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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

DistribuiÃÃo espacial e status do peixe-boi marinho Trichechus manatus manatus, (Sirenia: Trichechidae) no litoral leste do estado do Cearà / Spatial distribution and status of the marine manatee Trichechus manatus manatus (Sirena: Trichechidae) in the eastern coastal state of CearÃ

Alexandra Fernandes Costa 29 March 2006 (has links)
O peixe-boi marinho, Trichechus manatus manatus, à um mamÃfero com dieta herbÃvora, e distribuiÃÃo costeira em rios, estuÃrios e Ãguas litorÃneas da Zona Tropical brasileira. No Estado do Cearà ocorre em duas Ãreas distintas, no extremo dos seus setores leste e oeste. No litoral leste nÃo existe nenhuma Unidade de ConservaÃÃo com abrangÃncia marinha que restrinja os impactos causados ao meio ambiente e à populaÃÃo do peixe-boi, tais como urbanizaÃÃo, turismo e ocupaÃÃo de praias, dunas, falÃsias e manguezais. Sendo considerado pela UniÃo Internacional para ConservaÃÃo da Natureza como âespÃcie vulnerÃvelâ e estando inserido na Lista Oficial de EspÃcies da Fauna Brasileira AmeaÃadas de ExtinÃÃo de acordo com o IBAMA, corre risco de extinÃÃo extremamente alto num futuro prÃximo. Os objetivos desta DissertaÃÃo foram determinar a distribuiÃÃo espacial e padrÃes de uso da Ãrea, escolha da metodologia mais adequada ao monitoramento da populaÃÃo, e realizar levantamento das Ãreas de alimentaÃÃo e fontes e Ãgua doce provavelmente utilizadas pelos animais. A base de dados foi obtida atravÃs de prospecÃÃes aÃrea, realizada de junho/2003 a outubro/2004, totalizando 11 sobrevÃs e 24 horas de esforÃo de monitoramento, e nÃutica, realizada de agosto/2003 a novembro/2004, num total de 10 embarques e 157 horas de esforÃo de monitoramento. Dentre os mÃtodos de prospecÃÃo aÃrea e nÃutica, o primeiro gera erros devido à turbidez da Ãgua, e dificuldades de identificaÃÃo e contagem dos indivÃduos, enquanto o segundo, por sua maior proximidade em relaÃÃo aos animais, mostrou-se mais eficiente. O status da populaÃÃo do peixe-boi marinho foi avaliado atravÃs dos seguintes parÃmetros: (a) conservaÃÃo do habitat, com Ãnfase para a manutenÃÃo do territÃrio; (b) acesso a fontes de Ãgua doce e a Ãreas preferenciais de alimentaÃÃo e reproduÃÃo; (c) geraÃÃo de condiÃÃes ambientais Ãtimas para os cuidados parentais. Os fatores de ameaÃa de extinÃÃo nessa Ãrea estariam relacionados com reduÃÃo das fontes de alimento e Ãgua doce, assoreamento do Rio Jaguaribe, alÃm de captura acidental por aparelhos de pesca. Estes se traduzem nas seguintes conseqÃÃncias: reduÃÃo do habitat; aumento da frequÃncia de encalhes de recÃm-nascidos; aumento da mortalidade de adultos. A regiÃo de Picos, com destaque para o Banco dos Cajuais, foi definida como Zona de Alta Densidade, com padrÃo de distribuiÃÃo âaltamente agregadaâ por causa da abundÃncia de macroalgas e do menor fluxo de barcos motorizados. Dentre as recomendaÃÃes para se minimizar os riscos de extinÃÃo do peixe-boi, destacam-se: (a) desenvolvimento de campanhas educacionais que ressaltem aspectos importantes da conservaÃÃo do ambiente marinho; (b) reintroduÃÃo de espÃcimes em locais onde o declÃnio populacional à evidente; (c) criaÃÃo de unidades de conservaÃÃo com abrangÃncia marinha e aplicaÃÃo e fiscalizaÃÃo da legislaÃÃo pertinente ao habitat do peixe-boi e (d) monitoramento sistemÃtico da populaÃÃo no litoral leste para determinaÃÃo dos padrÃes ambientais que influenciam na ocorrÃncia do peixe-boi no municÃpio de IcapuÃ, litoral leste do CearÃ. / The Antillean manatee, Trichechus manatus manatus, is a mammal with an herbivorous diet and costal distribution in rivers, estuaries and inshore waters of the Brazilian Tropical Zone. In Cearà State, the species may found in the outermost ends of its western and eastern sectors. In the eastern sector there are no Marine Conservation Units to ward off impacts to the environment and the manatee population, such as urban development, tourism and occupation of beaches and mangrove forests. Manatees have been classified by the International Union for Nature Conservation as a âvulnerable speciesâ and included on the Official List of Endangered Species of the Brazilian Fauna. According to the Brazilian Institute for the Environment, it runs an extremely high risk of extinction in the near future. The objectives of this Thesis have been to determine the spatial distribution and patterns of usage of the living area, choice of the most appropriate methodology for population monitoring and mapping of feeding grounds and freshwater sources likely to used by the animals. The database was obtained by means of aerial surveys from June, 2003 to October, 2004, making up a 24-hour monitoring effort during 11 overhead flights, as well as nautical surveys performed from August, 2003 to November, 2004, making up a 157-hour monitoring effort during 10 voyages. Of the two prospecting techniques, the aerial one was less practical because of water turbidity, which made it difficult to identify and count manatee specimens, whereas the nautical one, because of its nearness to the targets, proved to the most efficient. The status of the Antillean manatee population was evaluated through the following parameters: (a) habitat conservation, with emphasis on territory maintenance; (b) access to freshwater sources and areas suitable for feeding and reproduction; (c) yielding of optimum environmental conditions for parental care. The threatened extinction in the studied area is related to factors such as decreasing of food and freshwater sources, silting-up of the Jaguaribe River, by-catch by trawl and gillnet fishing. The worrying outcome of such a scenario is likely to result in a reduction of the habitat size; increase in the straying of newborns plus an increase in adult mortality rates. The Picos region, specially the Cajuais sandbank, was defined as a High Density Zone, which displays a highly aggregate distribution because of seaweed abundance and smaller deployment of fishing boats. Among the suggestions for lowering the extinction risks of the Antillean manatee in Eastern Cearà State, the following ones stand out; (a) development of education campaigns which deal with the main aspects of environment preservation; (b) reintroduction of specimens in zones where population decline is evident; (c) installation of Marine Conservation Units and enforcement of the pertinent management measures and (d) constant monitoring of the population in the known habitat to determine environmental patterns which influence manatees in Icapuà county, eastern Cearà State.

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