Young adulthood is a crucial period for identity development, and an unclear sense of identity has been associated with deleterious psychological and social outcomes (Kroger & Marcia, 2011). Young adults have also identified self-sufficiency, including financial independence, as an essential aspect associated with attaining adulthood (Arnett, 2000). However, current realities such as global economic uncertainty and a shift toward greater personal responsibility for financial security may threaten the successful attainment of these essential goals (Furstenberg, Rumbaut, & Settersten, 2005). Hence, I explored identity formation (Erikson, 1950, 1968) in the domain of finance. Four socialization factors (perceived parental SES, parental financial communication, formal financial education, and high school work experience) and three beliefs (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) were used to predict financial identity (achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and diffusion) in a sample of college students (N = 2,098) who were surveyed at two time points approximately 2.5 years apart. Four models were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). First, using crossectional data, I tested the extent to which socialization factors and financial beliefs predicted financial identity. I found support for 79% of the hypothesized associations between the variables. Second, using crossectional data, I examined the degree to which financial beliefs mediated the association between socialization factors and financial identity. Findings indicated that financial beliefs partially mediated the association between parental financial communication and financial identity. Third, using longitudinal data, Time 1 (T1) socialization factors and T1 beliefs were used to predict Time 2 (T2) financial identity. As expected, T1 financial identity was the most robust predictor of T2 financial identity. After controlling for T1 financial identity, T1 variables were most predictive of changes in T2 foreclosure: Increases in foreclosure were predicted by perceived parental SES, parental communication, formal education, and subjective norms. Finally, T1 financial beliefs were allowed to mediate the association between T1 socialization factors and T2 financial identity. I found no evidence of mediation using longitudinal data. Findings from this study suggest that identity formation within the financial domain is consistent with identity formation in other recognized identity domains.

Ego-identity development has long been regarded as an important developmental process for late adolescents. According to existing literature, ego-identity achievement or committing oneself to a set of identity components after having explored viable identity alternatives (e.g., in matters of relationships, political philosophy, etc.), is conducive to a wide array of positive outcomes for individuals, families, and entire communities. The objective of this study was to examine the extent that college experiences and participation in LDS missionary service (i.e., moratorium experiences) were associated with ego-identity development, specifically in terms of identity exploration and commitment. A sample of late adolescents (N=425), all of whom had participated in at least some college and of whom 122 had volunteered as LDS missionaries, provided information about their moratorium experiences that could be related to identity development and reported their levels of identity exploration and commitment according to the Extended Objective Measure of Ego-Identity Status (EOMEIS-2). Independent-samples t tests and chi-square tests were used to examine demographic and identity differences between LDS postmissionaries and LDS non-postmissionaries. LDS postmissionaries and LDS non-postmissionaries differed significantly only in the variables of sex and age. Univariate ANOVA and regression were used to examine the extent to which college and missionary service were associated with overall identity scores. Bothe college studies and LDS missionary service were significantly associated with the four EOMEIS-2 subscale scores of diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium experiences differed significantly in the magnitude and/or direction of their prediction of identity outcomes only in moratorium and foreclosure scores. Both experiences were similarly positively associated with achievement scores and negatively associated with diffusion scores. Stepwise linear regression was used to examine the extent to which certain features of college studies and missionary service were associated with identity scores. After controlling for age, sex, income, and years of education, numerous features of the two experiences, such as motives for participation, funding, frequency of weekly experiences, and learning a foreign language were significantly associated with identity scores. College features shared the greatest amount of variability with diffusion scores, and mission features shared the greatest amount of variability with foreclosure scores.

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The present study addresses identity distress and identity status in adolescents with clinical diagnoses, and their caregivers. There were 88 adolescent participants (43.2% female) ranging in age from 11 to 20 (mean =14.96; SD =1.85) who were recruited from community mental health centers in Volusia and Orange Counties. The 63 caregiver participants included mothers (82.5%), fathers (7.9%), grandmothers (7.9%), and grandfathers (1.6%), ranging in age from 28-70 (mean = 40.24; SD = 9.16). A significant proportion of adolescents (22.7%) met criteria for Identity Problem in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) and 9.5% of the adolescents' caregivers met criteria for Identity Problem. Regarding identity status, 68.2% of adolescents and 27.0% of caregivers reported being in the diffused status. Additionally, 25.0% of adolescents and 54.0% of caregivers met criteria for the foreclosed status. Significant associations were found among adolescent and caregiver psychological symptoms and identity variables. Further examination of the psychological symptom variables found that obsessive-compulsive and paranoid ideation symptoms significantly predicted identity distress. In addition, caregiver identity commitment significantly predicted adolescent identity distress over and above the adolescents' identity variables. These findings and implications are discussed in further detail.

No description available.

The world is facing significant challenges as a result of societal practices. Many of those challenges are agricultural in nature and include worldwide food insecurity, intensified greenhouse gas emissions resulting in climate change, major losses in biodiversity, substantial pressure on natural resources, and increasingly antimicrobial-resistant pests and diseases. To address these challenges, the workforce of the agricultural system must continue improving, collaborating, innovating, and transforming at a global scale. The diversity of agricultural challenges calls for a diverse workforce with science skills as well as cultural competencies. Agricultural educators and practitioners are consistently concerned with strengthening the relationship of youth and agricultural career choice. The field of agricultural education is also working to ensure that youth who choose agriculture have the knowledge, skills, and competencies necessary to address agricultural challenges. However, youth have steadily chosen careers outside of agriculture, leaving thousands of jobs available. Researchers have explored many reasons why youth may not choose agriculture, though few have considered aspects of identity or have explored factors that impact perceptions and thoughts of agriculture in depth. The overall purpose of this research was to explore how aspects of identity, including occupational identity status, inform agricultural career interest and choice; and to understand youth perceptions and thoughts of agriculture within a four-week agricultural education program. The purpose was achieved using research questions and objectives for each individual study. Data were collected using inventories, surveys, group interviews, and blog post assignments to describe participants. Data analysis included thematic analysis and descriptive statistical analysis. Findings show that the participants often had a more negative perception of agriculture prior to the program and expanded their view of agriculture after learning more about the industry. There are many factors that shape perceptions of agriculture, including identity characteristics, learning experiences, and contextual factors. The findings have implications for the field of agricultural education and the entire agricultural industry. At the conclusion of each study within this research, recommendations for agricultural educators, practitioners, and researchers were made. The recommendations include developing and implementing agricultural education programs that serve underrepresented populations in agriculture and conducting research to investigate ill-explored areas that emerged as findings from the research. / Doctor of Philosophy / The world is facing many problems in the agricultural industry. These problems relate to food, land, and climate – amongst others. These problems must be addressed; and to do so, there must be a workforce in the agriculture industry that is skilled and competent. Agricultural educators and practitioners are tasked with preparing the agricultural workforce and have a continuous mission to encourage youth to choose agricultural careers. A problem is that youth are largely not choosing agricultural careers, and many jobs in agriculture go unfilled. Researchers have explored reasons why youth largely choose careers in other industries; the reasons include different factors such as opinions of parents and the exposure to agricultural careers. This research explores additional reasons why youth may not choose a career in agriculture and explores previously known reasons in the context of the 2019 Virginia's Governor's School for Agriculture program. The overall purpose of this research is to explore additional reasons for career choice in agriculture, including aspects of identity. The overall purpose of this research was also to explore youths' perceptions and thoughts of agriculture in-depth. The purpose was achieved by asking a series of research questions and by stating a series of objectives. The research questions and objectives were addressed using data collection methods of group interviews, blog post assignments, inventories, and surveys. The data that was collected was analyzed using thematic analysis and descriptive statistical analysis. The findings from this research show that there are many reasons why youth who were participants of the 2019 Virginia's Governor's School for Agriculture program think about and perceive agriculture. The reasons relate to identity characteristics, learning experiences, and contextual factors. These reasons also influence how youth choose to be involved in agriculture. The findings have implications for the field of agricultural education and the entire agricultural industry. For each article within this research, recommendations for agricultural educators, practitioners, and researchers were made. These include expanding the reach of agricultural education and further exploring findings that emerged from the research.

My work is a socio-historical study of the institution of the gymnasium in Egypt, of its evolution and role in the assertion of certain aspects of ‘Greek identity’ in Ptolemaic and early Roman times. It is divided into four sections. (1) Attention is devoted to the study of the gymnasium itself, as institution, analysing its diffusion, foundation, internal organisation and the role played by associations which were hosted therein. The constitution and the characteristics of the governing body (with special attention to the role of the gymnasiarchs) and the financial matters relevant to the gymnasium allow one to draw conclusions on its legal status and social role: it is shown how the gymnasium of Egypt operated in a completely different way from the traditional one which is normally assumed for the Greek poleis, especially of mainland Greece and above all Athens. A possible model of influence is suggested. (2) Starting from the rules of admission into the gymnasium and from the treatment of the outsiders, the social status and social composition of the members of the gymnasium are object of enquiry, focusing on the links with the army and the public administration. It is argued that the gymnasial community should be considered as a complex reality, formed by different components belonging to various levels of the social strata. (3) Educational, religious and recreational activities carried out in the premises of the gymnasium or strictly connected to it are taken into account to give an idea of the ‘daily life’ of the institution and of the ‘behaviour’ of its people, which was likely to be the result of a feeling of ‘shared identity’. (4) The concluding section draws the attention to the issue of identity of the people of the gymnasium more clearly: relation with the ‘others’ and idea of Greekness the people of the gymnasium had about themselves (influenced by the rulers’ policies), access to gymnasia, onomastics, elite classes, mixed marriages, reception of Egyptian burial methods and cults, advantage of ‘going Greek’. It is argued that, although having in the gymnasium the key-element for the assertion of their identity and status of Hellenes, the ‘Greeks’ of Egypt displayed complex patterns of mixed identities and were thoroughly embedded in the social, cultural, religious, and administrative environment of Egypt.

本研究旨在瞭解生涯發展對學術類及職業類高三青少年自我認同狀態的影響，並根據文獻延伸探討性別、家庭社經地位、學業類型、學業成就、社團涉入程度及打工經驗與青少年整體生涯成熟度的關係。以新北市高三學生為研究對象，採隨機抽樣與自填問卷方式進行資料蒐集，共回收801份有效問卷(學術類：401份；職業類：400份)。接著透過獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森相關係數分析進行統計檢定，再由多元迴歸分析解釋生涯發展之認知、態度與能力三構面對兩類青少年四種認同狀態的影響。本研究之主要發現如下： 一、兩類青少年的發展軌跡不同：學術類高三生的生涯發展情形較佳；職業類高三生的各認同狀態程度較高。 二、生涯發展的認知與能力構面皆明顯有助於兩類青少年的認同發展趨向達成狀態。 三、生涯發展的認知、態度、能力構面皆不影響學術類高三生的認同尋求狀態；但認知構面會影響職業類高三生的認同尋求狀態。 四、生涯發展的態度構面是唯一會影響學術類高三生認同早閉狀態的生涯發展構面；對職業類高三生而言，認知、態度、能力構面皆會影響其認同早閉狀態。 五、生涯發展的認知構面會影響學術類高三生的認同混淆狀態；生涯發展的能力構面會影響職業類高三生的認同混淆狀態。 六、「性別」會影響兩類青少年的認同達成狀態及職業類高三生的認同混淆狀態；「學業成就」會影響兩類青少年的認同混淆狀態；「社團涉入程度」及「打工經驗」會影響職業類高三生的認同混淆狀態。 七、青少年的整體生涯成熟度受「家庭社經地位」、「學業類型」、「學業成就」及「社團涉入程度」的影響；不受「性別」及「打工經驗」的影響。 據此，本研究提出以下建議： 一、青少年工作者可多重視青少年在生涯發展的認知、態度、能力構面的表現，於服務中融入生涯議題的探討，並從生涯發展的認知及能力構面著手，提升其認同達成狀態。 二、協助傾向於認同早閉的青少年反思生涯的重要決定是如何形成的，使其有機會成為自己認同且喜歡的樣子。 三、留意認同發展上的性別差異，以及不佳的學業成就對認同混淆狀態的影響，並為其創造有利參與社團及安全打工的環境。 四、加強學術類高三生的生涯發展認知程度；培養職業類高三生生涯計畫的能力。

This study examined perceptions of adulthood and associations with identity status development among college students in Canada and the United States.