The never ending argument among linguists and teachers about whether reading difficulties of the non native speakers of English are a reading problem or a language problem is an interesting study to start with. This was one of the questions examined in the study leading to the development of an ESP syllabus for undergraduate students at Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). Chapter One outlines the current English course at IPB where the focus of language teaching is on teaching grammar and reading. Chapter Two looks at the theoretical background and the development of ESP as well as the role of the ESP teachers which is different from the role of General English teachers. Since reading is the only target skill students need to acquire, Chapter Three looks at the theory of reading, outlines necessary reading skills and examines a 'good1 reading teacher. Chapter Four consists of a study and its analysis into whether difficulties in reading is a reading problem or a language problem. These findings are expected to give a clearer idea to the teachers of reading about the problems encountered by the students in reading English texts so they can decide whether the focus of the course should be on grammar development or reading development. Chapter Five discusses several types of syllabus as well as relating to the importance of needs analysis in designing a course, and suggests an outline syllabus for the IPB students i.e. the proportional syllabus including the profile of communication needs, aims and objectives of the course, language content, and the syllabus content.

Este estudo avaliou a qualidade dos preparos de boca para confecção de próteses parciais removíveis (PPRs), comparando os preparos realizados na graduação da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (FOUSP), sob supervisão de Docentes, com os preparos realizados por cirurgiões dentistas que solicitaram a confecção dessas próteses a dois laboratórios de Prótese Dentária de São Paulo. As análises foram realizadas em 92 modelos de trabalho, divididos em dois grupos: grupo I, modelos obtidos de pacientes que foram reabilitados na Disciplina de Prótese Removível da FOUSP, por alunos de graduação, e grupo II, modelos obtidos de pacientes que foram reabilitados por vários profissionais, e que foram recolhidos dos referidos laboratórios. Foi utilizado como instrumento de avaliação, o Índice de Preparo de Boca modificado (IPB), com o objetivo de avaliar comparativamente, os dois grupos, quanto a Distribuição, Localização e Forma dos descansos oclusais e de cíngulo; Presença, Distribuição e Paralelismo dos planos-guia; Características dos pontos de calibragem; e a diferença estatística dos valores do IPB, entre os grupos. Ainda foi investigada a prevalência da classificação de Kennedy (para pacientes desdentados parciais), nos dois grupos de modelos. O método estatístico utilizado foi o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Baseado nos resultados encontrados, concluiu-se que os preparos de boca dos trabalhos realizados na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (grupo I, modelos-USP) foram significativamente melhores do que aqueles elaborados por profissionais, cirurgiões dentistas que enviaram os modelos de seus pacientes aos laboratórios, para confecção de PPRs (grupo II, modelos-Laboratórios). Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre os grupos de modelos no que se refere à classificação de Kennedy. / This study analysed the quality of mouth preparations for manufacturing removable parcial dentures (RPDs) by comparing preparations made by undergraduates at Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (FOUSP) working under the supervision of staff teachers with preparations made by dentist surgeons who had sent prostheses to two dental prosthesis laboratories in São Paulo for manufacturing. Analyses were carried out in 92 models divided in two groups: group I, models obtained from patients rehabilitated by undergraduates in the subject Removable Prosthesis at FOUSP and group II, models obtained from patients rehabilitated by several professional dentist surgeons and collected at the two laboratories mentioned above. The instrument of assessment used was the modified Mouth Preparation Ratio (IPB), aiming at assessing the two groups comparatively concerning the Distribution, Location and shape of rest bite and cingulum occlusion, Presence, Distribution and Paralelism of guide planes; Characteristics of the calibration points; and the statistical difference in IPB values between the two model groups. The prevalence of the Kennedy classification (for parcially toothless patients) was also investigated in both model groups. The statitical method used in both groups was the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Based on the results achieved, it was concluded that mouth preparations made at Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidede de São Paulo (group I, USP models) were significantly better than those made by professional dentist surgeons who had sent their patients models to the dental laboratories for manufacturing RPDs (group II, lab models). There was no statistically significant association between both groups concerning the Kennedy classification.

<p>Högkvarteret beslutade 2004 att interoperabilitet med Natos metoder har högsta prioritet i Försvarsmakten. Därför är underrättelsemetoden Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace (IPB) vägledande för svensk underrättelsetjänsts framtagande av beslutsunderlag. Försvarsmaktens underrättelsehandbok betraktar dock IPB som en inte ”i alla avseenden tydlig” metod. Eftersom krigföring inom mark-, luft- och den maritima arenan karaktäriseras av olika faktorer, vilka ej framgår i IPB, existerar här ett problemområde. Uppsatsen behandlar problemområdet inom den maritima arenan på taktisk nivå. Syftet är att undersöka IPB-metodens genomförande och innehåll då den genomförs för att tillgodose ett ytstridsförbands taktiska underrättelsebehov. Uppsatsens frågeställningar söker svar på hur den maritima arenan respektive sjökrigföring generellt påverkar innehållet i, samt genomförandet av, IPB-metoden.</p><p>Studiens teoretiska grund utgörs av IPB-metoden, vilken främst används till att strukturera undersökningen. Uppsatsen genomförs med kvalitativ innehållsanalys av svensk marin doktrin, reglementen, handböcker samt modern litteratur om sjökrigföring på taktisk nivå. Dessa källor skall ge perspektiv på IPB-metoden och dess respektive steg.</p><p>En allmängiltig grundsats gällande sjökrigföring är att den som anfaller effektivt först vinner striden. Uppsatsen har funnit att IPB-metoden, vilken syftar till bedömning av motståndarens farligaste respektive troligaste handlingsvägar, speglar detta axiom bristfälligt. Om IPB, då den genomförs i en marin kontext, istället koncentreras mot den duellsituation som är karaktäristisk för sjökrigföring, skapas ett beslutsunderlag som bättre överensstämmer med vad litteraturen förordar. En sådan förändring i fokus för IPB förändrar hela metoden i grunden.</p> / <p>The purpose of the study is to examine the use of the NATO method known as Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace (IPB), since the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in 2004 decided that interoperability with NATO methods is of high priority.</p><p>Combat on the ground, in the air and at sea is characterized by different factors. This circumstance is however not very clear in the Swedish interpretation of IPB. This shortcoming constitutes the problem that this study has looked into. IPB will be examined from a naval point of view at a tactical level. The question that has been asked is how naval tactical combat and the maritime environment influence the use of IPB.</p><p>The study uses the IPB-method itself as theoretical framework. Swedish doctrine, naval regulations and handbooks as well as modern literature on naval combat have been analysed in order to give perspectives on IPB. </p><p>It is common knowledge today that the essence of success in naval combat at a tactical level is to <em>attack effectively first</em>. The main conclusion is, however, that IPB, which focuses on estimates of the adversary’s courses of action, reflects this maxim poorly. The results of the study show that the intelligence output would be more adequate if IPB, when used in a naval tactical context, was concentrated on an analysis of the duel between ships.</p>

Högkvarteret beslutade 2004 att interoperabilitet med Natos metoder har högsta prioritet i Försvarsmakten. Därför är underrättelsemetoden Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace (IPB) vägledande för svensk underrättelsetjänsts framtagande av beslutsunderlag. Försvarsmaktens underrättelsehandbok betraktar dock IPB som en inte ”i alla avseenden tydlig” metod. Eftersom krigföring inom mark-, luft- och den maritima arenan karaktäriseras av olika faktorer, vilka ej framgår i IPB, existerar här ett problemområde. Uppsatsen behandlar problemområdet inom den maritima arenan på taktisk nivå. Syftet är att undersöka IPB-metodens genomförande och innehåll då den genomförs för att tillgodose ett ytstridsförbands taktiska underrättelsebehov. Uppsatsens frågeställningar söker svar på hur den maritima arenan respektive sjökrigföring generellt påverkar innehållet i, samt genomförandet av, IPB-metoden. Studiens teoretiska grund utgörs av IPB-metoden, vilken främst används till att strukturera undersökningen. Uppsatsen genomförs med kvalitativ innehållsanalys av svensk marin doktrin, reglementen, handböcker samt modern litteratur om sjökrigföring på taktisk nivå. Dessa källor skall ge perspektiv på IPB-metoden och dess respektive steg. En allmängiltig grundsats gällande sjökrigföring är att den som anfaller effektivt först vinner striden. Uppsatsen har funnit att IPB-metoden, vilken syftar till bedömning av motståndarens farligaste respektive troligaste handlingsvägar, speglar detta axiom bristfälligt. Om IPB, då den genomförs i en marin kontext, istället koncentreras mot den duellsituation som är karaktäristisk för sjökrigföring, skapas ett beslutsunderlag som bättre överensstämmer med vad litteraturen förordar. En sådan förändring i fokus för IPB förändrar hela metoden i grunden. / The purpose of the study is to examine the use of the NATO method known as Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace (IPB), since the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in 2004 decided that interoperability with NATO methods is of high priority. Combat on the ground, in the air and at sea is characterized by different factors. This circumstance is however not very clear in the Swedish interpretation of IPB. This shortcoming constitutes the problem that this study has looked into. IPB will be examined from a naval point of view at a tactical level. The question that has been asked is how naval tactical combat and the maritime environment influence the use of IPB. The study uses the IPB-method itself as theoretical framework. Swedish doctrine, naval regulations and handbooks as well as modern literature on naval combat have been analysed in order to give perspectives on IPB.  It is common knowledge today that the essence of success in naval combat at a tactical level is to attack effectively first. The main conclusion is, however, that IPB, which focuses on estimates of the adversary’s courses of action, reflects this maxim poorly. The results of the study show that the intelligence output would be more adequate if IPB, when used in a naval tactical context, was concentrated on an analysis of the duel between ships.

Este estudo avaliou a qualidade dos preparos de boca para confecção de próteses parciais removíveis (PPRs), comparando os preparos realizados na graduação da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (FOUSP), sob supervisão de Docentes, com os preparos realizados por cirurgiões dentistas que solicitaram a confecção dessas próteses a dois laboratórios de Prótese Dentária de São Paulo. As análises foram realizadas em 92 modelos de trabalho, divididos em dois grupos: grupo I, modelos obtidos de pacientes que foram reabilitados na Disciplina de Prótese Removível da FOUSP, por alunos de graduação, e grupo II, modelos obtidos de pacientes que foram reabilitados por vários profissionais, e que foram recolhidos dos referidos laboratórios. Foi utilizado como instrumento de avaliação, o Índice de Preparo de Boca modificado (IPB), com o objetivo de avaliar comparativamente, os dois grupos, quanto a Distribuição, Localização e Forma dos descansos oclusais e de cíngulo; Presença, Distribuição e Paralelismo dos planos-guia; Características dos pontos de calibragem; e a diferença estatística dos valores do IPB, entre os grupos. Ainda foi investigada a prevalência da classificação de Kennedy (para pacientes desdentados parciais), nos dois grupos de modelos. O método estatístico utilizado foi o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Baseado nos resultados encontrados, concluiu-se que os preparos de boca dos trabalhos realizados na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (grupo I, modelos-USP) foram significativamente melhores do que aqueles elaborados por profissionais, cirurgiões dentistas que enviaram os modelos de seus pacientes aos laboratórios, para confecção de PPRs (grupo II, modelos-Laboratórios). Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre os grupos de modelos no que se refere à classificação de Kennedy. / This study analysed the quality of mouth preparations for manufacturing removable parcial dentures (RPDs) by comparing preparations made by undergraduates at Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (FOUSP) working under the supervision of staff teachers with preparations made by dentist surgeons who had sent prostheses to two dental prosthesis laboratories in São Paulo for manufacturing. Analyses were carried out in 92 models divided in two groups: group I, models obtained from patients rehabilitated by undergraduates in the subject Removable Prosthesis at FOUSP and group II, models obtained from patients rehabilitated by several professional dentist surgeons and collected at the two laboratories mentioned above. The instrument of assessment used was the modified Mouth Preparation Ratio (IPB), aiming at assessing the two groups comparatively concerning the Distribution, Location and shape of rest bite and cingulum occlusion, Presence, Distribution and Paralelism of guide planes; Characteristics of the calibration points; and the statistical difference in IPB values between the two model groups. The prevalence of the Kennedy classification (for parcially toothless patients) was also investigated in both model groups. The statitical method used in both groups was the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Based on the results achieved, it was concluded that mouth preparations made at Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidede de São Paulo (group I, USP models) were significantly better than those made by professional dentist surgeons who had sent their patients models to the dental laboratories for manufacturing RPDs (group II, lab models). There was no statistically significant association between both groups concerning the Kennedy classification.

This study, within the framework of improving the English course for postgraduate level at IPB (Bogor Institute of Agriculture), attempts to determine the extent of English reading activities for academic purposes expected by agricultural teaching staff at post graduate level, different expectations across the study programs or a particular area of specialised discipline, the extent of English problems experienced by postgraduate students and the strategies used to cope with English needs in their postgraduate studies, to test a hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between the students' command/scores of English and their achievements/scores in agricultural subjects. Questionnaires for agricultural staff and students were adapted from Hughes (1988) and Weir (1988) to address these questions. Students' academic records were obtained to compute the correlation between scores in English and agricultural subjects. Review of literature and research in current theories of reading in EFL is given to serve as a theoretical foundation to discuss English reading lessons from secondary level to tertiary level in Indonesia and to provide general implications to improve the English course at IPB. The results indicate that staff reading expectation in English is high in comparison to the students' level of English and in that all eight types of reading activities listed in the questionnaires were expected. There are some different expectations across the study programs. However, the most relevant finding to note in regard to the the English course is that reading English texts as review of literature for research proposes and reading English texts for writing assignments were expected across all the study programs. It is also found that reading English texts for academic purposes was still a problem for the majority of student respondents and there are various interesting reading strategies used by the student to cope with the English needs of their studies. However, further investigation is essential to assist the students with reading problems since the results do not specify the nature of reading problems and methods used by the respondents. A significant correlation is found between scores in English and agricultural subjects at the level of 5% and 1% by the Spearman rank- order and the Pearson product-moment correlation formulas. This implies that English is central to the students' success in their postgraduate studies, which is also supported by the student respondents' opinions. General implications and suggestions are provided to assist postgraduate with reading problems and to improve the English course for the students.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι να αναγνωρίσει βασικά και αντιπροσωπευτικά λογισμικά υποδομής για φόρουμ και να τα αξιολογήσει. Ομαδοποιούνται τα χαρακτηριστικά τους με σκοπό τη δημιουργία ενός συγκριτικού πίνακα, ο οποίος προκύπτει έπειτα από ενδελεχή μελέτη των παροχών, των χαρακτηριστικών και των δυνατοτήτων του εκάστοτε λογισμικού. Θα καταλήξει σε συμπεράσματα που θα είναι χρήσιμα για όποιον ενδιαφέρεται να μάθει για τα φόρουμ, να έρθει σε επαφή με τον τρόπο δημιουργίας και να επιλέξει εν τέλει αυτό το λογισμικό που τον αντιπροσωπεύει καλύτερα. / The intention of this paper is to recognize, rate and compare the most common web forum softwares.

The thesis analyzes moral hazard in corporate governance and brings in actual theoretical knowledge on the topic. It examines four examples of the companies which went bankrupt due to moral hazard of their top management: Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat and IPB. All case studies are assessed in accordance with OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. At the end of the thesis, there are mentioned impacts on legislature and suggestions of possible solutions.

Understanding of business processes is becoming an important key factor for successful businesses and today many organizations are facing the lack of knowledge about the business processes that they are working on. Since the interaction between different business processes and different actors are becoming more common it is not only enough for employees to have knowledge about the business processes that they involve directly, but also they need to know about the other business processes in the organization. Unfortunately there is not enough research on this topic in the literature and the goal of this thesis is to propose a method for solving the indicated problem by increasing the understanding of business processes by the employees in an organization. The proposed method basically contains the design and execution of process models based on a real scenario. A case study has been conducted at an IT company where the employees have no or limited knowledge about the business processes that their organization works on. Even though the method has been only tested in one organization it is generic and can be applied to any other similar organization. The design science approach is used to develop the method and build the process models as artifacts. The process models have been verified by using an executable business modeling tool, iPB, and presented to the employees in a seminar in order to make them to understand the business processes better. The knowledge of the employees about the business processes has been analyzed before and after the presentation, thus we could compare the results and find out how much their knowledge has increased after the presentation. The results have shown that the knowledge of the employees has increased significantly. In conclusion, the method of design and presentation of executable business process models has been proved to be a solution to the problem of not understanding of business processes in an organization well enough.