Submitted by Aline de Cassia Carlin null (alinecarlin@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-23T10:59:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado_AlineCarlin.pdf: 8299590 bytes, checksum: 2fccc8ef8565c36ad917cbdc0c96c8e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-25T17:30:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carlin_ac_me_rcla.pdf: 8299590 bytes, checksum: 2fccc8ef8565c36ad917cbdc0c96c8e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-25T17:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carlin_ac_me_rcla.pdf: 8299590 bytes, checksum: 2fccc8ef8565c36ad917cbdc0c96c8e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O depósito de ouro Lavra Velha, que pertence ao Alvo de Prospecção Lavra Velha, da empresa Yamana Gold, localiza-se na cidade de Ibitiara, centro-oeste do Estado da Bahia e borda oeste do domínio fisiográfico da Chapada Diamantina, situado no Aulacógeno do Paramirim, na região norte do Cráton São Francisco. O depósito foi recentemente inserido na classe de modelo IOCG (Iron Oxide Cooper Gold), onde a mineralização de ouro se hospeda em brechas hematíticas sericitizadas. O principal objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar química e petrograficamente as rochas encaixantes do depósito Lavra Velha, cujas litologias predominantes são metatonalitos e meta-quartzo diorito. Estas rochas encontram-se completamente alteradas, com atuação dos processos hidrotermais predominando sobre a deformação de baixo strain, resultando em intensa sericitização e formação de óxidos de ferro, além de cloritização, epidotização, carbonatação e, localmente, albitização. A análise petrográfica, suportada pela análise química, sugere que as rochas encaixantes são correspondentes alteradas do Granitoide Ibitiara, metamorfizadas, deformadas e alteradas hidrotermalmente. O Granitoide Ibitiara e o Granito Matinos apresentam comportamento de magmatismo misto e afinidade para ambiente de arco magmático (sin-colisional) ou orogênico, com idades correlatas ao ciclo orogênico Transamazônico. A intrusão do Granitoide Ibitiara ocorre, provavelmente, em ambiente mais raso da crosta, sugerindo que fluidos hidrotermais e mineralizantes sejam mais tardios. Apesar de integrado até o momento à classe de depósitos IOCG, a análise tectono-estrutural e hidrotermal do depósito Lavra Velha sugere que a mineralização de ouro tenha origem relacionada à fase mais tardia de evolução da bacia do Espinhaço, relacionada à inversão do aulacógeno do Paramirim. / The Lavra Velha gold deposit, which belongs to the prospecting target “Lavra Velha” of the Yamana Gold Company, is located in Ibitiara, Bahia’s central west and the western edge of the physiographic domain of the Chapada Diamantina, situated in Paramirim aulaconge, in northern of São Francisco Craton. The deposit was recently insert into the IOCG model class (Iron Oxide Cooper Gold), where the gold mineralization is hosted at hematite sericitic breccias. The main objective of the study was the chemical and petrographic characterization of the host rocks of the Lavra Velha deposit, whose predominant lithologies are meta-tonalites and metaquartz diorite. These rocks are completely altered due to hydrothermal process, that predominates under the deformation at low-strain rate, resulting in intense sericitization and iron oxide formation, also chloritization, epidotization, carbonatation and, locally, albitization. The petrographic analysis, supported by chemical analysis, suggests that the host rocks correspond to metamorphosed, deformed and hydrothermalized portion of Ibitiara Granitoid. The Ibitiara Granitoid and Matinos Granite show behaviors of mixed magmatism and also affinity for arc magmatic (syn-collisional) or orogenic ambient with correlative age to the Transamazônico Cycle. The Ibitiara Granitoid intrusion probably occurs at a shallower crust environment, suggesting that the hydrothermal and mineralizer fluids are later. In spite of the Lavra Velha deposit has being classified as IOCG’s class, the tectonic, structural and hydrothermal analysis suggests that the gold mineralization has originated during Espinhaço basin later deformation stage, related to inversion of the Paramirim aulacogen.

The Copiapó region in northern Chile contains numerous intrusion- and volcanichosted IOCG vein systems. These veins share many features with larger IOCG systems in the region (e.g., Candelaria, Punta del Cobre), including abundant hydrothermal magnetite or hematite ± Cu, Au, REE, and other elements, and exhibit similar styles of mineralization including voluminous breccias, stockwork, and massive veins. The relatively simple geometries and small size of veins offer advantages for study of zoning and genesis in an IOCG system; and, they also provide an interesting counterpoint to classic epithermal Ag-Au veins. The vein systems exhibit systematic patterns in the alteration and mineralization zoning in both time and space. Deeper exposures are characterized by high-temperature styles of sodic and sodic(-calcic) alteration with Fe and Cu depleted vein fill assemblages. This passes upwards through a proximal zone of magnetite-dominated vein fill with sparse to absent copper, and into a magnetite-dominated, copper-bearing portion of the vein. Copper is best developed at intermediate to shallow levels in association with the hematite-dominated portions of the system. More distal, carbonate dominated facies with minor hematite and chalcopyrite are also present. Shallow levels of the vein system may be characterized by a low-sulfur style of advanced argillic alteration, that may be stratabound, in discordant breccia bodies, or structurally controlled on faults. The assemblages differ from other ore forming environments by their lack of sulfide and/or sulfate minerals, and the abundance of hypogene iron oxide phases (hematite and/or magnetite). Vein systems are dominated by brecciation events that record repeated, cyclic pulses of mineralizing fluids. Stable and radiogenic isotopic analyses, combined with fluid inclusion and mineral phase equilibria indicate the fluids were hypersaline brines (generally >40 wt% NaCl(eq)) over a temperature range of 200º-450ºC. The shallow formation, structural styles, repeated mineralization events, and size of the IOCG vein systems have many parallels to the classic precious-metal rich Ag-Au epithermal systems. Nonetheless, the two types of veins differ in their geochemistry, reflecting the large differences in fluid salinities, commonly <10 wt% NaCl(eq) in epithermal settings as compared to 15 to > 50 wt% NaCl(eq) in IOCG systems.

Student Number : 9210081T - MSc dissertation - School of Geosciences - Faculty of Science / The occurrence of large, massive iron oxide deposits throughout the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, and its associated roof-rocks is well known. The style of mineralisation and the associated alteration exhibits many characteristics of iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) type deposits. The contained mineralisation is dominated by iron oxide and fluorite and is accompanied by a diverse polymetallic association, with anomalous fluorite, copper, gold, barite, uranium and LREE. The Ruigtepoort orebody, located in the western Bushveld Complex, is such an example and is surrounded by some 20 smaller occurrences in the upper stratigraphic portions of the Bushveld Complex, all displaying strong structural control. These IOCG bodies occur as narrow veins, hydrothermal breccias, subhorizontal sheets, or as pipe-like intrusions usually utilising pre-existing structures. Set in red Nebo granite, the mineralised core consists of severely chloritised rock that is haloed by progressively less-altered granite. The alteration passes from the chlorite core to more hematite-phyllosilicate-dominated alteration, to sericite-illite-dominated alteration; followed by the relatively fresh country granite. These alteration haloes dissipate rapidly away from the body over only a few metres. Sodic-calcic alteration described in other IOCG is not locally observed. Extensive zones of barren feldspar-destructive alteration exist, including K-metasomatism, sericitisation and silicification. Multiple alteration episodes appear to have occurred, resulting in extensive overprinting and a very complex paragenesis. The primary mineral assemblage consists of Fe-chlorite, fluorite, quartz, hematite, and specularite, with accessory pyrite and chalcopyrite. Multiple generations of hematite, quartz, fluorite and chlorite are also observed. At other localities, the assemblage is dominated by magnetite-actinolite-britholite. Significantly enriched concentrations of Au (2 g/t), Cu (0,45 wt%), Ba, Y and LREE are encountered in the small, mineralised core. A fluid mixing model is proposed characterised by an initial highly-saline, sulphur-poor magmatic fluid which mixed with a lower temperature oxidised, surficial fluid. Structure was probably a significant factor in determining the initial distribution of hydrothermal centres and the overall morphology of the entire system. Subsequently, continuous brecciation, alteration, mineral precipitation and fault activity helped develop the hydrothermal centres into a complex array of variably mineralised, lenticular, pipe-like and irregularly shaped breccia bodies.

Submitted by Everaldo Pereira (pereira.evera@gmail.com) on 2017-06-29T17:54:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diss_PGarcia_Final.pdf: 22447052 bytes, checksum: b14bfcdf05858ca53361863d034bd1d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T17:54:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diss_PGarcia_Final.pdf: 22447052 bytes, checksum: b14bfcdf05858ca53361863d034bd1d5 (MD5) / O Vale do Curaçá é o distrito cuprífero mais antigo do Brasil e que se encontra em produção contínua desde 1979, quando as atividades de lavra foram iniciadas na Mina Caraíba. A região encontra-se inserida no Orógeno Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá, um cinturão orogênico que chega a fácies granulito, datado do Arqueano ao Paleoproterozóico (Orosiriano-Riaciano). Estudos anteriores apontaram para uma gênese magmática destas mineralizações hospedadas em piroxenitos e noritos. Mais recentemente, a importância de processos metassomáticos arqueanos e paleoproterozóicos foi enfatizada na gênese do minério, tendo sido proposto um modelo IOCG para estes depósitos. O presente estudo procura estabelecer uma comparação entre quatro depósitos cupríferos, localizados dentro do Vale do Rio Curaçá, porém em latitudes distintas. Os objetivos da pesquisa envolvem a compreensão dos processos geológicos atuantes na formação de cada depósito e o estabelecimento de uma síntese sobre a metalogênese do cobre na região. Foram produzidos dados geológicos, petrológicos, de química mineral, geocronológicos e de razões isotópicas de enxofre (34S). Entre as características comuns a estes depósitos figuram: uma alteração potássica pervasiva e outra sódica mais localizada, além de concentrações elevadas de magnetita nas zonas mineralizadas. Análises realizadas por microssonda eletrônica e MEV-EDS demostram a variação composicional entre os minérios magmáticos e hidrotermais, e dos minerais de ganga. Os sulfetos considerados primários/magmáticos ocorrem como minerais intercúmulus em porções mais ricas em piroxênios, apresentam valores inferiores de elementos calcófilos menores (principalmente o Pb) quando comparados aos sulfetos secundários/hidrotermais, que ocorrem como vênulas em bolsões associados a minerais potássicos. Cálculos geotermométricos indicam que a fase de mineralização principal se processou em condições de fácies anfibolito baixo, enquanto que a alteração tardia ocorreu na fácies xisto verde. Novas idades U-Pb SHRIMP IIe de rochas metassomatizadas das minas de Caraíba e Surubim, demonstram a associação do metassomatismo com o colapso do orógeno, no intervalo entre 2,05 e 2,04 Ga. Os dados de isótopos de enxofre indicam fontes magmáticas, sem fracionamento importante (34S ~ 0‰VCDT). As razões isotópicas do estágio hidrotermal principal têm valores negativos (34S ~ -6.0‰), possivelmente associado à perda isótopos pesados durante a devolatilização metamórfica. Estas razões evoluem para valores positivos (que atinge +11.37‰), no estágio hidrotermal tardio, remetendo a fontes mais oxidadas. O modelo evolutivo proposto aponta para uma história multifásica das mineralizações, em quatro estágios: (i) mineralização primária magmática em fundo oceânico ao final do Neoarqueano (ca. 2,6 Ga); (ii) edificação do Orógeno-Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá, metamorfismo progressivo granitogênese e colocação do Sienito de Itiúba (ca. 2,08 Ga); (iii) fase de remobilização hidrotermal durante o colapso orogênico, com a instalação de um sistema IOCG (ca. 2,04 Ga); (iv) soerguimento do orógeno e metassomatismo tardio (ca. 1.92 Ga). / ABSTRACT - The Curaçá Valley is the oldest cupriferous district of Brazil and is in continuous production since 1979, when mining activities were initiated in the Caraíba mine. It is located in the Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá Orogen, a belt that reaches the granulite facies, and records archean to paleoproterozoic ages. Previous studies have pointed to an orthomagmatic genesis for this mineralization, hosted by pyroxenite and norite. More recently, the importance of Archean and Paleoproterozoic metasomatic processes were emphasized in the genesis of the ore, and an IOCG model has been proposed for these deposits The present study seeks at establishing a comparison between four copper deposits located within the Curaçá Valley, but at distinct latitudes. The objectives of the research involve the understanding of the geologic processes active in the formation of each deposit and the establishment of a synthesis on the copper metallogenesis in the region. Geological, petrological, mineral chemistry, geochronology of sulfur isotope (34S) data were produced. Among the common features of these deposits appear: a pervasive potassium alteration and another sodic, more localized, besides high concentrations of magnetite in the mineralized zones. Analyses carried out by electron microprobe and SEM-EDS demonstrate the compositional variation between magmatic and hydrothermal ore, and gangue minerals. The sulphide minerals thought as primary/magmatic appears as intercumulus phase associated to pyroxene grains, it shows smaller chalcopile elemento contentes (mainly the Pb), as compared to secondary/hydrothermal sulphide, that are seen as veinlets or in irregular shapes near potassic minerals. Geothermometric calculations indicate that the main phase of mineralization occurred in low amphibolite facies conditions, while the late alteration occurred in the greenschist facies. New U-Pb SHRIMP IIe ages of metasomatized rocks from the Caraíba and Surubim mines demonstrate the association of metasomatism with the collapse of the orogen, in the range between 2.05 and 2.04 Ga ago. The sulfur isotope data indicate magmatic sources without significant fractionation (34S ~ 0‰VCDT). The isotopic ratios of the main hydrothermal stage have negative values (34S ~ 6.0‰), possibly related to heavy isotope loss linked to metamorphic devolatization. This ratio values evolves into positive values (reaching +11.37‰) in the late hydrothermal stage, that suggests more oxidized sources. The evolutionary model proposed in four stages, points to a multiphase mineralization story: (i) primary magmatic mineralization at the seafloor, at the end of the Late Neoarchean (ca. 2.6 Ga); (ii) build up of Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá Orogen, progressive metamorphism, granitogenesis and emplacement of Itiúbas’ Syenite (ca. 2.08 Ga); (iii) hydrothermal reconcentration related to orogenic collapse (ca. 2.04 Ga); (iv) orogenic uplift and late metassomatism (ca. 1.92 Ga).

The Alta-Kvænangen Tectonic Window is part of a regional greenstone belt that formed around 2.3 Ga – 2.0 Ga. The Bergmark anticline in the area has gone through greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism and hosts Cu, Co and Au mineralizations in hydrothermal veins, albite felsite and chemical traps. The area was mined during the late 19th century mostly in trenches but it has still got exploration potential. This project will classify carbonate veins that are hosted within two gabbro units, compare orientations between the barren and mineralized veins as well as discuss the origin of the veins.  The study area has been affected by multiple extensional and compressional events during the Svecokarelian orogeny (1.9 – 1.8 Ga) and regional hydrothermal alterations including an influx of Na + Ca ± K ± Fe. Major shear zones were activated and used for transporting fluids which are thought to have controlled the formation of mineralization in second- or even third-order structures. The veins were studied using field work, detailed mapping, optical microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and structural analysis. Results gave three different types of hydrothermal veins: 1) Fe oxide veins, 2) calcite veins and 3) dolomite-plagioclase-quartz veins. All of them show strong signs of deformation and recrystallization all while the chalcopyrite mineralization is heterogeneously distributed and commonly more or less bornite-altered. The veins pinch and swell over short distances and are sinuous but with a general orientation. Albite haloes are common for the veins but far from all veins have haloes. There are at least two generations of veins as some were found to have offset others. Brecciation, tension gashes and faults are also found in the area apart from veins. From the field measurements, two groups of orientations could be determined: one with a SW-NE direction and the other in NW-SE direction, both with relatively steep dips. Considering all downhole measurements, no conclusive results could be revealed, however, the optical televiewer results showed that the area has gone through a N-S compression giving a fold axis towards the west. In the end the orientations of the larger veins were found to either run parallel to the gabbro units or are connected to the NW-SE directed main brittle faulting in the Fennoscandian Shield. Smaller, surrounding veins having more diverse orientations. There are multiple signs of deformation and recrystallization in the mafic host rock but no fabric development can be seen. Its appearance varies locally depending on which alterations are dominating. It exhibits sodic-calcic, potassic and leucoxene alteration as well as albitization and carbonatization. The grain size varies from fine-grained to medium-grained which is more typical with a dolerite or basalt, even though it has been previously mapped as a gabbro. No pyroxene was found in the host rock and the plagioclase was Na-rich instead of the expected Ca-rich.  The Bergmark anticline has multiple similarities with the Gällivare-Kiruna area in Sweden which include 1) high-temperature, low-pressure metamorphism resulting in regional alterations such as albitization, carbonatization, amphibole and magnetite alteration. 2) The mineralization consists of Cu, Co, Au, Fe and minor P. 3) The mineralization can be found disseminated in albite felsite, in chemical traps and in first to third order structures (e.g., faults or hydrothermal veins) in brittle, deformed rocks. 4) The mineralization is structurally controlled to the vicinity of major fault zones. 5) In both places, greenstone belts are important for the formation of mineralization. 6) Reactivation of brittle structures, similar to those in the Kiruna area during the second phase of subduction during the Svecokarelian orogeny (D2), is likely the cause for the veining in the Bergmark anticline. 7) A younger N-S compression is recorded in the area. Differences between the Bergmark anticline and the Gällivare-Kiruna area include the lack of intrusions in the vicinity to the Bergmark anticline.

The Kiruna mining district, located in the northern Norrbotten ore province, Sweden, is a geologically and economically important area, being the type-locality for Kiruna iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits and also host to a variety of other deposits including syngenetic stratiform exhalative Cu-(Fe-Zn) (Viscaria, Eastern Pahtohavare), epigenetic stratabound Cu ± Au (Pahtohavare), and iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG, Rakkurijärvi) deposits. However, the timing of IOA versus IOCG within the tectonic evolution is in question based on structural investigations showing Cu- and Fe-sulfides occur in late-orogenic structures. Here we use an established tectonic framework to constrain mineral systems (tectonic/thermal drives, metal and ligand sources, fluid pathways, traps, remobilization mechanisms) related to the early and late phases of the Svecokarelian orogeny in the Kiruna mining district. U-Pb zircon geochronology of intrusions in the district indicates a thermal drive was present during the early phase of the Svecokarelian orogeny from ca. 1920-1865 Ma, however remains enigmatic for the late Svecokarelian orogeny. Zircon grains from a magnetite-ilmenite gabbro yielded an age of 1881 ± 8 Ma, coeval with the Kiirunavaara IOA deposit and suggested to represent an important generation of mafic magmatism related to the ore. Lithogeochemistry of early bimodal Svecokarelian intrusions in the district indicates a within-plate to active continental margin environment with a volcanic arc affinity, pointing to a back arc environment. Epsilon Ndi and 87Sr/86Sri values calculated from the U-Pb ages for the igneous intrusions were compared to samples of ore-related alteration from epigenetic Pahtohavare and Rakkurijärvi deposits, district greenstone, and Archean samples. Results show that each deposit sourced Sr and Nd from a variety of rocks suggesting broad fluid transport. Each deposit has a distinct Sr mixing trend suggesting they formed from different ore-forming fluids and pathways. This is supported by new structural data that constrain the folding event and the ore-related quartz-carbonate-sulfide veins in the Pahtohavare area to a late orogenic timing, compared to the early orogenic timing of Rakkurijärvi. Sulfide trace element and sulfur isotope data from structurally constrained ores within the tectonic framework also record distinct characteristics between early and late deposits. However, remobilization of early Pahtohavare sulfides associated to an increase in Co content and heavier sulfur isotope compositions is recorded. The results of this study illustrate that using a structural framework approach to constrain the ingredients of mineral systems is a powerful strategy for interpreting ore deposit processes in tectonically complex terrains where both IOA and IOCG deposits occur.

En raison de sa localisation particulière en bordure du craton Ouest Africain, le Maroc révèle une histoire géodynamique complexe qui commence au Paléoprotérozoïque et qui se poursuit jusqu'aux derniers évènements alpins. Ce polyphasage se traduit notamment par la formation de minéralisations télescopées dans le temps et dans l'espace. Le gisement aurifère de Tamlalt-Menhouhou se situe sur la bordure sud de la boutonnière paléozoïque de Tamlalt (Haut-Atlas oriental), jouxtant la limite entre la chaîne intra-cratonique atlasique du Haut- Atlas et la chaîne panafricaine de l'Anti-Atlas. Les minéralisations sont encaissées dans des formations volcano-sédimentaires de l'Ediacarien (âge U/Pb : 569 ± 8 Ma) probablement mise en place dans un contexte d'arrière-arc. Les roches felsiques néoprotérozoïques ont révélé le caractère fertile de la croûte néoprotérozoïque supérieure avec la présence d'une minéralisation barytique et d'une minéralisation ferrifère de type "Banded Iron Formations". Le secteur aurifère de Tamlalt-Menhouhou est recoupé par de nombreux décrochevauchements compatibles avec une tectonique cisaillante dextre. Deux minéralisations aurifères ont pu être identifiées : (i) une minéralisation aurifère primaire de type "Iron Oxide Copper Gold deposit" (IOCG) associée à un altération sodique (± calcique) caractérisée par un enrichissement en Au, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, As, Sb, ± Bi, et (ii) une minéralisation aurifère secondaire de type "Shear zone related gold deposit" associée aux altérations argilleuses et phylliteuses localisées le long des décro-chevauchements. L'étude détaillée à la microsonde ionique effectuée sur les zircons hydrothermaux génétiquement associés au phénomène d'albitisation permet d'obtenir un âge Ordovicien supérieur de 449 ± 8 Ma pour la minéralisation aurifère primaire, ce qui constitue une première au Maroc. Cet âge est confirmé par la datation 40Ar/39Ar sur deux mono-grains de muscovites soulignant le potentiel des zircons à enregistrer des évènements hydrothermaux, et leur intérêt en métallogénie. La minéralisation aurifère secondaire est datée à 293 ± 7 Ma (Stéphano-autunien) par géochronologie 40Ar/39Ar sur des phengites associées à l'altération argilleuse et phylliteuse et aux veines de quartz aurifères. Cet âge est en accord avec celui proposé pour la phase cisaillante dextre tardi-varisque, et souligne l'importance de cette orogenèse pour la remobilisation de pré-concentrations métallifères.