The experiment successfully established the mathematical correlations between the logarithm of retention time of illegal drugs with GC system and the solute descriptor L from the Abraham model. the experiment used the method of Gas Chromatography to analyze the samples of illegal drugs and obtain the retention time of each one. Using the Abraham model to calculate and analyze the sorption coefficient of illegal drugs is an effective way to estimate the drugs. Comparison of the experimental data and calculated data shows that the Abraham linear free energy relationship (LFER) model predicts retention behavior reasonably well for most compounds. It can calculate the solute descriptors of illegal drugs from the retention time of GC system. However, the illegal drugs chosen for this experiment were not all ideal for GC analysis. HPLC is the optimal instrument and will be used for future work. HPLC analysis of the illegal drug compounds will allow for the determination of all the solute descriptors allowing one to predict the illegal drugs behavior in various Abraham biological and medical equations. the results can be applied to predict the properties in biological and medical research which the data is difficult to measure. the Abraham model will predict more accurate results by increasing the samples with effective functional groups.

AbstractThis study provides a comprehensive literature review of the recent peer-review and journal articles pertaining to illegal drug use in South Africa. Potential articles pertaining to South African illicit drug use published between 1994 and April 2019 were identified through an exhaustive literature pursuit. Forty-two articles, which were thematically analyzed, identifying socio-cultural and socio-demographic factors associated with illegal drug use. The results show that adolescents, youths and being of black African race were the most population groups abusing illicit drugs in South Africa, women were the least population group disturbed by illegal drug use and that this behaviour declined with education among female learners. The review uncovered important factors associated with illegal drug use. These include the easy availability of drugs, weak parental control, violence and poverty and unemployment. In addition, there have not been many studies in other races and social classes. Furthermore, most of the studies reviewed were done in major cities like Cape Town and Johannesburg, which makes this research challenging to be generalized. This study recognized gaps in the literature reviewed and alluded to possibilities for future practical research. This study proposes the delivery of ‘evidence-based strategies’ which focuses more on the distribution of evidence-based approaches and policies that are designed to meet the clear needs of communities. In addition, South Africa should implement longitudinal research about drug user life histories. Keywords: Criminology, Illegal drug use, Literature review, Socio-demographic, Socio-cultural, South Africa.

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This thesis investigates the behavioural and interactive elements of heroin importation behaviour. Almost all heroin consumed in Australia is imported. Thus the people who conduct the importing and their behavioural characteristics are an important point of focus. The thesis argues too little is known of illegal drug importation and higher level drug deal offending beyond stereotypes and that the lack of publicly available, independent research means there is ill-informed public and political debate and a very narrow evidence-base on which policy and strategy can be based. Review of available literature led to identification of a number of gaps in knowledge about heroin imporation offending and these provided a framework for the focus of investigations. The thesis uses data triangulation to increase the validity of the findings. The findings are based on agency data and semi-structured interviews with informants in Australia, Thailand and Hong Kong. The characteristics of offenders detected importing heavy weights of heroin are contrasted with those importing lighter weights. A number of understandings arise from the findings including some that are supported by other research. As well there are a number of new findings which challenge current concepts and stereotypes and have implications for policy and strategy aimed at supply reduction. (For complete abstract open the document)

The work points to the possible causes of drug addiction, and how from drug addiction can be cured. What are the centers for drug addicts and what offering.Practical part is formed by using case studies with individuals who are addicted to marijuana and methamphetamine.

Based on six-years ethnographic research, this thesis provides an in-depth account of a contemporary British drug market. The study follows a group of twenty-five friends, termed The Lads, during their transition from late-adolescence (16-22) through to early adulthood (22-28). This was a critical stage in their life course; it was a time when many had begun advancing into the world of work and business entrepreneurship, in search of their chosen career. Yet it was during this time that two key developments occurred: bulk volumes of illicit drugs became available to The Lads through credit and the UK experienced several years of economic recession and stagnation. The economic constraints The Lads encountered during this time prompted many to become involved in the trafficking of illegal drugs. Though their entry into the markets was not necessarily motivated out of absolute need or poverty, the experience of low-paying salaries, the loss of work and income, and the inability to secure legitimate investment capital, all made drug dealing an alluring source of untaxed revenue, available as and when needed. This study assesses the practices of this cohort of closed-market drug dealers, who capitalised on their expansive social networks as a means of trafficking a variety of illegal substances at the time of these two developments. During the course of the research their involvement came to span several stages of the supply chain, including: mid-level wholesale brokerage, import/export, wholesale, and retail (i.e. to the end-users). The study addresses various structural elements of their trade, including drug purchasing and selling, the assessment and mitigation of risks in relation to law enforcement, and the use of informal credit (i.e. ‘fronting’) as one of the principle facilitating factors of The Lads’ various trade networks. A variety of data collection methods were employed over many years to garner a depth of understanding and appreciation difficult to achieve in the study of active offenders. The data comprises of life narratives, observations, interview data and economic data. The findings offer some new insight into: the kinds of people who deal drugs; what characteristics they share; how they function as traders; what motivates them to either enter or exit the trade, and what social structures influence their offending careers?These young men were not the archetypal drug dealer: they were neither predatory nor territorial. They were ambitious and hard working. Drug dealing was simply a shortcut to the lifestyle they aspired to; it was a source of capital; a means of funding their studies; a ‘means to an end’. To these young men, drug dealing was just another form of work: a bad job that paid a good salary.

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Introduction: Prostitution is a phenomenon naturally related to different type of risky behavior such as drug use. There is an easier access to psychoactive substances in the sex business environment where becoming drug addict can be more accelerated. Psychoactive substances can be used as a way of breaking moral boundaries while working in sex business. The experts believe that drug use contributes to relaxation and reduces both mental and physical barriers when providing sexual services. Goals: The goal of this dissertation is to look into the issue of prostitution in the Czech Republic in the years 2010 to 2014 to map out the illegal drug use and presence of sexually transmitted diseases within the sex business. Methods: The practical part of this dissertation was based on secondary analysis of data obtained by long term research by the organization Rozkoš bez rizika (Pleasure without Risk) in sex business. The data analysis was taken between the years 2010 and 2014. Results: Sexual services are mostly provided in night clubs by girls and women in the age of 21-30, women of the Czech nationality, single women. The highest level of education is mostly practical school without graduation. The concentration of sex workers in capital Prague and in the border area with Germany and Austria was...

The National Counternarcotics Strategy 2007,2011 proposed unsuccessfully to reduce the area illegally cultivated of coca leaf in Peru Although the mechanisms of crops control put in place for this purpose met its goals, they brought little to the overall objective This article points out that one of the constraints in this process has been the sub optimization of the public problem underlying the cultivation of coca leaf, so that the mechanisms of crop control fail to meet integrally and homogeneous the interests of farmers who grow coca illegally / La Estrategia Nacional de Lucha contra las Drogas 2007-2011 propuso, infructuosamente, reducir la superficie ilícitamente cultivada de hoja de coca Si bien los mecanismos de control de cultivos implementados para ese efecto cumplieron sus metas, aportaron poco al objetivo general El presente artículo señala que una de las limitaciones en ese proceso ha sido la suboptimización del problema público que subyace al cultivo de hoja de coca, de tal manera que los mecanismos de control de cultivos no llegan a atender de manera integral y homogénea losintereses de los agricultores que cultivan hoja de coca ilícitamente / A Estratégia Nacional da Luta Contra as Drogas 2007,2011, propôs infrutuosamente reduzira superfície ilegal da folha de coca no Peru Ainda que os mecanismos para o control dos cultivosalcançaram o seus objetivos, nao ajudaram ao logro do objetivo geral O presente artigoassinala que uma das limitações na formulaçao dessa politica foi a sub-otimização do problemapublico, dado que os mecanismos do control dos cultivos não chegaram a atender os interessesdos agricultores o que cultivam folha de coca ilicitamente