEMP. Developed the integrated methodology of investment projects preparation, which includes stages of preparation of the project within the FSUE UEMP, and the stages of processing of project documentation at the level of Rosatom, which will increase the effectiveness of the company's investment activities through expansion of the investment portfolio at the expense of projects financed from the consolidated resource of Rosatom state Corporation; has been made to the calculation of indicators of investment attractiveness of the project of technical re-equipment of the production unit of the FSUE UEMP.

Past research on activity-based costing (ABC) success factors has predominantly focused on establishing relationships between known success factors and ABC implementation success. According to the researcher, there is a lack of exploratory studies to establish ABC implementation factors especially in a South African context. This study has explored these factors from literature and attempted to identify any other factors of importance with the use of semistructured interviews. A total number of 13 interviews were conducted with participants from manufacturing organisations in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropole using some form of ABC. The findings suggested that ABC may be more beneficial at larger, more diverse organisations but that smaller organisations may also benefit from ABC if product costing accuracy could be significantly improved with ABC and if no major pressure on company resources is incurred. In addition it seems that ABC should be utilised to the fullest extent that is practical for the manufacturing organisation and that the use of supplementary cost-saving mechanisms with ABC may be beneficial. Finally it is recommended that users be fully trained at ABC and that careful consideration of an appropriate ABC software package may increase the likelihood of ABC implementation success. / Management Accounting / M. Phil. (Management Accounting)

Past research on activity-based costing (ABC) success factors has predominantly focused on establishing relationships between known success factors and ABC implementation success. According to the researcher, there is a lack of exploratory studies to establish ABC implementation factors especially in a South African context. This study has explored these factors from literature and attempted to identify any other factors of importance with the use of semistructured interviews. A total number of 13 interviews were conducted with participants from manufacturing organisations in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropole using some form of ABC. The findings suggested that ABC may be more beneficial at larger, more diverse organisations but that smaller organisations may also benefit from ABC if product costing accuracy could be significantly improved with ABC and if no major pressure on company resources is incurred. In addition it seems that ABC should be utilised to the fullest extent that is practical for the manufacturing organisation and that the use of supplementary cost-saving mechanisms with ABC may be beneficial. Finally it is recommended that users be fully trained at ABC and that careful consideration of an appropriate ABC software package may increase the likelihood of ABC implementation success. / Management Accounting / M. Phil. (Management Accounting)