<p>This study has investigated the question of relation between literacy practices in and out of school in rural Tanzania. By using the perspective of linguistic anthropology, literacy practices in five villages in Karagwe district in the northwest of Tanzania have been analysed. The outcome may be used as a basis for educational planning and literacy programs.</p><p>The analysis has revealed an intimate relation between language, literacy and power. In Karagwe, traditional élites have drawn on literacy to construct and reconstruct their authority, while new élites, such as individual women and some young people have been able to use literacy as one tool to get access to power. The study has also revealed a high level of bilingualism and a high emphasis on education in the area, which prove a potential for future education in the area. At the same time discontinuity in language use, mainly caused by stigmatisation of what is perceived as local and traditional, such as the mother-tongue of the majority of the children, and the high status accrued to all that is perceived as Western, has turned out to constitute a great obstacle for pupils’ learning.</p><p>The use of ethnographic perspectives has enabled comparisons between interactional patterns in schools and outside school. This has revealed communicative patterns in school that hinder pupils’ learning, while the same patterns in other discourses reinforce learning. By using ethnography, relations between explicit and implicit language ideologies and their impact in educational contexts may be revealed. This knowledge may then be used to make educational plans and literacy programmes more relevant and efficient, not only in poor post-colonial settings such as Tanzania, but also elsewhere, such as in Western settings.</p>

Learners from many corners of the earth are acquiring English as a Foreign Language (EFL), lending importance to issues of language learning and its effects on global and local identities being forged in the process. As English language users, they are recipients and producers of multiple discourses around the global status of English as a foreign language, from English as linguistic, material, and symbolic capital (Bourdieu, 1991) to language as commodity (Heller, 1999). Such discourses are accompanied by representations of language and culture, or imagined communities (Anderson, 1983, Norton, 2001) that represent language use and cultural representations deemed as legitimate.The purpose of this study is to triangulate three different but intersecting perspectives: that of the researcher, Mexican EFL teachers and Mexican teachers-in-training, on the imagined communities and the underlying ideological discourses of English in a global EFL textbook, as well as those held by these same teachers and teachers-in-training. Critical discourse analysis, classroom observations, in-depth interviews and language learning autobiographies provided the data for a critical assessment of the language and cultural content of the textbook and the ideologies of English.While CDA has been rightly challenged for privileging the researcher's position, this study contributes to a poststructuralist view of the participants as agents of change; they are receptors of discourses that taint their ideologies about language, but they also resist and transform them, through articulated ideas as well as through specific classroom actions that allow them to appropriate the English language, despite the textbook's systematic exclusion of speakers like them, and cultural practices like theirs.This study contributes to the growing field of critical applied linguistics, where learners are viewed as social beings in sites of struggle and with multiple and changing identities (Norton, 2000). In this vein, neutrality can no longer be accepted as a construct in textbooks or in the ELT practice, since the contained practices are subject to ideologies which must be dismantled in order to offer students and teachers more equitable representations of the English language and its speakers.

This ethnographic study of language use and English language learners in Central Java, Indonesia examines globalization processes within and beyond language; processes of language shift and change in language ecologies; and critical and comprehensive approaches to the teaching of English around the world. From my position as teacher-researcher and insider-outsider in an undergraduate English Department and the community surrounding the university, I engaged in reflections with students and educators in examining local language ecologies; needs for and access to English language resources; and how English majors negotiated "double positionalities" as both members of a global community of English speakers and experts in local meaning systems within which English forms played a role. In order to understand English, language ecologies, and globalization in situ, I triangulated these findings with language and education policy creation and negotiation at micro-, meso- and macro- levels, (Blommaert, 2005; Hornberger & Hult, 2010; McCarty, 2011; Pennycook, 2001, 2010).Globalization is found to be part and parcel of the distribution of English around the world; however, English's presence around the world is understood to be just one manifestation of contemporary globalization. More salient are the internationalization of standards, global corporate and media flows of information, and access to educational and information resources. These are all regulated by the state which, while working to maintain an Indonesian identity, relegates local languages to peripheries in space and time, and regulates access to all language resources, creating an upward spiral of peripheralization wherein the levels of proficiency in local, national, and English languages represent access gained to state-provided educational resources.

Secessionist movements have been found historically on both sides of the political spectrum, and sometimes have tried to remain apolitical completely, but because of the rise of partisan politics, secessionism has inevitably become politicized. Variations in Western European secessionism can be noticed, and as such, explanations put forward may be deemed insufficient, or incomplete. In my thesis I tested the hypothesis that secessionism varied on the political spectrum because it has been consolidated against ideological Others (in Scotland against Thatcher’s Conservatives between 1974 and 1990). I tested this methodologically through process tracing and theoretically by looking at the consolidation of the Scottish National Party through reactive nationalism. Specifically I analyzed the nationalist discourse used to justify ideological positioning in the 1970s and 1980s in propaganda materials and archival documents, and if and how this ideological choice was reflected or interpreted in newspapers (for opinions on how this consolidation was perceived by the electorate).

This dissertation is grounded in stories of how Chickasaw people have restructured and dedicated their lives to ensuring the continuance of Chikashshanompa', their Indigenous heritage language. Building on an earlier study of what motivates Chickasaw people-across generations-to engage in language reclamation, these pages explore how: 1) Chickasaw young adult professionals who have established careers with the Chickasaw Nation Department of Language have made language reclamation their life's pursuit; 2) Chickasaw citizens-at-large, who reside outside of the Chickasaw Nation, engage in language reclamation, and 3) the study of Chikashshanompa' in school has impacted Chickasaw high school and university students' conceptualizations of their personal and social identities. Together, the perspectives of these groups of language learners comprise a case study of Chickasaw people's resilient and tireless efforts to ensure that Chikashshanompa' ilanompohóli bí­yyi'ka'chi¹ [we will always speak the Chickasaw language]. As a Chickasaw person and language learner myself, I worked from culturally-grounded research methodology which embraced my cultural identity and personal relationships with other Chickasaws involved in language reclamation. One key feature of this methodology was my reconstruction of in-depth, phenomenological interviews as participant profiles-or stories-as a means to present and analyze data. Individually, these stories tell of the nuanced and diverse experiences of Chickasaw language learners representing distinct generational categories and demographics. Collectively, they reflect three key themes enabling the vitality and efficacy of Chickasaw language reclamation: 1) a raised critical Chickasaw consciousness, 2) the conception of Chikashshanompa' as cultural practice, and 3) the (re)valuing of language learners.

In the first chapter of Crossing the River (1993), Caryl Phillips depicts the dilemma of a fluid identity for the peoples of the African diaspora and their descendants by using ambiguity to simulate feelings of contradiction, liminality and a double consciousness. The first character, Nash Williams, struggles with his cultural identity as an emancipated, black slave and missionary who is repatriated in Africa to convert the pagans of Liberia. A postcolonial reading of Nash’s hybrid position illustrates his experiences of unhomeliness, of religious doubt and realisation in the shortcomings of mimicry. The second character, Amelia Williams is divided by her dual identity as the wife of a slave owning-slave liberator in antebellum America. Via a contrapuntal reading of Amelia as the antagonist of the tale, her hostile manner supports the suggestion that she sought to control the peculiar situation which was threatening her livelihood, depreciating her social status and debasing her imperialist values. Her proslavery standpoint could not, however, be established unequivocally. Nevertheless, both Amelia and Nash are unmistakably troubled by inner conflicts engendered through slavery and polarised ideologies.

The subject of the diploma thesis is the Political ideologies in programs of political parties of Russia. The thesis consists of three parts. The first one concentrates on theory about ideologies predominantly function and principle of ideologies. The second one provides an overview of evolution political parties in modern Russian history and parliament election results. The third one concerned with programs of Russian current political parties and its ideologies. The goal of this thesis is definition of ideological profile of Russian political parties.

A presente pesquisa tenta analisar as idéias e ideologias raciais em perspectiva geográfica. Busca demonstrar que estas idéias são parte de um sistema de ações indissociáveis dos arranjos espaciais. Estes arranjos espaciais são desigualmente usados e acessados por negros e brancos. O uso diferenciado e desigual do espaço geográfico gera por parte do grupo negro a formulação de outras idéias (ações) em reação ao primeiro. / This research tries to analysis how racial ideas and ideologies are geographically produced. The study is also a tentative to demonstrate that ideas are part of a system formed by actions not-dissociated of space. The way in which the geographical space have been used and arranged by blackand white people are convincing evidence of historical inequalities among both population.

Esta pesquisa tem como finalidade estimular uma reflexão sobre a busca incansável efetuada por Mário de Andrade pela descoberta da entidade nacional brasileira e da gênese do território nacional na obra Macunaíma o herói sem nenhum caráter. Escrita nos anos 1920, essa década é reconhecida como momento fundamental do aparecimento de uma concepção moderna de Brasil. No interior dessa concepção destacam-se aquelas ideias acerca da nacionalidade e da identidade brasileiras, trazendo consigo densa análise acerca da espacialidade. Apoiando-se nessa ideia, delineou-se, a partir da organização do espaço no Brasil, uma concepção de entidade e de formação territorial brasileiras em Mário de Andrade sinalizadas em Macunaíma, tido como um dos mais expressivos intelectuais brasileiros do período. Trata-se de um estudo em que a figura do indivíduo expressivo de Lucien Goldmann assim como a do intelectual de Antonio Gramsci constitui-se como roteiro metodológico básico. As transformações no seio da sociedade brasileira e suas manifestações sobre a produção do espaço na elaboração de uma identidade nacional ocupam neste trabalho uma das principais preocupações. / This research aims to stimulate a reflection on the tireless search made by Mário de Andrade for the discovery of the Brazilian national entity and the genesis of the national territory in the work Macunaíma - the hero with no character. Written in the 1920s, this decade is recognized as the fundamental moment of the emergence of a modern conception of Brazil. Within this conception stand out those ideas about Brazilian nationality and identity, bringing with it a dense analysis about spatiality. Based on this idea, a conception of Brazilian territorial entity and formation in Mário de Andrade, signaled in Macunaíma, was considered as one of the most expressive Brazilian intellectuals of the period. It is a study in which the figure of the expressive individual of Lucien Goldmann - as well as that of the intellectual of Antonio Gramsci - constitutes as basic methodological route. The transformations within Brazilian society and its manifestations on the production of space in the elaboration of a national identity occupy in this work one of the main concerns.

Esta pesquisa tem como finalidade estimular uma reflexão sobre a busca incansável efetuada por Mário de Andrade pela descoberta da entidade nacional brasileira e da gênese do território nacional na obra Macunaíma o herói sem nenhum caráter. Escrita nos anos 1920, essa década é reconhecida como momento fundamental do aparecimento de uma concepção moderna de Brasil. No interior dessa concepção destacam-se aquelas ideias acerca da nacionalidade e da identidade brasileiras, trazendo consigo densa análise acerca da espacialidade. Apoiando-se nessa ideia, delineou-se, a partir da organização do espaço no Brasil, uma concepção de entidade e de formação territorial brasileiras em Mário de Andrade sinalizadas em Macunaíma, tido como um dos mais expressivos intelectuais brasileiros do período. Trata-se de um estudo em que a figura do indivíduo expressivo de Lucien Goldmann assim como a do intelectual de Antonio Gramsci constitui-se como roteiro metodológico básico. As transformações no seio da sociedade brasileira e suas manifestações sobre a produção do espaço na elaboração de uma identidade nacional ocupam neste trabalho uma das principais preocupações. / This research aims to stimulate a reflection on the tireless search made by Mário de Andrade for the discovery of the Brazilian national entity and the genesis of the national territory in the work Macunaíma - the hero with no character. Written in the 1920s, this decade is recognized as the fundamental moment of the emergence of a modern conception of Brazil. Within this conception stand out those ideas about Brazilian nationality and identity, bringing with it a dense analysis about spatiality. Based on this idea, a conception of Brazilian territorial entity and formation in Mário de Andrade, signaled in Macunaíma, was considered as one of the most expressive Brazilian intellectuals of the period. It is a study in which the figure of the expressive individual of Lucien Goldmann - as well as that of the intellectual of Antonio Gramsci - constitutes as basic methodological route. The transformations within Brazilian society and its manifestations on the production of space in the elaboration of a national identity occupy in this work one of the main concerns.