For nearly half a decade discussion of the responsibility to protect (R2P) and international criminal justice proceeded along separate lines. However, in recent years an emerging perception that international criminal law may contribute to putting an end to a continuing atrocity crimes has lead to its use as an R2P reactive tool. This paper examines the relationship between R2P and the activity of International Criminal Court (the ICC), and the implications of their recent rapprochement. Firstly, the paper aims to bring a much-needed focus on the implications of their current interaction in ongoing conflict situations. Secondly it examines whether the convergence of R2P and the ICC represents a paradigmatic shift toward humanity’s law and a possible utopian tyranny or reinforces the traditional statist system as the fundamental framework for conflict mediation opening the door to a possible “cynic tyranny”. Thirdly, it considers how ICC and R2P activities should be coordinated.

This thesis employs a social constructionist perspective to analyze constructions of the International Criminal Court (ICC), specifically (1) the notion of impunity; (2) the presence of a critical analysis; and (3) the connection between state support/opposition and favourable/negative portrayals of the Court. The theory chapter focuses on the propaganda model’s main premise that “media serve the interests of that state … framing their reporting and analysis in a manner supportive of established privilege and limiting debate accordingly” (Herman & Chomsky, 1998, p.32). A thematic qualitative content analysis and several tools of grounded theory deconstructed 1,982 articles collected from The Globe and Mail, The Toronto Star, The New York Times, and The Washington Post. Overall, the newspapers contained a high level of support for the propaganda model’s main assertions. Some of these conversations were quite limited and/or biased; specifically, American newspapers manipulated debates to justify American opposition to the Court.

The study of interrater agreement and itnerrater reliability attract extensive attention, due to the fact that the judgments from multiple raters are subjective and may vary individually. To evaluate interrater agreement and interrater reliability, five different methods or indices are proposed: percentage of agreement, kappa coefficient, the correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and generalizability (G) theory. In this study, we introduce and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these methods to evaluate interrater agreement and reliability. Then we review and explore the rank across these five indices by use of frequency in practice in the past five years. Finally, we illustrate how to use these five methods under different circumstances and provide SPSS and SAS code to analyze interrater agreement and reliability. We apply the methods above to analyze the data from Parent-Child Interaction System of global ratings (PARCHISY), and conclude as follows: (1) ICC is the most often used method to evaluate interrater reliability in recent five years, while generalizability theory is the least often used method. The G coefficients provide similar interrater reliability with weighted kappa and ICC on most items, based on the criteria. (2) When the reliability is high itself, different methods provide consistent indication on interrater reliability based on different criteria. If the reliability is not consistent among different methods, both ICC and G coefficient will provide better interrater reliability based on the criteria, and they also provide consistent results.

MATIAS, Clara Pinto. O sentimento de consumidores e o valor de mercado das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. 2015. 36f. Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós Graduação em Economia, CAEN, Fortaleza-Ce, 2015. / Submitted by Mônica Correia Aquino (monicacorreiaaquino@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T18:04:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dissert_cpmatias.pdf: 1149440 bytes, checksum: 0628bfc02e43561b2aa89011eb9f0b3f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mônica Correia Aquino(monicacorreiaaquino@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T18:04:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dissert_cpmatias.pdf: 1149440 bytes, checksum: 0628bfc02e43561b2aa89011eb9f0b3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T18:04:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dissert_cpmatias.pdf: 1149440 bytes, checksum: 0628bfc02e43561b2aa89011eb9f0b3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Considering the importance and relevance in traditional international studies of qualitative variables on market indicators, the study investigates the dynamics of the Consumer Trust Index (ICC) of the Getulio Vargas Foundation in a comparison with the index of the São Paulo Stock Market for publicly traded companies in Brazil. In particular, it applies one autoregressive model with threshold value following the proposal of Caner and Hansen (2001), the two versions of the ICC in accordance with the income of consumers and the index of the São Paulo Ibovespa Stock Market. The results allow us to conclude that although the Trust Indices are important qualitative variables in the international literature as a study of market fluctuations, in developing countries like Brazil, even with a high degree of association with the market index, its high volatility and the dynamics arising from the difference exacerbated optimism or misperception of consumers shown as the biggest obstacle to the implementation of an accurate forecasting exercise. / Considerando a importância e tradicional relevância em estudos internacionais das variáveis qualitativas sobre os indicadores de mercado, o estudo investiga a dinâmica do Índice de Confiança do Consumidor (ICC) da Fundação Getulio Vargas em um comparativo com o Índice da Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo para as empresas de capital aberto no Brasil. Em particular, aplica-se um modelo autorregressivo com valor limite seguindo a proposta de Caner e Hansen (2001) a duas versões do ICC de acordo com a renda dos consumidores e ao Índice da Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo IBOVESPA. Os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que muito embora os Índices de Confiança sejam variáveis qualitativas importantes na literatura internacional quando de um estudo das flutuações do mercado, em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, mesmo com elevado grau de associação com o índice de mercado, sua elevada volatilidade e a diferença de dinâmica advinda do otimismo exacerbado ou percepção equivocada dos consumidores se mostra como o maior entrave à realização de um exercício de previsão acurado.

Magister Legum - LLM / This research analyzes Truth Justice and Reconciliation Mechanisms and Amnesties in the light of the Rome Statute to the International Criminal Court (ICC). The research looks strictly into the legal terms of the Rome Statute in order to see if their interpretation indicates that the Court is meant to ‘complement1’ such forms of justice mechanisms, especially when they are accompanied by amnesties. / South Africa

This thesis employs a social constructionist perspective to analyze constructions of the International Criminal Court (ICC), specifically (1) the notion of impunity; (2) the presence of a critical analysis; and (3) the connection between state support/opposition and favourable/negative portrayals of the Court. The theory chapter focuses on the propaganda model’s main premise that “media serve the interests of that state … framing their reporting and analysis in a manner supportive of established privilege and limiting debate accordingly” (Herman & Chomsky, 1998, p.32). A thematic qualitative content analysis and several tools of grounded theory deconstructed 1,982 articles collected from The Globe and Mail, The Toronto Star, The New York Times, and The Washington Post. Overall, the newspapers contained a high level of support for the propaganda model’s main assertions. Some of these conversations were quite limited and/or biased; specifically, American newspapers manipulated debates to justify American opposition to the Court.

There is a stark regress in the development of international criminal justice, in particular the fight against impunity on the African continent. This study explores various legal aspects that have arisen between Africa and the International Criminal Court (ICC) since the indictment of President al-Bashir of Sudan by the Court. There is a presumption of conflict between some provisions of the Rome Statute, particularly Article 27 and Article 98. The indictment of President al-Bashir ICC has been the epitome of such a presumption. The African Union (AU) is among those opposed to the indictment of President al-Bashir and has requested the Security Council to defer the matter in accordance with Article 16 of the Rome Statute. The regional body has also refused to cooperate with the ICC in the arresting and surrendering of President al-Bashir to the Court on the basis of Article 98. Therefore, this study seeks to critically analyse the indictment of President al-Bashir by the ICC and the AU’s response to the same. The study further explores the legal validity of a deferral by the UN Security Council and the challenges it would will raise. The study also attempts to reconcile article 27 and article 98 of the Rome Statute in the context of President al Bashir’s indictment. In doing so, the study endeavours to weigh the legal elements in both of the arguments offered in support and against the action taken by the ICC. The reason for such a discussion is to investigate the nature of the jurisdiction the Court has upon President al-Bashir by virtue of UN Security Council Resolution 1593(2005), which referred the al Bashir case to the court. The discussion also investigates the nature of the legal obligations on members of the international community including Sudan, to cooperate with the ICC by arresting and surrendering President al-Bashir to the Court. In an effort to garner support for the ICC’s indictment of President al-Bashir, the study also looks at the operation of the principle of complementarity under the Rome Statute and various principles of International Criminal Law that affirm the ICC’s jurisdiction over the situation in Darfur and those principles that speak to the presumed liability of President al-Bashir. Although this study acknowledges the apparent competing demands of justice and peace, it challenges arguments that promote impunity and makes the case for addressing the AU’s concerns relating to the ICC. More importantly, the study suggests that the UN Security Council and the ICC should be consistent and in condemning atrocities wherever they are committed and should be impartial in referring perpetrators of atrocities to the ICC irrespective of their political status. In so doing a clear message may be sent to individuals like President al-Bashir that commission of atrocities will invite international accountability. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Public Law / unrestricted

En undersökning av ICC:s jurisdiktion över aggressionsbrottet med grund i artikel 15 bis Romstadgan.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine interventions under the doctrine of R2P without appropriate legal authority becomes coercive actions of Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention. And that a unilateral humanitarian intervention would amount to the crime of aggression.   The R2P doctrine states that sovereignty is derived from the responsibility for a population. The responsibility to protect is primarily on the state. In the event of a failure to protect a human population the responsibility is transferred to the international community of states.According to the doctrine of Humanitarian Interventions it exists a third exception to the use of force, which allows states to legally intervene in the event of a humanitarian catastrophe.  This thesis will first examine the link between R2P and Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention. Secondly, the legal status of Unilateral Humanitarian interventions will be examined, and how Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention can fulfil the elements of the crime of aggression. The last part examines if Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention can constitute ‘defensive force of others’ as grounds to exclude criminal responsibility, in the event of an ICC criminal trial for the crime of aggression.The thesis concludes that a person subject to a criminal prosecution for the crime of aggression in the event of Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention, could successfully argue ‘defensive force of others’ as grounds to exclude criminal responsibility.

Internationell straffrätt behandlar de svåraste överträdelserna av folkrätten. Dessa överträdelser utgör folkmord, brott mot mänskligheten, krigsförbrytelser och aggressionsbrott. Brotten regleras särskilt i Romstadgan. ICC lagför individer som bryter mot stadgans bestämmelser. Majoriteten av fall lagförs dock av stater som har ratificerat stadgan. ICC fungerar endast som ett komplement när de nationella rättsordningarna saknar vilja eller förmåga att ställa en individ till svars för internationell brottslighet. Sverige lagför många internationella brott jämfört med andra länder. Vid påföljdsfrågan hämtas ibland vägledning från internationella normer, främst i form av praxis från internationella domstolar. Syftet är uppnå en enhetlig rättstillämpning beträffande de internationella brotten. Detta är en förutsättning för att lagföringen ska uppfattas som rättvis och rättssäker. Lika fall ska behandlas lika och olika fall ska behandlas olika. De internationella brotten lagförs dock i olika rättssystem, varför det kan leda till olika bedömningar fastän det rör sig om brottslighet av samma slag. Att internationella normer tas i beaktande i nationell rätt kan därmed minska motsättningarna mellan olika rättssystem, men det kan samtidigt leda till att systemet i den nationella rätten rubbas. Om de internationella brotten särbehandlas i nationell rätt skapas en obalans i relation till de “vanliga” brotten. Det föreligger därför en konflikt mellan att uppnå enhetlighet på internationell nivå respektive nationell nivå.  Det finns argument som talar för båda hållen. Ett starkt argument mot att nationella rättsordningar ska ta hänsyn till internationella normer är att normerna är otydliga. Rättspraxis från ICC har inte ett högt rättskällevärde eftersom domstolen endast har meddelat påföljd i fyra fall. Viss vägledning kan hämtas från ICTY och ICTR, men rättstillämparen i Sverige har uttryckt återhållsamhet mot sådana sammanblandningar. Endast när det föreligger brister i nationell rätt har rätten tagit stöd från andra domstolar. Även om det finns ett behov av att uppnå en enhetlig rättstillämpning beträffande de internationella brotten förefaller det vara förenat med höga risker. I dagsläget finns det ingen tillfredsställande lösning på problemet eftersom det inte finns någon överstatlig straffrättslig aktör som kan binda alla länders straffsystem samman. Möjligen kan ICC åta sig den rollen inom en snar framtid. Under tiden bör enhetligheten i det nationella rättssystemet prioriteras.