In Toronto and Montreal, Brazilian popular music performances constitute a context for intercultural encounter. Performances offer Brazilians the opportunity to present their culture of origin while emphasising their identification with it. The issue of representation is quite complex, however, due to the involvement of a majority of non-Brazilian musicians, audience members, artistic directors, producers, promoters, and journalists. This dissertation focuses on music reception and cultural representation and how these may influence each other after music has been decontextualised and recontextualised. I look closely at local non-Brazilian audiences possessing different degrees of familiarity with Brazilian music, and I demonstrate how cultural stereotypes influence their conceptions and expectations of Brazilian music, culture, and people. I argue that a desire for cultural difference and the exotic, encouraged by discourses of cultural diversity, influences the reception of performances. I suggest that, through the privileged gaze of non-Brazilian attendees, performances may be adjusted to correspond to audience fantasies of Brazil. Some non-Brazilians would like to become knowledgeable of, and even intimate with Brazilian culture, which would satisfy their desire to be cosmopolitan. However, pleasure frequently matters more to them than a nuanced understanding of Brazilian culture; this explains, I contend, why some Torontonians and Montrealers have become comfortable with essentialist and stereotypical representations. I examine how some non-Brazilian musicians, promoters, and band agents reinforce mythologies of Brazil to meet audience demands and sometimes to satisfy their own fantasies. I analyse the reproduction of similarly problematic discourses on Brazil in the presentations of Brazilian artists as both a form of autoexoticism and a particular type of tactical or strategic essentialism. Rather than to represent and understand Brazilian culture, I argue that, through local music performances, Brazilians and non-Brazilians in Toronto and Montreal interpret Brazilianness.

In Toronto and Montreal, Brazilian popular music performances constitute a context for intercultural encounter. Performances offer Brazilians the opportunity to present their culture of origin while emphasising their identification with it. The issue of representation is quite complex, however, due to the involvement of a majority of non-Brazilian musicians, audience members, artistic directors, producers, promoters, and journalists. This dissertation focuses on music reception and cultural representation and how these may influence each other after music has been decontextualised and recontextualised. I look closely at local non-Brazilian audiences possessing different degrees of familiarity with Brazilian music, and I demonstrate how cultural stereotypes influence their conceptions and expectations of Brazilian music, culture, and people. I argue that a desire for cultural difference and the exotic, encouraged by discourses of cultural diversity, influences the reception of performances. I suggest that, through the privileged gaze of non-Brazilian attendees, performances may be adjusted to correspond to audience fantasies of Brazil. Some non-Brazilians would like to become knowledgeable of, and even intimate with Brazilian culture, which would satisfy their desire to be cosmopolitan. However, pleasure frequently matters more to them than a nuanced understanding of Brazilian culture; this explains, I contend, why some Torontonians and Montrealers have become comfortable with essentialist and stereotypical representations. I examine how some non-Brazilian musicians, promoters, and band agents reinforce mythologies of Brazil to meet audience demands and sometimes to satisfy their own fantasies. I analyse the reproduction of similarly problematic discourses on Brazil in the presentations of Brazilian artists as both a form of autoexoticism and a particular type of tactical or strategic essentialism. Rather than to represent and understand Brazilian culture, I argue that, through local music performances, Brazilians and non-Brazilians in Toronto and Montreal interpret Brazilianness.

Around 1900, Vienna became the city with the greatest number of Czech-language speakers. Members of the Czech minority founded important community institutions and engaged in a wide range of cultural activities - music among them. The most important markers characterizing the contemporary Czech minority in Vienna are (1) several variously motivated and differently politically determined waves of voluntary, but also involuntary, migration, (2) presence of descendants of those Czechs who stayed on the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, and (3) coexistence of several generations and groups of people with different political orientation and attitudes towards integration into Austrian society. At present, the Czech Viennese minority is a heterogeneous community with different "culture cohorts". Using fieldwork, thus the participant observation of musical events together with the semi- structured interviews and combining the theoretical perspectives of ethnomusicology and diaspora studies, this dissertation deals with the three interrelated questions: How do the musical creativity and participation at musical events reflect the heterogeneity of the contemporary Czech Viennese minority? How does the migrant situation determine the creativity, respectively the participation at musical events? And how...

Around 1900, Vienna became the city with the greatest number of Czech-language speakers. Members of the Czech minority founded important community institutions and engaged in a wide range of cultural activities - music among them. The most important markers characterizing the contemporary Czech minority in Vienna are (1) several variously motivated and differently politically determined waves of voluntary, but also involuntary, migration, (2) presence of descendants of those Czechs who stayed on the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, and (3) coexistence of several generations and groups of people with different political orientation and attitudes towards integration into Austrian society. At present, the Czech Viennese minority is a heterogeneous community with different "culture cohorts". Using fieldwork, thus the participant observation of musical events together with the semi- structured interviews and combining the theoretical perspectives of ethnomusicology and diaspora studies, this dissertation deals with the three interrelated questions: How do the musical creativity and participation at musical events reflect the heterogeneity of the contemporary Czech Viennese minority? How does the migrant situation determine the creativity, respectively the participation at musical events? And how...

This study explores the engagement with music among second-generation migrants in Sweden in connection to their cultural identity and sense of belonging. First, a theoretical frame is developed that illustrates how music practices can contribute to the creation of ‘sense of place’ and ‘sense of belonging’ and how they are linked to ‘collective memory’ and ‘cultural identity’. Consequently, it is also explained how all this can be understood from a ‘generational perspective’. A qualitative approach has been chosen for this study and semi-structured interviews with 9 emerging adults living in Sweden, were conducted. The main results show that there is a high engagement with music among second-generation migrants in Sweden, many of them possessing a broad repertoire of favorite songs and genres. Mainly, it is through listening to the music coming from the home countries of their parents that they can express and navigate their cultural identities. Such kind of music carries meanings and mediates collective experiences and memories which can be passed on from one generation to the next one. These practices are important for second-generation migrants in terms of their sense of belonging to certain groups with which they can identify and feel connected to. In this sense, such kind of music helps them make sense of themselves in the world and in connection to others.

Rassismus ist eine historisch gewachsene Realität in Deutschland. Doch was bedeutet sie und wie stellt sie sich im Feld der Musikpädagogik, speziell in Schulbüchern dar? Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht eine kombiniert quantitative und qualitative empirische Untersuchung der visuellen Repräsentationen von Schwarz positionierten Menschen in ca. vierzig Musik-Schulbüchern, die im Bundesland Sachsen zugelassen sind. Die theoretische Grundlage der Analyse bildeten die rassimuskritischen Konzepte von Paul Mecheril und Stuart Hall (u.a.). Es konnte herausgearbeitet werden, wie ungleiche Machtverhältnisse auch in Musik Schulbüchern wirken, indem potenziell rassistische, stereotypisierende Mythen (re)produziert werden: Schwarz positionierte Menschen werden nicht in Klassenszenen gezeigt und damit nicht als Subjekte, sondern als Objekte des Unterrichts gedacht. In Bezug auf „Musikgeschichten“ werden sie häufig auf die Geschichte der Versklavung und des Kolonialismus aus westlicher Perspektive beschränkt. Die qualitative Untersuchung zeigt darüber hinaus, dass vor allem die Kompositionen der Bilder stereotypisierend sind. Ferner zeigt sich, dass durch das Fehlen der Thematisierung von ungleichen Machtverhältnissen diese unhinterfragt weiterbestehen können. So wird die Notwendigkeit deutlich, dass nicht nur die natioethno-kulturellen Entitäten, ihre Geschichte, Funktion,Praxen etc., sondern auch der Blick auf dieselben thematisiert werden sollten. / Racism is a timeworn reality in Germany. But how does it manifest itself in the field of music education, i.e. in schoolbooks? The focus of the work is a quantitative and qualitative empirical investigation of the visual representations of black people in about forty music textbooks, approved in the federal state of Saxony (Germany). The theoretical basis of the analysis are concepts of Paul Mecheril and Stuart Hall (amongst others). 'Africa Bling Bling Hakuna Matata' shows how unequal power relations are (re) produced in music textbooks by referring to potentially racist and stereotyping myths: Black people are not shown in class scenes and are therefore not thought of as subjects of but as objects for educational purposes. In terms of 'music histories' black people are mostly shown in the context of enslavement and colonialism from a Western perspective. In addition, the qualitative analysis shows that above all the compositions of the pictures are stereotypical. One can conclude that the lack of a critical acknowledgement of unequal power relations can lead to the persistence of racist stereotypes. It is therefore necessary not only to discuss the depicted natioethno-cultural entities, their histories, functions, practices etc. in the context of music education, but also to focus the gaze towards them.

Die Praxis der interkulturellen Musikpädagogik verfolgt Ziele und Absichten auf einer sachbezogenen, einer musikpraktischen., einer reflektierenden und einer kompetenzorientierten Ebene. Die Theorie der interkulturellen Musikpädagogik hinterfragt dazu die relevanten Begriffe und Bedeutungszuweisungen, die mit diesen Zielen verbunden sind und versucht ihre Verwendungsweisen zu klären. Vor allem in der Auseinandersetzung mit einem bedeutungsorientierten Kulturbegriff, den die Autorin bereits in früheren Publikationen als Grundlage für die Inszenierung interkultureller Bildungsprozesse vorgeschlagen hat, wird deutlich, dass kulturelle Zugehörigkeitsgefühle konstruiert sind, dass vor allem in multikulturellen Gesellschaften kulturelle Zuordnungen sowie Abgrenzungen nicht als Folge von Enkulturationsprozessen (also dem Hineinwachsen in eine bestimmte Kultur), sondern im Kontext flexibler Identitätsbildungen zu erklären sind. Auch in den drei auf der Tagung besprochenen Schulstunden finden kulturelle Konstruktionsprozesse und interkulturelle Begegnungen statt, ohne dass sie expliziter Unterrichtsinhalt wären. Die Analyse ausgewählter Unterrichtssequenzen zeigt, wie in diesen didaktisch nicht gestalteten interkulturellen Situationen ungelöste Fragen und Probleme auftreten. Um dies zu vermeiden werden Handlungsalternativen vorgeschlagen, wie durch mehr Aufmerksamkeit und geringfügig veränderten unterrichtlichen Inszenierungen kulturelle Fremdzuschreibungen im Sinne von Ethnisierungen und Stigmatisierungen verhindert und ein differenzierterer Blick auf Inhalte erreicht werden kann. / The praxis of intercultural music education/pedagogy has an agenda and objectives on an issue-related, a reflective and a competence-oriented level as well as on the level of music practice. The theory of intercultural music education/pedagogy questions the relevant terms and allocation of meaning which are associated with these objectives and tries to clarify the manner of applying them. Especially in the examination of a meaning-oriented culture concept, which has already been proposed by the author in previous publications as the basis of an orchestration/organization of intercultural educational processes, it becomes clear that cultural sense of membership is constructed. Cultural attribution as well as demarcation in multicultural societies are to be explained not as a result of enculturation processes (that is the growing into a particular culture), but rather in the context of flexible identity formation. Also in the three lessons discussed at the symposium, cultural construction processes and intercultural encounters take place without being explicitly part of tuition. The analysis of selected class sequences shows how unsolved questions and problems arise in these didactically non-arranged situations. In order to avoid this, action alternatives are suggested; it is proposed how cultural ascription in the sense of ethnicization and stigmatization can be avoided and how a more differentiated view on contents can be achieved by the means of more attention and marginally modified tuition organization.

Quelle place la musique indépendante brésilienne, notamment celle liée à la chanson d'auteur, occupe-t-elle dans le marché des musiques du monde ? Quels sont les liens que la nouvelle génération de compositeurs et de musiciens Brésiliens entretient avec ce marché ? Ces questions forment le socle des questionnements qui nourrissent ce travail de recherche. Comprendre la place de la musique d'auteur et la circulation de cette pratique est fondamental dans ce contexte. Pour cela, je fais des Rencontres de Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais) au Brésil le point de départ de ce travail. J’enquête sur ces compositeurs et ces musiciens qui se réunissent, depuis 2006, dans le but de créer un espace de création et de diffusion de leurs pratiques musicales. Dans quelle mesure les choix stylistiques viennent-ils questionner les représentations caricaturales que nous avons d’une « musique brésilienne » ? Et de quelle façon sont-ils devenus un facteur de cohésion de ce groupe tout entier orienté vers un renouvellement du message poétique, social, stylistique de cette chanson ? D’une façon assez paradoxale, c’est à partir d'un puissant ancrage local que le groupe se veut porteur d’innovation à travers une démarche en réflexivité qui porte sur les grands thèmes de la tradition, du lien entre les innovations musicales et la mémoire esthétique des populations locales, de la façon d’insérer de nouvelles pratiques dans un contexte professionnel qui ne fait guère de place aux courants porteurs d’innovation. C’est à ce stade que le mouvement des jeunes créateurs devient politique, en ce sens qu’il entend prendre toute sa place dans la vie de la cité. Puis j’opère un déplacement. Quelle place cette musique indépendante occupe-t-elle hors du Brésil, et notamment à Paris ? Pour cela, j'essaie de comprendre comment ces compositeurs et musiciens brésiliens organisent leurs pratiques dans un espace autre que celui d'origine. Je m’intéresse aux raisons qui amènent ces artistes à se déplacer, à la façon dont ils élaborent leurs pratiques afin de prendre place dans ce nouvel environnement culturel porté par une langue qui n’est pas la leur. La musique devient un puissant levier d’intégration ; en même temps, ces musiciens innovants se heurtent aux attentes d’un public parisien qui nourrit de fortes attentes à l’égard de la « musique brésilienne ». Comment faire face à ces a priori ? C’est cette double dimension de la musique comme espace de création et la musique comme moyen de questionner les préjugés que ce travail met en œuvre. / How is Brazilian music situated in the World Music market? How do the new generation of Brazilian musicians and composers, particularly singer songwriters, relate to this market? These questions form the core of my research. In this context, it is vital to understand the position of this music, and how it is disseminated. I started my analysis with the Encontro de Compositores (composers meetings) in Juiz de Fora, Brazil. I studied these composers and musicians, who have been gathering since 2006 to form a space for the creation and dissemination of their musical practices. In what ways do these practices and their stylistic choices challenge current stereotypes of “Brazilian music”? And how do they create cohesion in a group striving towards a renewal of the poetic, social and stylistic messages of this music. Despite this process of innovation, Juiz de Fora is strongly rooted in local history. The discussions taking place at these meetings influence the way these musicians view their musical practice and professional context, and thus allow the development of a new political consciousness. Here I will introduce another angle to my discussions. What place does this independent music occupy outside Brazil, particularly in Paris? In this regard, I examine how Brazilian composers and musicians organise their practices in a space which is foreign to their place of origin. I examine the reasons for which these artists move, and how they adapt their practices to this new cultural environment and language. Music becomes a strong means of integration. However, these innovative musicians come into conflict with a Parisian public which may have deeply-ingrained, stereotypical expectations about “Brazilian music”. How to manage this situation a priori? This dual purpose of music, as both a creative space and a means to question prejudice, is at the centre of this project. / Que lugar a música independente brasileira, especialmente aquela produzida por cantores-compositores ou cantautores, ocupa no mercado da World Music? Quais relações a nova geração de compositores e músicos brasileiros estabelece com esse mercado? Estas questões representam a base dos questionamentos deste trabalho de pesquisa que visa a compreender as dinâmicas de produção que envolvem o universo da música independente e como se dá sua circulação. O Encontro de Compositores de Juiz de Fora (MG), que desde 2006 reúne músicos e compositores na tentativa de conceber um espaço de criação e difusão da música independente local, representa o ponto de partida deste trabalho. Entender como estas cancões interferem na imagem difundida do que se concebe como sendo a « música brasileira » e como a dinâmica essencialmente coletiva da produção musical independente influi no contexto de produção e circulação musical estão na base de nossas reflexões. Nesse sentido, entender os laços que os membros do Encontro de Compositores mantém com o passado e com a historia musical local ainda que em um cenário de inovação se faz fundamental. Organizados em grupo, estes artistas buscam, a partir de uma nova consciência política, melhores condições de trabalho, além de procurar difundir suas obras em um mercado que se encontra ainda resistente a esse tipo de produção. A analise desse realidade me faz refletir sobre novas questões, referentes a outro contexto : que lugar a música independente brasileira ocupa fora do país, em uma capital europeia como Paris por exemplo ? Na tentativa de compreender esta questão, me proponho a verificar como compositores e músicos brasileiros organizam suas praticas em uma realidade diferente daquela vivida em seu país de origem. Interesso-me, particularmente, pelas razões que motivam esses artistas a mudar de país e à forma como difundem suas praticas em um novo ambiente, cultural e linguisticamente diferente. A música pode, neste sentido, representar um instrumento de integração e ao mesmo tempo, um elemento de reflexão em face de um mercado imbuído de clichês. Esta dupla dimensão da música como lugar de criação e a relação entre novidade e expectativas acompanham minhas reflexões ao longo deste projeto.

Die Praxis der interkulturellen Musikpädagogik verfolgt Ziele und Absichten auf einer sachbezogenen, einer musikpraktischen., einer reflektierenden und einer kompetenzorientierten Ebene. Die Theorie der interkulturellen Musikpädagogik hinterfragt dazu die relevanten Begriffe und Bedeutungszuweisungen, die mit diesen Zielen verbunden sind und versucht ihre Verwendungsweisen zu klären. Vor allem in der Auseinandersetzung mit einem bedeutungsorientierten Kulturbegriff, den die Autorin bereits in früheren Publikationen als Grundlage für die Inszenierung interkultureller Bildungsprozesse vorgeschlagen hat, wird deutlich, dass kulturelle Zugehörigkeitsgefühle konstruiert sind, dass vor allem in multikulturellen Gesellschaften kulturelle Zuordnungen sowie Abgrenzungen nicht als Folge von Enkulturationsprozessen (also dem Hineinwachsen in eine bestimmte Kultur), sondern im Kontext flexibler Identitätsbildungen zu erklären sind. Auch in den drei auf der Tagung besprochenen Schulstunden finden kulturelle Konstruktionsprozesse und interkulturelle Begegnungen statt, ohne dass sie expliziter Unterrichtsinhalt wären. Die Analyse ausgewählter Unterrichtssequenzen zeigt, wie in diesen didaktisch nicht gestalteten interkulturellen Situationen ungelöste Fragen und Probleme auftreten. Um dies zu vermeiden werden Handlungsalternativen vorgeschlagen, wie durch mehr Aufmerksamkeit und geringfügig veränderten unterrichtlichen Inszenierungen kulturelle Fremdzuschreibungen im Sinne von Ethnisierungen und Stigmatisierungen verhindert und ein differenzierterer Blick auf Inhalte erreicht werden kann. / The praxis of intercultural music education/pedagogy has an agenda and objectives on an issue-related, a reflective and a competence-oriented level as well as on the level of music practice. The theory of intercultural music education/pedagogy questions the relevant terms and allocation of meaning which are associated with these objectives and tries to clarify the manner of applying them. Especially in the examination of a meaning-oriented culture concept, which has already been proposed by the author in previous publications as the basis of an orchestration/organization of intercultural educational processes, it becomes clear that cultural sense of membership is constructed. Cultural attribution as well as demarcation in multicultural societies are to be explained not as a result of enculturation processes (that is the growing into a particular culture), but rather in the context of flexible identity formation. Also in the three lessons discussed at the symposium, cultural construction processes and intercultural encounters take place without being explicitly part of tuition. The analysis of selected class sequences shows how unsolved questions and problems arise in these didactically non-arranged situations. In order to avoid this, action alternatives are suggested; it is proposed how cultural ascription in the sense of ethnicization and stigmatization can be avoided and how a more differentiated view on contents can be achieved by the means of more attention and marginally modified tuition organization.