The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of school leaders&rsquo / individual differences on educational and general ideologies in primary schools and kindergartens, in Mersin province, Turkey. The study aims to find out whether there are differences in educational and general ideologies in terms of school leaders&rsquo / gender, academic degree, and the number of in-service training that they have participated. Quantitative method and a causal-comparative research design were used in this study. All primary and kindergarten school principals were the target population of the study. Survey method was used and a questionnaire which composes of two sections / demographics and Educational Ideologies Inventory (EII) were applied in this study. The questionnaires were distributed to 456 school leaders and 265 of them responded the survey. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were made by SPSS version 15.0 program. The results of descriptive statistical analysis showed that school leaders have an inclination to liberalism in both educational and general ideologies. 35.2% of the school leaders had educational conservative ideologies (fundamentalism, intellectualism, and conservatism) and 64.8% of them had educational liberal ideologies (liberalism, liberationalism, and anarchism). In addition, 33.6% of the school leaders were general conservative and 66.4% were general liberal. Multivariate Analysis of Variances (MANOVA) was conducted to find out any difference in educational and general ideologies of school leaders in terms of gender academic degree and the number of in-service training that they have participated. The results showed that gender and the number of in-service training that school leaders have participated did not create a difference in school leaders&rsquo / educational and general ideologies. However, the results of this study revealed that academic degree of school leaders lead to a difference in educational ideologies of them. Consequently, the results of this study contribute to fill the gap in the literature concerning educational and general ideologies of school leaders in relation to gender, academic degree and the number of in-serving training that school leaders have participated.

As part of an urban analysis of Tehran, the major question is how and to what extent an urban space (Valiasr Street and its surroundings) manifests urban developments in each epoch in its processes of production. Considering Valiasr Street as the urban backbone of the city, according to its extension and qualities of its surroundings, and by looking at the urban forms regarding this extension, this study will explore the nature of urban transformation under political circumstances and understand each period

This dissertation, based on pilot research in the U.S. and Kenya in 2002 and fieldwork in two secondary schools in Kenya in 2004, has a twofold focus. First, it examines language ideologies of English, Kiswahili, and Kenya's 53 indigenous languages, in particular Gikuyu [Kikuyu], in the context of Kenyan discourses of nationalism, education, and development. Second, it shows how these language ideologies are contributing to the language endangerment of Kenya's indigenous languages.The stable trilingualism enjoyed by the parents of today's young Kenyans is not shared by their children. The research question that drove this dissertation was, Why are trilingual parents raising bilingual children? This dissertation seeks to answer that question by drawing on ethnographic observations, consultant interviews, and newspaper data from Kenya's largest newspapers, the Nation and the Standard. Rapid language shift, occurring in just the past 20 years in Kenya, has put even large languages like Gikuyu into an endangered status. A historically contextualized understanding of the reasons behind the shift is necessary in order for the trend to be reversed.

This dissertation is a sociolinguistic study of the ideologies about language, culture and ethnicity among Japanese immigrants and descendants in Brazil (hereafter, Nikkeis) who gather at a local Japanese cultural association, searching for what it means to be “Japanese” in Brazil. This study focuses on how linguistic behaviors are ideologically understood and associated with cultural activities and ethnic identities. Using the language ideologies framework, it seeks to describe the ways in which Nikkeis negotiate and create social meanings of language in both local and transnational contexts. Nikkeis are an overwhelmingly celebrated minority group in Brazil. In this context, the cultural association serves as a site where symbolic cultural differences are constructed by those Nikkeis who strive to identify themselves as a prestigious minority. This study demonstrates that the Japanese language is one of the important resources in performing the Nikkei identity. At the same time, due to an on-going language shift, Portuguese as a means of communication is becoming increasingly more important for cultural transmission. Thus, the members of the association, which include both Japanese monolinguals and Portuguese monolinguals, are in constant negotiation, trying to strike a balance between symbolic values of Japanese, pragmatic values of Portuguese, as well as their own language competencies. The goal of this project is to answer the following three research questions: 1) What social meanings do Nikkeis assign to Japanese and Portuguese, and how does this perception affect Nikkeis’ identity formation? 2) What are the characteristics of linguistic practices in the association and how do the speakers use available linguistic resources to construct identities? 3) How can this study inform us about the transforming reality of the Japanese Brazilian community in this global age? Contributions of this study include furthering of the sociolinguistic research on language ideologies, linguistic practices and identity construction in an immigrant community. It also contributes to the study of language shift, by underscoring the role of language ideologies in rationalizing language choices. This project is also significant for the study of Japanese diaspora in Latin America, providing the first sociolinguistic investigation of a Japanese cultural association in Brazil. / text

Baigiamajame darbe analizuojamos Lietuvos ir Estijos fiskalinės politikos verslo ciklo atžvilgiu. Tiriama, kaip kito valstybių taikoma fiskalinė politika keičiantis verslo ciklo momentams ir valdančių partijų ideologijoms. Darbo tikslas: suformuoti metodiką fiskalinės politikos vertinimui verlso ciklų atžvilgiu. Pirmiausia, ištirta mokslinė fiskalinės politikos, ekonomikos augimo modelių ir valdančių partijų ideologijų teorija. Ja remiantis suformuotas modelis, paremtas Cobb-Duglas ekonomikos augimo veiksniais: darbu ir kapitalu. Sukurtu modeliu tiriama bendrojo vidaus produkto pokyčio priklausomybė nuo dirbančiųjų skaičiaus, bendrojo kapitalo formavimo ir asignavimų pasikeitimo. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad modelis neparodo fiskalinės politikos ir verslo ciklų ryšio. Valstybės asignavimai gauti kaip statistiškai nereikšmingi bendro vidaus produkto pasikeitimui. Bendram fiskalinės politikos įvertinimui naudotas lyginamosios dinamikos metodas, kuriuo remiantis Lietuva ir Estija vykdo prociklines fiskalines politikas, nepriklausomai nuo valdančių partijų ideologijų. / In the thesis it is analysed fiscal policy of Lithuania and Estonia regarding to business cycle. There is made research how governments’ fiscal policy was changing by business cycle moments and main political parties’ ideologies. Thesis objective: create the methodic for fiscal policy evaluation regarding to business cycles. First of all, in the thesis was made fiscal policy, business cycles, and political parties ideologies theoretical analysis. After theoretical analysis was formed model, by Cobb-Douglas production function major factors: capital and work force. Model was used to find dependence between gross domestic product changes and gross capital forming, employees, government expenditure changes. Research showed that model doesn’t reveal connection between fiscal policy and business cycles. Government expenditure was detected like statistically insignificant for gross domestic product changes. Comparative model was used for general fiscal policy assessment, which showed that in Lithuania and Estonia it is used procyclical fiscal policy independently from political parties’ ideologies.

<p>English is the most widely spoken language in the world and for this reason it would be of advantage for everyone to learn it. This thesis reports on the language ideologies and attitudes of Francophone learners towards English in the Central Province of Cameroon, a central African country. It offers a critical examination of the different attitudes and motivations of Francophone learners towards English as a third language at secondary schools in the city of Yaound&eacute / . It also presents the most important factors that appear to play a role in shaping their attitudes towards English, a language that many of the respondents appear to find hard to learn. Central to these factors are the prevailing language ideologies in Cameroon.</p>

In Toronto and Montreal, Brazilian popular music performances constitute a context for intercultural encounter. Performances offer Brazilians the opportunity to present their culture of origin while emphasising their identification with it. The issue of representation is quite complex, however, due to the involvement of a majority of non-Brazilian musicians, audience members, artistic directors, producers, promoters, and journalists. This dissertation focuses on music reception and cultural representation and how these may influence each other after music has been decontextualised and recontextualised. I look closely at local non-Brazilian audiences possessing different degrees of familiarity with Brazilian music, and I demonstrate how cultural stereotypes influence their conceptions and expectations of Brazilian music, culture, and people. I argue that a desire for cultural difference and the exotic, encouraged by discourses of cultural diversity, influences the reception of performances. I suggest that, through the privileged gaze of non-Brazilian attendees, performances may be adjusted to correspond to audience fantasies of Brazil. Some non-Brazilians would like to become knowledgeable of, and even intimate with Brazilian culture, which would satisfy their desire to be cosmopolitan. However, pleasure frequently matters more to them than a nuanced understanding of Brazilian culture; this explains, I contend, why some Torontonians and Montrealers have become comfortable with essentialist and stereotypical representations. I examine how some non-Brazilian musicians, promoters, and band agents reinforce mythologies of Brazil to meet audience demands and sometimes to satisfy their own fantasies. I analyse the reproduction of similarly problematic discourses on Brazil in the presentations of Brazilian artists as both a form of autoexoticism and a particular type of tactical or strategic essentialism. Rather than to represent and understand Brazilian culture, I argue that, through local music performances, Brazilians and non-Brazilians in Toronto and Montreal interpret Brazilianness.

In Toronto and Montreal, Brazilian popular music performances constitute a context for intercultural encounter. Performances offer Brazilians the opportunity to present their culture of origin while emphasising their identification with it. The issue of representation is quite complex, however, due to the involvement of a majority of non-Brazilian musicians, audience members, artistic directors, producers, promoters, and journalists. This dissertation focuses on music reception and cultural representation and how these may influence each other after music has been decontextualised and recontextualised. I look closely at local non-Brazilian audiences possessing different degrees of familiarity with Brazilian music, and I demonstrate how cultural stereotypes influence their conceptions and expectations of Brazilian music, culture, and people. I argue that a desire for cultural difference and the exotic, encouraged by discourses of cultural diversity, influences the reception of performances. I suggest that, through the privileged gaze of non-Brazilian attendees, performances may be adjusted to correspond to audience fantasies of Brazil. Some non-Brazilians would like to become knowledgeable of, and even intimate with Brazilian culture, which would satisfy their desire to be cosmopolitan. However, pleasure frequently matters more to them than a nuanced understanding of Brazilian culture; this explains, I contend, why some Torontonians and Montrealers have become comfortable with essentialist and stereotypical representations. I examine how some non-Brazilian musicians, promoters, and band agents reinforce mythologies of Brazil to meet audience demands and sometimes to satisfy their own fantasies. I analyse the reproduction of similarly problematic discourses on Brazil in the presentations of Brazilian artists as both a form of autoexoticism and a particular type of tactical or strategic essentialism. Rather than to represent and understand Brazilian culture, I argue that, through local music performances, Brazilians and non-Brazilians in Toronto and Montreal interpret Brazilianness.

Abstract Beliefs about which behaviors and responsibilities should typical be assumed by women and men are central in shaping gender relations and gender equality in society. The belief that women should be responsible for domestic work, while men should provide economically for the family gives rise to an uneven opportunity structure, situating women in a disadvantaged position compared to men. In order to achieve gender equality traditional gender role attitudes need to liberalize. This thesis examines who supports non-traditional gender roles in Sweden. Data representative of the Swedish population between the ages of 18-79 were used to explore the relationship between social context and individual self-interest and gender role attitudes. The results showed that women are more likely to be positive towards non-traditional gender roles if they are situated in highly educated social contexts. Conversely, men were found to be more likely to be positive if situated in gender equal contexts. This indicates that men’s beliefs regarding what is appropriate for women might be countered by women in gender equal contexts, while women may find confirmation regarding their non-traditional gender role attitude in other equally liberal women.

Historically, American Sign Language (an aspect of Deaf culture) has been rendered invisible in mainstream hearing society. Today, ASL’s popularity is evidenced in an ethnolinguistic renaissance; more second language learners pursue an interest in ASL than ever before. Nonetheless, Deaf and hearing people alike express concern about ASL’s place in hearing culture. This qualitative study engages ethnographic methods of participant observation and semi-structured interviewing as well as popular media analysis to understand language ideologies (ideas and objectives concerning roles of language in society) hearing and Deaf Signers hold about motivations and practices of other hearing Signers. Although most hearing ASLers identify as apolitical students genuinely seeking to build bridges between disparate communities, I argue that ASLers are most concerned with hearing Signers’ colonization of the language through commoditization and cultural appropriation.