There is compelling observational evidence for the existence of dark matter in the Universe, including our own Galaxy, which could possibly consist of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) not contained in the standard model (SM) of particle physics. WIMPs may get gravitationally trapped inside heavy celestial bodies of ordinary matter. The Sun is a nearby candidate for such a capture process which is driven by the scattering of WIMPs on its nuclei. Forming an over-density at the Sun's core the WIMPs would self-annihilate yielding energetic neutrinos, which leave the Sun and can be detected in experiments on Earth. The cubic-kilometer sized IceCube neutrino observatory, constructed in the clear glacial ice at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica offers an excellent opportunity to search for this striking signal. This thesis is dedicated to the search for these solar dark matter signatures in muon neutrinos from the direction of the Sun. Newly developed techniques based on hit clustering and hit-based vetos allow more accurate reconstruction and identification of events in the detector and thereby a stronger rejection of background. These techniques are also applicable to other IceCube analyses and event filters. In addition, new approaches to the analysis without seasonal cuts lead to improvements in sensitivity especially in the low-energy regime (<=100 GeV), the target of the more densely instrumented DeepCore sub-array. This first analysis of 369 days of data recorded with the completed detector array of 86 strings revealed no significant excess above the expected background of atmospheric neutrinos. This allows us to set strong limits on the annihilation rate of WIMPs in the Sun for the models probed in this analysis. The IceCube limits for the spin-independent WIMP-proton scattering cross-section are the most stringent ones for WIMP masses above 100 GeV. / IceCube

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole is the world's largest neutrino detector with over 1km^3 of instrumented Antarctic ice. While it has been primarily designed to observe astrophysical neutrinos, this size also allows it to collect vast quantities of atmospheric neutrinos. These high-statistics datasets allow for measurements of the properties of neutrinos, in particular the phenomena of neutrino oscillation. One of the outstanding questions in this field is that of the neutrino mass ordering (NMO). The Precision IceCube Next Generation Upgrade (PINGU) is a proposed low-energy extension to IceCube for which a determination of the NMO is a priority science goal. The current low-energy atmospheric neutrino experiment at the South Pole, DeepCore, has been successfully collecting data since 2011. In this thesis the potential of this existing data to determine the NMO has been explored. While it was not expected to have a large sensitivity, this work has explored a Feldman-Cousins treatment for converting the delta-chi^2 between the two discrete mass ordering hypotheses into the standard Gaussian significance metric. Using 2.7 years of data from the DeepCore detector, the inverted mass ordering was preferred at the level of 0.05sigma. The second aspect of this thesis was to study the impact of the systematic uncertainties on the NMO determination. This particular analysis was actually statistics-limited and so the only impactful systematic uncertainties were the parameters that govern atmospheric neutrino oscillations, theta_23 and Deltam^2_31. Therefore, to improve the NMO results, these parameters were constrained by including the global information on them in the fits, yielding a new NMO sensitivity of 0.29sigma. This new global fit also yields measurements of the oscillation parameters of Deltam^2_32,NO=(2.443+/-0.037)e-3eV^2 and sin^2theta_23,NO=0.442+0.026-0.018 for the hypothesis of the normal mass ordering and Deltam^2_32,IO=(-2.510+/-0.036)e-3eV^2 and sin^2theta_23,IO=0.579+0.019-0.021 for the hypothesis of the inverted mass ordering. In addition to the work on the neutrino mass ordering, this thesis also investigated two issues related to predictions of the flux of atmospheric particles. The first related to the treatment of the predictions of the atmospheric neutrino flux, provided in binned tables. Crucially, these contain values representative of the integral of the flux across that bin and so an integral-preserving interpolation must be used. One such method will be presented along with a discussion of how it performs in the two-dimensional case of the atmospheric neutrino flux. The second issue related to quantifying uncertainties on the background muon distributions observed with the IceCube detector coming from the uncertainties on the initial cosmic ray flux. This involved performing a global fit on the available cosmic ray flux measurements and then propagating these uncertainties in to the muon distributions. To finalise this section, the exact manner in which these uncertainties can be included in the physics analyses of IceCube will be discussed.

<p>High-energy neutrinos are capable of carrying information over vast distances, and neutrino telescopes such as AMANDA-II provide the means to probe deep inside the violent and energetic interior of the universe. AMANDA-II is located in the glacial ice at South Pole in Antarctica and is optimised to detect Cherenkov emission from neutrino-induced muon tracks with energies above 100 GeV. </p><p>Data acquired in 2003 with the AMANDA-II detector were searched for a non-localised flux of neutrinos with energies in excess of 1 PeV. Because of the energy dependence of the neutrino mean free path, the Earth is essentially opaque to neutrinos above PeV energies. Combined with the limited overburden of the AMANDA-II detector (about 1.5 km), this means that a potential ultra-high energy neutrino signal will be concentrated at the horizon. The background for the analysis consists of large bundles of muons produced in atmospheric air showers. Owing to their energy losses, muons cannot penetrate the Earth, and the background will be downwards moving. </p><p>After applying different selection criteria, one event was observed in the final data sample, while 0.16±0.04 background events are expected. The corresponding 90% confidence level upper limit is 4.3. The expected number of neutrino signal events for a 10^-6 <i>E</i>^-2 GeV/(s sr cm² ) flux assuming a Φ(ν_e) : Φ(ν_μ) : Φ(ν_τ) = 1:1:1 flavour ratio is 4.1±0.2, yielding an upper limit on the all-flavour neutrino flux of <i>E</i>² Φ₉₀ ≤ 1.1∙10^-6 GeV/(s sr cm² ), including systematics and with the central 90% of the signal found in the energy range 480 TeV - 1.6 EeV. </p>

Dark matter particles in the form of supersymmetric Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) could accumulate in the centre of the Sun because of gravitational trapping. Pair-wise annihilations of WIMPs could create standard model particles out of which neutrinos could reach the Earth. Data from the IceCube 22-string neutrino telescope have been searched for signals from dark matter annihilations in the Sun. Highly sophisticated analysis methods have been developed to discern signal neutrinos from the severe background of atmospheric particle showers. No signal has been found in a dataset of 104 days livetime taken in 2007, and an upper limit has been placed on the muon flux in the South Pole ice induced by neutrinos from the Sun, reaching down to 330 km-2y-1. The flux limit has been converted into an upper limit on the neutralino scattering cross-section, which reaches down to 2.8*10-40 cm2 for spin-dependent interactions. / Four articles are appended to the thesis:I. G. Wikström for the IceCube collaboration, Proc. of the 30th ICRC,arXiv/0711.0353 [astro-ph] (2007) 135.II. A. Gross, C. Ha, C. Rott, M. Tluczykont, E. Resconi, T. DeYoung and G. Wikström for the IceCube Collaboration, Proc. of the 30th ICRC,arXiv/0711.0353 [astro-ph] (2007) 11.III. G. Wikström and J. Edsjö, JCAP 04 (2009) 009.IV. R. Abbasi et al. (IceCube collaboration), accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett., arXiv/0902.2460v3 [astro-ph.CO] (2009). / IceCube

The cubic-kilometer sized IceCube neutrino observatory, constructed in the glacial ice at the South Pole, searches indirectly for dark matter via neutrinos from dark matter self-annihilations. It has a high discovery potential through striking signatures. This thesis presents searches for dark matter annihilations in the center of the Sun using experimental data collected with IceCube. The main physics analysis described here was performed for dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with the 79-string configuration of the IceCube neutrino telescope. For the first time, the DeepCore sub-array was included in the analysis, lowering the energy threshold and extending the search to the austral summer. Data from 317 days live-time are consistent with the expected background from atmospheric muons and neutrinos. Upper limits were set on the dark matter annihilation rate, with conversions to limits on the WIMP-proton scattering cross section, which initiates the WIMP capture process in the Sun.These are the most stringent spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross-sections limits to date above 35 GeV for most WIMP models. In addition, a formalism for quickly and directly comparing event-level IceCube data with arbitrary annihilation spectra in detailed model scans, considering not only total event counts but also event directions and energy estimators, is presented. Two analyses were made that show an application of this formalism to both model exclusion and parameter estimation in models of supersymmetry. An analysis was also conducted that extended for the first time indirect dark matter searches with neutrinos using IceCube data, to an alternative dark matter candidate, Kaluza-Klein particles, arising from theories with extra space-time dimensions. The methods developed for the solar dark matter search were applied to look for neutrino emission during a flare of the Crab Nebula in 2010.

In this work the search for the dark matter arising from a model of extra dimensions, otherwise known as Kaluza Klein WIMPs, on the data taken with the AMANDA neutrino telescope in the South Pole is presented. The limit on the dark matter from the Kaluza Klein Solar WIMPs analysis on the data taken from year 2001 to 2003 is derived.

The Minimally Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) provides us with a WIMP dark matter candidate particle, the neutralino. Neutralinos from the dark matter halo can potentially become captured by the sun and concentrated in the core, where they can undergo self-annihilation and so produce a distinct neutrino signal. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has the potential to detect this neutrino signal and thus give indirect evidence of the presence and properties of neutralino dark matter. Although the full, unconstrained MSSM has 105 parameters this can be reduced to 25 parameters by the application of physically motivated assumptions. Scans of this MSSM-25 parameter space are conducted using the DarkSUSY software package and an adaptive scanning technique based on the Monte-Carlo VEGAS algorithm. The IceCube exclusion confidence level is then calculated for a set of points produced by these scans. Results indicate that the detection capability of IceCube exceeds that of current direct detection methods in certain regions of the parameter space. The use of a 25 dimensional parameter space reveals that there are new regions of observables with high exclusion confidence levels compared to earlier simulations performed with a seven dimensional parameter space.

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory consists of a lattice of 5160 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs)<p>which monitor one cubic kilometer of deep Antarctic ice at the geographic South Pole.<p>IceCube was primarily designed to detect neutrinos of energies greater than O(100 GeV).<p>Due to subfreezing ice temperatures, the photomultipliers' dark noise rates are particularly<p>low which enables IceCube to search for neutrinos from galactic supernovae by detecting<p>bursts of MeV neutrinos emitted during the core collapse and for several seconds following.<p>For that purpose, a dedicated online supernova DAQ system records the total number of hits<p>in the detector, without any further information from the PMTs, and generates supernova<p>candidate triggers in case of a significant detector rate enhancement. A new feature to the<p>standard DAQ, called HitSpooling, was implemented in IceCube during this thesis. The<p>HitSpooling system is implemented in the standard DAQ system and buffers the complete<p>raw data stream of the photomultipliers for several hours or days. By reading out time periods<p>of HitSpool data around supernova candidate triggers, generated by the online supernova<p>DAQ system, we overcome the limitations of the latter and have access to the entire information<p>of the detector in case of a supernova. Furthermore, HitSpool data is a powerful<p>source for studying and understanding the noise behavior of the detector as well as background<p>processes coming from atmospheric muons. The idea of HitSpooling was developed in the<p>scope of this thesis and is the basis of the work at hand. The developed interface between the<p>standard DAQ and the supernova DAQ system is presented. The correlated dark noise component<p>in optical modules of IceCube is quantified for the first time and possible explanations<p>are discussed. The possibility of identifying triggering and subthreshold atmospheric muons<p>in HitSpool data and subtracting them from a possible supernova signal is analyzed. Furthermore,<p>the conversion from HitSpool data to supernova DAQ type data was developed<p>which allows for a comparison of both data types with respect to lightcurves and significances<p>of selected supernova candidate triggers. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Für astrophysikalische Quellen, z.B. aktive galaktische Kerne, werden hochenergetische Neutrinoflüsse vorhergesagt. Neutrinos und Gammastrahlen werden in hadronischen Prozessen erzeugt, für die Protonen auf hohe Energien beschleunigt werden müssen. Da Neutrinos nur schwach wechselwirken und nicht von Magnetfeldern abgelenkt werden können, bleiben Flussstärken und ihre Richtung erhalten. IceCube, ein Kubikkilometer-Detektor der sich am Südpol befindet, kann solche Neutrinos nachweisen. In dieser Arbeit wurden Daten zweier Teilkonfigurationen IceCubes (22 und 40 Trossen) ausgewertet. Die Daten, die zwischen 2007 und 2009 gesammelt wurden, bestehen hauptsächlich aus atmosphärischen Myon-Neutrinos, die im Nordhimmel erzeugt wurden und hochenergetischen atmosphärischen Myonen aus dem Südhimmel. Eine zeitunabhängige Analyse, die nach Neutrino-Punktquellen im Nordhimmel sucht, wurde mit einem sensitivitäts-optimierten Datensatz von IceCube-22 durchgeführt. Die ganze Hemisphäre und eine Liste ausgewählter Quellen wurden analysiert, wobei kein Hinweis auf extraterrestrische Neutrino-Signale gefunden wurde. Um das Entdeckungspotenzial für eine variable Quelle zu erhöhen, wurde eine nicht-getriggerte zeitabhängige Analyse entwickelt. Diese Suche ist durch Neutrino-Photon-Korrelationen und Gammastrahlung-Ausbrüche kosmischer Objekte motiviert, jedoch wurden nur Neutrino-Daten verwendet. Ein grosser Bereich möglicher Strahlungsausbruchsdauer wurde abgedeckt. Die gebinnte Methode wurde zu einer ungebinnten Likelihood-Methode erweitert, so dass die Ergebnisse um 5-25% verbessert werden konnten. Auswahlkriterien für eine Liste zeitlich veränderlicher astrophysikalischer Quellen vom ganzen Himmel wurden für IceCube-22 und IceCube-40 entwickelt. Zum ersten Mal wurde eine zeitabhängige Suchmethode im Südhimmel benutzt. Es konnten keine Ereignisüberschüsse über dem Untergrund festgestellt werden. Demzufolge wurden obere Grenzen für Neutrinoflüsse aus diesen Quellen berechnet. / High energy neutrino astronomy relies on the predictions of neutrino fluxes coming from astrophysical objects, for example active galactic nuclei. In these models, neutrinos and gamma-rays are produced in hadronic processes, which require the acceleration of protons to very high energies. Since neutrinos hardly interact and travel towards Earth undeflected by magnetic fields, they can point back to their sources. IceCube, located at the South Pole, is a large volumen detector for high energy neutrinos. In this work, data from two partial configurations of IceCube (22 and 40 strings) are analyzed. The data cover 651 days, from 2007 to 2009, and consist mostly of atmospheric muon neutrinos in the Northern sky and high energy atmospheric muons in the Southern sky. A time integrated search for neutrino point sources in the Northern sky was developed and applied to an event sample obtained for the best sensitivity, with IceCube 22-string. The search was performed on pre-selected sources and the whole hemisphere was scanned. No evidence of a neutrino signal was found. In order to enhance the flare detection probability, an untriggered time dependent search that looks for neutrino events clustering in time from specific sources in the entire sky was developed. This search was motivated by neutrino-photon correlations and the observations of flaring objects in gamma-rays, but focuses only on the neutrino data, covering a wide range of possible flare durations. The search method was expanded from a binned approach to a newly developed unbinned likelihood method, improving the results by 5-25%. Moreover, for the first time the Southern sky was analyzed with a time dependent method. A source selection criteria was developed defining two lists of variable astrophysical sources, for IceCube 22 and 40-string. The results were compatible with background fluctuations for all sources tested. Therefore, upper limits on the neutrino fluence from these sources are presented.