Os cimentos de ionômero de vidro são biomateriais constituídos de polímeros ácidos, vidro básico (ionizável) e água, sendo usados amplamente no campo odontológico, como materiais restauradores ou ainda como cimentadores de bandas ortodônticas. Estes compostos podem ser suscetíveis a formação de biofilmes por espécies de Candida na sua superfície em função da rugosidade associada a colonização fúngica do meio bucal. Pesquisas na área de desenvolvimento de biomateriais funcionais tem buscado desenvolver compostos de alta eficácia e baixa toxicidade que sejam capazes de inibir a formação de biofilmes sobre superfícies biológicas. Considerando a busca por novos biomateriais, foi desenvolvido um estudo ex vivo com o objetivo de modificar a estrutura de um cimento de ionômero de vidro comercialmente disponível (Ketac® Cem Easymix 3M) através da inserção do sal imidazólico cloreto de 1-nhexadecil- 3-metilimidazol comparado ao cloreto de cetilpiridínio para compor um novo composto com atividade antibiofilme. O sal imidazólico e o cloreto de cetilpiridínio foram acrescentados diretamente ao pó do ionômero de vidro na proporção de 10 ppm p/p. A partir desta adição inicial, foi realizada a reação de polimerização do ionômero, obtendo corpos de prova (CP) medindo 5 mm Ø × 3 mm h, os quais foram divididos em 03 grupos: CP1, constituído do ionômero na formulação original (controle de crescimento de biofilme); CP2, constituído do ionômero acrescido com o cloreto de cetilpiridínio (referência) e CP3, constituído do ionômero acrescido do sal imidazólico. Foram testadas nove cepas de Candida não albicans resistentes ao antifúngicos usuais, sendo três cepas de C. glabrata (RL22, RL24 e RL25), três cepas de C. tropicalis (57A, 72A e 72P) e três cepas de C. parapsilosis (RL11, RL20 e RL32), todas depositadas no Laboratório de Micologia da UFRGS. Avaliou-se a resistência a deformação plástica pelo teste de microdureza; a atividade antibiofilme pela avaliação de inibição de crescimento na superfície dos CP por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e avaliação de hipoalerginicidade pelo teste da membrana cório-alantoide. O teste de microdureza não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os três grupos, com valor médio de 44.2 HV para o CP1, 43.5 HV para o CP2 e 43,1 HV para o CP3. A avaliação da superfície dos CP através da análise de microscopia eletrônica demonstrou haver inibição completa da formação do biofilme de todas as cepas testadas. O teste da membrana cório-alantoide indicou que o ionômero de vidro na sua composição original, bem como acrescido dos dois compostos testados, demonstrou ser hipoalergênico. Considerando os dados apresentados, podemos concluir que a adição do sal imidazólico na formulação do ionômero de vidro promoveu a ação antibiofilme contra cepas multirresistente sem perda nas características de microdureza e hipoalergenicidade. / Glass ionomer cements are biomaterials composed of acid polymers, basic glass (ionizable) and water, being widely used in dentistry, as restorative materials or as orthodontic bands. These compounds may be susceptible to biofilm formation on their surface by Candida species because of the roughness associated with fungal colonization of the oral cavity. Research on antifungal drugs development has focused on the synthesis of new compounds, that present effective action and low toxicity that are able to inhibit the formation of biofilms on biological surfaces. Considering the demand for biomaterials with antibiofilm activity, an ex vivo study was developed with the objective of modifying the structure of a commercially available glass ionomer cement (Ketac® Cem Easymix 3M) by insertion of the imidazole salt 1-n-hexadecyl-3- methylimidazole chloride compared to the cetylpyridinium chloride to make a novel compound with antibiofilm activity. The imidazole salt and cetylpyridinium chloride were added directly to the glass ionomer powder at a ratio of 10 ppm w/w. From this initial addition, the ionomer polymerization reaction was performed, obtaining test specimens (TS) measuring 5 mm Ø × 3 mm h, divided into three groups; i) TS1, composed only of GIC (growth control reference); ii) TS2, glass ionomer and cetylpyridinium chloride added directly to the powder (drug reference); and iii) TS3, glass ionomer and imidazolium salt using the same procedure. Nine strains of nonalbicans Candida, resistant to usual antifungals, were used; three C. glabrata strains (RL22, RL24 and RL25), three C. tropicalis strains (57A, 72A and 72P) and three C. Parapsilosis strains (RL11, RL20 and RL32), all the strains are deposited in the Mycology Collection at UFRGS. The plastic deformation was evaluated by the microhardness test; the antibiofilm activity by the evaluation of inhibition of growth on the surface of the specimens by scanning electron microscopy and evaluation of hypoallerginicity by the test of the chorioallantoic membrane. The plastic deformation evaluation showed no significant difference among the three groups, with a mean value of 44.2 HV for TS1, 43.5 HV for TS2 and 43,1 HV for TS3. Evaluating the biofilm formation on TSs, all the isolates form biofilm on TS1 (reference). On the other hand, both TS2 and TS3 were able to inhibit surface biofilm growth. The allergenicity evaluation of the three TSs showed no evidence of tissue alteration, considering that the eggs’ chorioallantoic membrane remained intact. Considering the presented data, we can conclude that the addition of the imidazole salt in the glass ionomer formulation promoted the antibiofilm action against multiresistant strains without loss in the characteristics of microhardness and hypoallergenicity.

Em contraste com a vasta descrição na literatura científica dos biofilmes bacterianos, poucos trabalhos focam o estudo da formação e as estratégias de inibição da constituição do biofilme fúngico. Este trabalho objetiva a caracterização do potencial antifúngico e antibiofilme do sal imidazólico 1-metil-3-octilimidazol cloreto (C16MImCl), e das frações (F70 e F90) purificadas de saponinas mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. st. Hil.), frente a células de biofilme de seis isolados clínicos de Candida tropicalis. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) do C16MImCl foi de 0,014μg/mL frente às células planctônicas, ao passo que as Frações de Saponinas da Erva Mate (FSEM) não apresentaram atividade antifúngica. Utilizando o cateter traqueal (CT) como corpo de prova, foi utilizado para avaliar a capacidade de inibição e remoção do biofilme. Avaliou-se também a Concentração Mínima de Erradicação do Biofilme (CMEB) para remoção do biofilme pré-formado pelo método da microplaca. Para a atividade antibiofilme foi observado que o C16MImCl, apresentou melhor resultado quando comparado ao fluconazol. As FSEM também apresentaram atividade antibiofilme quando comparados ao fluconazol, entretanto menores do que o tensoativo sintético Pela análise dos resultados de CMEB, o C16MImCl foi o composto com maior capacidade de erradicar o biofilme pré-formado, na concentração de 0,9 μg/mL (92% a 100% de remoção do biofilme). Os demais compostos testados (fluconazol, FEM e a água) não apresentaram atividade removedora, observando-se valores menores que 80% de remoção. Tanto as concentrações nas quais C16MImCl inibiu as células planctônicas (0,014 μg/mL) como as de biofilme (0,028 -0,225 μg/mL) foram mais baixas que as obtidas pelo fluconazol. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a potencialidade destes tensoativos, principalmente o C16MImCl, que demonstrou baixa toxicidade e provável mecanismo de ação sobre a síntese do ergosterol. Assim, é possível afirmarmos que estes tensoativos representam uma potencial alternativa para o controle químico de fungos leveduriformes, especialmente as ocasionadas por células de biofilme por C. tropicalis. / In contrast to the extensive description in the literature of bacterial biofilms, few works focus on the study of the formation and strategies for inhibiting the formation of fungal biofilms. This work aims to characterize the antifungal potential and antibiofilm the imidazole salt 1 - methyl - 3 - octilimidazol chloride (C16MImCl), and fractions (F70 and F90) purified saponins mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. st. Hil.), against to biofilm cells of six clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of C16MImCl was 0.014 mg / mL to planktonic cells, whereas the Saponin Fractions of Yerba Mate (SFYM) showed no antifungal activity. Using the tracheal catheter (CT) as a specimen was used to evaluate the ability of the biofilm inhibition and removal. We also assessed the Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) to remove the preformed biofilms by the microplate method. For antibiofilm activity was observed that C16MImCl, showed better results when compared to fluconazole. The SFYM also had antibiofilm activity when compared to fluconazole, however smaller than the synthetic surfactant. By analyzing the results MBEC, the compound C16MImCl was capacity to eradicate pre- formed biofilm in a concentration of 0.9 mg / mL (92% to 100% biofilm removal) The other tested compounds (fluconazole, SFYM and water) showed no activity remover, observing less than 80 % removal values. Both concentrations at which they inhibit planktonic cells C16MImCl (0.014 μg/mL) and the biofilm (0.028 -0.225 μg/ml) were lower than those obtained by fluconazole. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of these surfactants, especially C16MImCl, which demonstrated low toxicity and probable mechanism of action on the synthesis of ergosterol. Thus, it is possible to assert that these surfactants are a potential alternative to chemical control of yeasts, especially those caused by biofilm cells of C. tropicalis.

Os cimentos de ionômero de vidro são biomateriais constituídos de polímeros ácidos, vidro básico (ionizável) e água, sendo usados amplamente no campo odontológico, como materiais restauradores ou ainda como cimentadores de bandas ortodônticas. Estes compostos podem ser suscetíveis a formação de biofilmes por espécies de Candida na sua superfície em função da rugosidade associada a colonização fúngica do meio bucal. Pesquisas na área de desenvolvimento de biomateriais funcionais tem buscado desenvolver compostos de alta eficácia e baixa toxicidade que sejam capazes de inibir a formação de biofilmes sobre superfícies biológicas. Considerando a busca por novos biomateriais, foi desenvolvido um estudo ex vivo com o objetivo de modificar a estrutura de um cimento de ionômero de vidro comercialmente disponível (Ketac® Cem Easymix 3M) através da inserção do sal imidazólico cloreto de 1-nhexadecil- 3-metilimidazol comparado ao cloreto de cetilpiridínio para compor um novo composto com atividade antibiofilme. O sal imidazólico e o cloreto de cetilpiridínio foram acrescentados diretamente ao pó do ionômero de vidro na proporção de 10 ppm p/p. A partir desta adição inicial, foi realizada a reação de polimerização do ionômero, obtendo corpos de prova (CP) medindo 5 mm Ø × 3 mm h, os quais foram divididos em 03 grupos: CP1, constituído do ionômero na formulação original (controle de crescimento de biofilme); CP2, constituído do ionômero acrescido com o cloreto de cetilpiridínio (referência) e CP3, constituído do ionômero acrescido do sal imidazólico. Foram testadas nove cepas de Candida não albicans resistentes ao antifúngicos usuais, sendo três cepas de C. glabrata (RL22, RL24 e RL25), três cepas de C. tropicalis (57A, 72A e 72P) e três cepas de C. parapsilosis (RL11, RL20 e RL32), todas depositadas no Laboratório de Micologia da UFRGS. Avaliou-se a resistência a deformação plástica pelo teste de microdureza; a atividade antibiofilme pela avaliação de inibição de crescimento na superfície dos CP por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e avaliação de hipoalerginicidade pelo teste da membrana cório-alantoide. O teste de microdureza não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os três grupos, com valor médio de 44.2 HV para o CP1, 43.5 HV para o CP2 e 43,1 HV para o CP3. A avaliação da superfície dos CP através da análise de microscopia eletrônica demonstrou haver inibição completa da formação do biofilme de todas as cepas testadas. O teste da membrana cório-alantoide indicou que o ionômero de vidro na sua composição original, bem como acrescido dos dois compostos testados, demonstrou ser hipoalergênico. Considerando os dados apresentados, podemos concluir que a adição do sal imidazólico na formulação do ionômero de vidro promoveu a ação antibiofilme contra cepas multirresistente sem perda nas características de microdureza e hipoalergenicidade. / Glass ionomer cements are biomaterials composed of acid polymers, basic glass (ionizable) and water, being widely used in dentistry, as restorative materials or as orthodontic bands. These compounds may be susceptible to biofilm formation on their surface by Candida species because of the roughness associated with fungal colonization of the oral cavity. Research on antifungal drugs development has focused on the synthesis of new compounds, that present effective action and low toxicity that are able to inhibit the formation of biofilms on biological surfaces. Considering the demand for biomaterials with antibiofilm activity, an ex vivo study was developed with the objective of modifying the structure of a commercially available glass ionomer cement (Ketac® Cem Easymix 3M) by insertion of the imidazole salt 1-n-hexadecyl-3- methylimidazole chloride compared to the cetylpyridinium chloride to make a novel compound with antibiofilm activity. The imidazole salt and cetylpyridinium chloride were added directly to the glass ionomer powder at a ratio of 10 ppm w/w. From this initial addition, the ionomer polymerization reaction was performed, obtaining test specimens (TS) measuring 5 mm Ø × 3 mm h, divided into three groups; i) TS1, composed only of GIC (growth control reference); ii) TS2, glass ionomer and cetylpyridinium chloride added directly to the powder (drug reference); and iii) TS3, glass ionomer and imidazolium salt using the same procedure. Nine strains of nonalbicans Candida, resistant to usual antifungals, were used; three C. glabrata strains (RL22, RL24 and RL25), three C. tropicalis strains (57A, 72A and 72P) and three C. Parapsilosis strains (RL11, RL20 and RL32), all the strains are deposited in the Mycology Collection at UFRGS. The plastic deformation was evaluated by the microhardness test; the antibiofilm activity by the evaluation of inhibition of growth on the surface of the specimens by scanning electron microscopy and evaluation of hypoallerginicity by the test of the chorioallantoic membrane. The plastic deformation evaluation showed no significant difference among the three groups, with a mean value of 44.2 HV for TS1, 43.5 HV for TS2 and 43,1 HV for TS3. Evaluating the biofilm formation on TSs, all the isolates form biofilm on TS1 (reference). On the other hand, both TS2 and TS3 were able to inhibit surface biofilm growth. The allergenicity evaluation of the three TSs showed no evidence of tissue alteration, considering that the eggs’ chorioallantoic membrane remained intact. Considering the presented data, we can conclude that the addition of the imidazole salt in the glass ionomer formulation promoted the antibiofilm action against multiresistant strains without loss in the characteristics of microhardness and hypoallergenicity.

Em contraste com a vasta descrição na literatura científica dos biofilmes bacterianos, poucos trabalhos focam o estudo da formação e as estratégias de inibição da constituição do biofilme fúngico. Este trabalho objetiva a caracterização do potencial antifúngico e antibiofilme do sal imidazólico 1-metil-3-octilimidazol cloreto (C16MImCl), e das frações (F70 e F90) purificadas de saponinas mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. st. Hil.), frente a células de biofilme de seis isolados clínicos de Candida tropicalis. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) do C16MImCl foi de 0,014μg/mL frente às células planctônicas, ao passo que as Frações de Saponinas da Erva Mate (FSEM) não apresentaram atividade antifúngica. Utilizando o cateter traqueal (CT) como corpo de prova, foi utilizado para avaliar a capacidade de inibição e remoção do biofilme. Avaliou-se também a Concentração Mínima de Erradicação do Biofilme (CMEB) para remoção do biofilme pré-formado pelo método da microplaca. Para a atividade antibiofilme foi observado que o C16MImCl, apresentou melhor resultado quando comparado ao fluconazol. As FSEM também apresentaram atividade antibiofilme quando comparados ao fluconazol, entretanto menores do que o tensoativo sintético Pela análise dos resultados de CMEB, o C16MImCl foi o composto com maior capacidade de erradicar o biofilme pré-formado, na concentração de 0,9 μg/mL (92% a 100% de remoção do biofilme). Os demais compostos testados (fluconazol, FEM e a água) não apresentaram atividade removedora, observando-se valores menores que 80% de remoção. Tanto as concentrações nas quais C16MImCl inibiu as células planctônicas (0,014 μg/mL) como as de biofilme (0,028 -0,225 μg/mL) foram mais baixas que as obtidas pelo fluconazol. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a potencialidade destes tensoativos, principalmente o C16MImCl, que demonstrou baixa toxicidade e provável mecanismo de ação sobre a síntese do ergosterol. Assim, é possível afirmarmos que estes tensoativos representam uma potencial alternativa para o controle químico de fungos leveduriformes, especialmente as ocasionadas por células de biofilme por C. tropicalis. / In contrast to the extensive description in the literature of bacterial biofilms, few works focus on the study of the formation and strategies for inhibiting the formation of fungal biofilms. This work aims to characterize the antifungal potential and antibiofilm the imidazole salt 1 - methyl - 3 - octilimidazol chloride (C16MImCl), and fractions (F70 and F90) purified saponins mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. st. Hil.), against to biofilm cells of six clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of C16MImCl was 0.014 mg / mL to planktonic cells, whereas the Saponin Fractions of Yerba Mate (SFYM) showed no antifungal activity. Using the tracheal catheter (CT) as a specimen was used to evaluate the ability of the biofilm inhibition and removal. We also assessed the Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) to remove the preformed biofilms by the microplate method. For antibiofilm activity was observed that C16MImCl, showed better results when compared to fluconazole. The SFYM also had antibiofilm activity when compared to fluconazole, however smaller than the synthetic surfactant. By analyzing the results MBEC, the compound C16MImCl was capacity to eradicate pre- formed biofilm in a concentration of 0.9 mg / mL (92% to 100% biofilm removal) The other tested compounds (fluconazole, SFYM and water) showed no activity remover, observing less than 80 % removal values. Both concentrations at which they inhibit planktonic cells C16MImCl (0.014 μg/mL) and the biofilm (0.028 -0.225 μg/ml) were lower than those obtained by fluconazole. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of these surfactants, especially C16MImCl, which demonstrated low toxicity and probable mechanism of action on the synthesis of ergosterol. Thus, it is possible to assert that these surfactants are a potential alternative to chemical control of yeasts, especially those caused by biofilm cells of C. tropicalis.

Os cimentos de ionômero de vidro são biomateriais constituídos de polímeros ácidos, vidro básico (ionizável) e água, sendo usados amplamente no campo odontológico, como materiais restauradores ou ainda como cimentadores de bandas ortodônticas. Estes compostos podem ser suscetíveis a formação de biofilmes por espécies de Candida na sua superfície em função da rugosidade associada a colonização fúngica do meio bucal. Pesquisas na área de desenvolvimento de biomateriais funcionais tem buscado desenvolver compostos de alta eficácia e baixa toxicidade que sejam capazes de inibir a formação de biofilmes sobre superfícies biológicas. Considerando a busca por novos biomateriais, foi desenvolvido um estudo ex vivo com o objetivo de modificar a estrutura de um cimento de ionômero de vidro comercialmente disponível (Ketac® Cem Easymix 3M) através da inserção do sal imidazólico cloreto de 1-nhexadecil- 3-metilimidazol comparado ao cloreto de cetilpiridínio para compor um novo composto com atividade antibiofilme. O sal imidazólico e o cloreto de cetilpiridínio foram acrescentados diretamente ao pó do ionômero de vidro na proporção de 10 ppm p/p. A partir desta adição inicial, foi realizada a reação de polimerização do ionômero, obtendo corpos de prova (CP) medindo 5 mm Ø × 3 mm h, os quais foram divididos em 03 grupos: CP1, constituído do ionômero na formulação original (controle de crescimento de biofilme); CP2, constituído do ionômero acrescido com o cloreto de cetilpiridínio (referência) e CP3, constituído do ionômero acrescido do sal imidazólico. Foram testadas nove cepas de Candida não albicans resistentes ao antifúngicos usuais, sendo três cepas de C. glabrata (RL22, RL24 e RL25), três cepas de C. tropicalis (57A, 72A e 72P) e três cepas de C. parapsilosis (RL11, RL20 e RL32), todas depositadas no Laboratório de Micologia da UFRGS. Avaliou-se a resistência a deformação plástica pelo teste de microdureza; a atividade antibiofilme pela avaliação de inibição de crescimento na superfície dos CP por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e avaliação de hipoalerginicidade pelo teste da membrana cório-alantoide. O teste de microdureza não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os três grupos, com valor médio de 44.2 HV para o CP1, 43.5 HV para o CP2 e 43,1 HV para o CP3. A avaliação da superfície dos CP através da análise de microscopia eletrônica demonstrou haver inibição completa da formação do biofilme de todas as cepas testadas. O teste da membrana cório-alantoide indicou que o ionômero de vidro na sua composição original, bem como acrescido dos dois compostos testados, demonstrou ser hipoalergênico. Considerando os dados apresentados, podemos concluir que a adição do sal imidazólico na formulação do ionômero de vidro promoveu a ação antibiofilme contra cepas multirresistente sem perda nas características de microdureza e hipoalergenicidade. / Glass ionomer cements are biomaterials composed of acid polymers, basic glass (ionizable) and water, being widely used in dentistry, as restorative materials or as orthodontic bands. These compounds may be susceptible to biofilm formation on their surface by Candida species because of the roughness associated with fungal colonization of the oral cavity. Research on antifungal drugs development has focused on the synthesis of new compounds, that present effective action and low toxicity that are able to inhibit the formation of biofilms on biological surfaces. Considering the demand for biomaterials with antibiofilm activity, an ex vivo study was developed with the objective of modifying the structure of a commercially available glass ionomer cement (Ketac® Cem Easymix 3M) by insertion of the imidazole salt 1-n-hexadecyl-3- methylimidazole chloride compared to the cetylpyridinium chloride to make a novel compound with antibiofilm activity. The imidazole salt and cetylpyridinium chloride were added directly to the glass ionomer powder at a ratio of 10 ppm w/w. From this initial addition, the ionomer polymerization reaction was performed, obtaining test specimens (TS) measuring 5 mm Ø × 3 mm h, divided into three groups; i) TS1, composed only of GIC (growth control reference); ii) TS2, glass ionomer and cetylpyridinium chloride added directly to the powder (drug reference); and iii) TS3, glass ionomer and imidazolium salt using the same procedure. Nine strains of nonalbicans Candida, resistant to usual antifungals, were used; three C. glabrata strains (RL22, RL24 and RL25), three C. tropicalis strains (57A, 72A and 72P) and three C. Parapsilosis strains (RL11, RL20 and RL32), all the strains are deposited in the Mycology Collection at UFRGS. The plastic deformation was evaluated by the microhardness test; the antibiofilm activity by the evaluation of inhibition of growth on the surface of the specimens by scanning electron microscopy and evaluation of hypoallerginicity by the test of the chorioallantoic membrane. The plastic deformation evaluation showed no significant difference among the three groups, with a mean value of 44.2 HV for TS1, 43.5 HV for TS2 and 43,1 HV for TS3. Evaluating the biofilm formation on TSs, all the isolates form biofilm on TS1 (reference). On the other hand, both TS2 and TS3 were able to inhibit surface biofilm growth. The allergenicity evaluation of the three TSs showed no evidence of tissue alteration, considering that the eggs’ chorioallantoic membrane remained intact. Considering the presented data, we can conclude that the addition of the imidazole salt in the glass ionomer formulation promoted the antibiofilm action against multiresistant strains without loss in the characteristics of microhardness and hypoallergenicity.

Les liquides ioniques à base de sels d’imidazolium sont une classe très importante de composés, compatibles avec de nombreuses réactions organiques et largement employés dans la synthèse organique en tant que solvants, catalyseurs ou ligands. En particulier, les liquides ioniques peuvent être récupérés à la fin de la réaction. Les sels d’imidazolium présentent également des propriétés d’organisation intéressantes, aussi bien en phase solide, liquide et en solution. Cependant, les liquides ioniques traditionnels présentent certains désavantages lorsqu’utilisés comme solvant dans des réactions intramoléculaires, surtout dans le cas où le réactif est apolaire. La faible solubilité de ce dernier dans le milieu ionique conduit à la formation des produits intermoléculaires. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur l’utilisation des propriétés d’organisation des sels d’imidazolium, tout d’abord pour le développement des nouveaux cristaux liquides ioniques, comme le milieu réactionnel pour la réaction de Diels-Alder intramoléculaire, et ensuite pour la préparation des nanparticules d’or anisotropes. Dans un premier temps, le développement des sels d’imidazolium dicationiques portant des chaînes alkyles flexibles et un cœur rigide, avec des unités imidazolium attachées directement à un noyau naphthalène est rapporté. Par la suite, leurs propriétés thermiques et mésomorphes ont été étudiées. Ces sels sont stables thermiquement et forment une phase cristal liquide de type Smectique T, sur une plage de températures appropriées pour des réactions organiques. En utilisant le milieu cristal liquide comme milieu réactionnel dans la réaction de Diels-Alder, le réactif a été piégé dans la structure organisée de cette phase, ce qui a empêché l’interaction entre deux molecules de réactifs, limitant la formation du produit intermoléculaire. D’ailleurs, le milieu cristal liquide ionique a pu être récupéré et reutilisé à la fin de la réaction. Dans un deuxième temps, l’influence de la structure de la mésophase sur la réaction de Diels-Alder intramoléculaire a été étudiée. Des sels d’imidazolium tricationiques ayant une symétrie C3 ont ete développés dans le but d’obtenir des phases colonnaires. Ces sels possèdent un cœur rigide formé par trois cations imidazolium liés à un noyau benzène et des chaînes alkyles flexibles. Des études thermiques et mésomorphes sur ces composés ont été ensuite réalisées. Ces composés possèdent une haute stabilité thermique et forment une phase colonnaire rectangulaire, stable sur une large gamme de températures. L’influence de cette phase sur la réaction de Diels-Alder a ete étudiée. L’utilisation de la phase colonnaire favorise également la réaction intramoléculaire. En particulier, elle s’est avèree plus efficace que la phase Smectique T, probablement dû à sa structure plus organisée, indiquée par une enthalpie de tranisition cristal liquide – liquide isotrope plus élevée. Dans un dernier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’utilisation des propriétés d’organisation des sels d’imidazolium dans la préparation des nanoparticules d’or anisotropes. Dans cette optique, différents mélanges binaires, composés d’un sel d’imidazolium et le diméthylformamide (DMF), ont été préparés et utilisés comme solvants et stabilisants, dans la synthèse des nanoparticules d’or à température ambiante. L’utilisation de ces milieux nous a permis d’obtenir des particules d’or avec différentes géométries. La forme des nanoparticules d’or obtenus dépend de la structure des sels d’imidazolium utilisés et de la concentration du mélange binaire, à la fois. / Ionic liquids based on imidazolium salts are an important class of compounds, possessing a very good compatibility with various organic reactions, and are widely used as solvents, catalysts and ligands in organic synthesis. Moreover, imidazolium salts possess interesting supramolecular organization in the solid, liquid and solution state. However, ionic liquids present some disadvantages when used as solvents for intramolecular reactions, especially in the case of apolar reactants. The low solubility of ionic compounds in ionic media promote the formation of intermolecular products. The main goal of the research presented in this thesis is to explore the supramolecular organization of imidazolium salts, first in the development of ionic liquid crystals as reaction media for intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions and secondly for the preparation of anisotropic gold nanoparticles. First, the development of dicationic imidazolium salts having a rigid core and flexible alkyl chains is reported. The rigid core is forned by direct attachment of two imidazoliums on a naphthalene moiety. Their thermal and mesomorphic analyses were then carried out. These dicationic salts show a high thermal stability and form a very ordered smectic T phase, over a wide range of temperatures. This mesophase was subsequently used as reaction medium for intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions. In this phase, reactants are trapped in the highly organized structure of the liquid crystal medium, limiting the formation of intermolecular products. Moreover, the ionic liquid crystal, was recoved at the end of reaction by simple extraction. Secondly, the influence of the mesophase’s structure on the Diels-Alder reaction was explored. Tricationic imidazolium satls having a C3 symmetry were developed in order to obtain columnar phases. The rigid core of these salts is composed of three imidazolium units directly attached to the benzene ring. Their thermal stabilities and mesomorphic properties were investigated. The columnar phase formed by these salts was then used as reaction media for Diels-Alder reactions, and it proved to be more efficient than the previously used smectic T phase, due to their more organized structure, as indicated by the higher enthalpy value of the liquid crystal - isotropic liquid transition. iv Finally, the supramolecular organization in solution of two imidazolium salts was explored with the aim to prepare anisotropic gold nanoparticles. Different binary mixtures composed of an imidazolium salt and dimethylformamide (DMF) were prepared and used both as solvent and capping agent in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, at room temperature. The use of these binary mixture allowed us to synthesize nanoparticles with various geometries. The form of the gold nanoparticles prepared in these binary mixtures was influenced by both, the structre and the concentration of the imidazolium salt used.

Les liquides ioniques à base d’imidazolium présentent une plateforme architecturale unique aisément fonctionnalisable permettant de préparer des matériaux ioniques avec des propriétés mésomorphes. Dans le but d’introduire des propriétés supplémentaires, nous avons élaboré des composés à coeur rigide étendu. La stratégie de synthèse adoptée passe par un couplage de type Ullmann. Nous avons développé une méthodologie nécessitant uniquement du Cuivre (II) supporté sur zéolithe (Na-Y) et du carbonate de potassium. Cette approche a pour avantage d’éviter l’utilisation de solvant, d’atmosphère inerte et de ligands. Ce couplage a été optimisé en utilisant la technique de synthèse en micro-ondes (réduction du temps de réaction, diminution des sous-produits formés). Après avoir étudié cette méthodologie, nous l’avons étendu à d’autres propriétés notamment à des matériaux (scintillateurs) présentant des propriétés de détection et de discrimination des rayonnements neutrons/gamma en introduisant des chromophores au sein de nos composés. Le couplage de type Ullmann utilisé a également permis d’élaborer des composés pouvant présenter des propriétés électroniques (conduction et électrochromisme). / Ionic liquids based on imidazolium are an excellent platform that can be designed to promote liquid crystalline phases. In order to introduce additional properties, we synthesized compounds with a rigid expanded core. Herein, we reported an Ullmann-type coupling using only Cu(II)-NaY as catalyst and potassium carbonate as base. This synthetic approach avoids the use of solvents, inert atmosphere and ligands. We have optimized this coupling using the technique of microwave synthesis (reduction of reaction time and by-products formed). After studying this methodology, we have extended it to other behaviors. Thus we have synthesized ionic materials (scintillators) with properties of detection and discrimination of radiation neutrons/gamma by introducing chromophores in our compounds. This Ullmann-type coupling has allowed to prepare compounds that can have electronic properties (conduction and electrochromism).

Les liquides ioniques connaissent depuis quelques décennies un essor particulier en raison de leurs nombreuses propriétés physico-chimiques intéressantes, telles qu’une faible pression de vapeur saturante, une viscosité limitée, une faible miscibilité avec la plupart des solvants communs, ou encore des propriétés d’agencement supramoléculaire, qui en font des outils puissants dans de nombreux domaines de la chimie. Les sels d’imidazolium représentent la plus grande famille de liquides ioniques à ce jour. Leur modulabilité leur permet d’être dérivés pour de nombreuses applications spécifiques, notamment en synthèse organique, où ils sont utilisés majoritairement comme solvants, et plus récemment comme catalyseurs. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse se concentrent sur leur utilisation en synthèse organique, à la fois comme solvants et principalement comme catalyseurs chiraux, catalyseurs pour lesquels l’anion du sel est l’espèce catalytique, permettant d’ajouter de la flexibilité et de la mobilité au système. En tirant parti de la tolérance des liquides ioniques envers la majorité des macromolécules naturelles, l’objectif principal des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est le développement d’un nouveau type de catalyseur bio-hybride reposant sur l’encapsulation d’un sel d’imidazolium dans une protéine. Par le biais de la technologie biotine-avidine, l’inclusion supramoléculaire de sels d’imidazolium biotinylés portant des contre-anions catalytiques dans l’avidine a été réalisée et exploitée en catalyse. Dans un premier temps, le développement et l’étude de deux sels de 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium possédant des anions chiraux dérivés de la trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline sont rapportés, ainsi que leur comportement dans des réactions énantiosélectives d’aldol et d’addition de Michael. Ces types de composés se sont révélés actifs et performants en milieu liquide ionique. Dans un second temps, la préparation de sels d’imidazolium dont le cation est biotinylé et portant un contre-anion achiral, a été réalisée. Le comportement de l’avidine en milieu liquide ionique et son apport en termes de chiralité sur le système bio-hybride ont été étudiés. Les résultats montrent le rôle crucial des liquides ioniques sur la conformation de la protéine et l’efficacité du catalyseur pour des réactions d’aldol. Dans un dernier temps, l’influence de la structure du cation et de l’anion sur le système a été étudiée. Différents espaceurs ont été introduits successivement dans les squelettes cationiques et anioniques des sels d’imidazolium biotinylés. Dans le cas du cation, les résultats ne révèlent aucune influence majeure sur l’efficacité du catalyseur. La structure de l’anion se montre cependant beaucoup plus importante : la préparation de différents catalyseurs bio-hybrides possédant des anions aux propriétés physico-chimiques différentes a permis d’obtenir de plus amples informations sur le mode de fonctionnement du système bio-hybride et de la coopérativité entre l’avidine et l’anion du sel d’imidazolium.La nature ionique de la liaison cation-anion offrant une liberté de mouvement accrue à l’anion dans la protéine, la tolérance à différents substrats a également été abordée après optimisation du système. / Ionic liquids have gained a growing interest due to many interesting properties, such as low vapor pressure, reasonably low viscosity, poor miscibility with common organic solvents, and also exhibit supramolecular organization in solution, which make them interesting tools for several fields of applications in chemistry. As of today, imidazolium salts make up the largest family of ionic liquids. Their modulability allows them to be used for a wide range of applications, notably in organic chemistry, where they are mainly used as solvents, but also more recently as actual catalysts. The work presented in this thesis focuses on their use as solvents and chiral catalysts, in which the catalytic species is the anion of the imidazolium salts, adding more flexibility and mobility to the whole system. Taking advantage from the tolerance of ionic liquids toward biological macromolecules, the main goal of this work is the design and development of a new type of bio-hybrid catalyst based on the encapsulation of an imidazolium salt inside the cavity of a host protein. Based on the biotin-avidin technology, the supramolecular ligation of biotinylated imidazolium salts inside avidin, bearing catalytic counter-anion, is discussed. As a first step, the development and studies of two 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-based salts, bearing trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline-derived anions are reported. Their use for asymmetric catalysis in ionic liquids media is disclosed, both for the aldol and Michael additions. Results show that these compounds are viable and efficient organocatalysts in ionic liquids. Subsequently, the preparation of biotinylated imidazolium salts, bearing a racemic pyrrolidine-based counter-anion is reported. Avidin behaviour in ionic liquid media, as well as its contribution for the stereocontrol for the whole bio-hybrid system, is assessed. Results highlight the critical role of the ionic liquid reaction medium on the protein’s conformation, and thus the efficiency of the bio-hybrid catalyst towards aldol reactions. Finally, the influence of the structure of the cation and anion on the catalytic properties of the biohybrid system were investigated. Several spacers were inserted successively both in the cation and anion structures of the biotinylated imidazolium salts. Regarding the cation modifications, results show no major influence on the bio-hybrid catalyst behaviour. However, modifying the anion structure revealed the much more important role of the anion towards catalysis. Preparation of different anions, each bearing a different spacer, granting them different physico-chemical properties, gives rise to further information regarding the behaviour of the bio-hybrid catalyst, and possible cooperativity between avidin and the imidazolium salt. The ionic character of the interaction between the anion and the cation, allowing a greater freedom of movement of the anion inside the avidin’s cavity, and the tolerance of the bio-hybrid system to different substrates were studied.

Les ligands carbéniques N-hétérocycliques sont généralement décrits comme des analogues aux ligands phosphines car ils présentent des propriétés électroniques comparables, bien que leur caractère σ-donneur soit plus prononcé. Ils ont donc été utilisés pour la synthèse de complexes organométalliques en remplacement des ligands phosphines et un nombre très important de complexes métal-NHC ont été développés ces 15 dernières années. Toutefois, ces complexes bien que très actifs dans de nombreuses réactions catalytiques clefs (métathèse des oléfines, couplages C-C, échange H/D…), présentent des problèmes de désactivation rapide et sont difficilement séparables des produits de réaction. L'hétérogénéisation de tels complexes pourrait remédier à ces inconvénients, et c'est la raison pour laquelle ce domaine a attiré beaucoup d'attention ces dix dernières années. La stratégie la plus courante pour l’immobilisation de tels complexes sur supports oxydes consiste à faire réagir des précurseurs de type organosilane avec des solides présentant des groupements hydroxyles de surface. Bien que cette méthode offre un moyen simple et efficace de fonctionnaliser des supports solides avec un éventail très large de fonctionnalités organiques, il ne permet cependant pas un contrôle de leur distribution et de la nature des espèces de surface dans le matériau final. La méthodologie alternative au greffage sur supports oxydes développée dans ce travail de thèse a consisté donc à générer des matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques mésostructurés, contenant des unités NHC dans leurs pores ou dans leurs murs. Ces matériaux sont obtenus par sol-gel hydrolytique en milieu structurant via des réactions de co-hydrolyse et de co-polycondensation d’un précurseur de type organotrialcoxysilane et de tétraalcoxysilane (TEOS). Cette voie de synthèse a été utilisée car elle permet de contrôler : la distribution des groupements organiques au sein de la matrice silicique, la nature des espèces siliciques de surface, et la concentration en fonctions organiques. Après synthèse des matériaux hybrides, des réactions in-situ ont permis l’obtention de matériaux contenant des unités uniques de type Au-NHC régulièrement distribuées au sein du support d’oxyde. Les matériaux ainsi obtenus ont été caractérisés à chacune des étapes menant au solide final par de nombreuses techniques : adsorption-désorption d’azote à 77 k, microscopie électronique à transmission, diffraction des rayons X aux petits angles, spectroscopie RMN multinoyaux à l'état solide et analyses élémentaires. Après avoir testé et comparé les performances catalytiques de ces matériaux avec celles de leurs homologues en phase homogène et ce, dans plusieurs réactions catalytiques (oxydation sélective des alcools, couplage croisé de Suzuki et diboration des oléfines), nous nous sommes focalisés sur la réaction d’addition d’alcools sur les alcynes et plus particulièrement sur l’addition du méthanol sur le 3-hexyne. C'est d’ailleurs, à notre connaissance, le premier exemple en littérature de l'usage des complexes carbéniques N-hétérocycliques d’or dans cette réaction. / N-heterocyclic carbene ligands have been described as interesting alternatives to tertiary phosphines in term of bonding and reactivity and have been therefore extensively studied as metallocarbene promotors. As a result, a large variety of homogeneous metal-NHC complexes have been developed and their impressive catalytic properties have been studied. However, such highly active homogeneous catalysts suffer from fast deactivation and separation problems from the reaction products. The immobilization of such complexes could overcome these drawbacks and that is the reason why this area has attracted much attention in the last ten years. The most common strategy for complexes immobilisation involves covalent grafting oforganosilane precursors onto solid support surfaces, via reaction with surface OH groups. Although this method provides a convenient way for introducing all kinds of organic moieties into solids, it does not permit the control of either their distribution in the final material or the nature of the surface species. The alternative methodology, to classical grafting, developed in this PhD project, is based on the design of organic-inorganic hybrid mesostructured materials containing NHC units along their pore channels or into their walls and the subsequent coordination on the NHC units with the Au organometallic precursor. These materials were prepared by sol-gel process using a templating route, via co-hydrolysis and co-polycondensation of an organotrialkoxysilane precursor and tetraethoxysilane. This strategy permits a control of: the ligands distribution into the silica matrix, the nature of the silica surface species and the organic moieties concentration. All the solids, from the starting hybrid material to the Au-NHC containing one, were fully characterized using various techniques: nitrogen adsorption-desorption at 77 K, transmission electron microscopy, small angle X-Ray diffraction, solid state NMR spectroscopy and elementary analysis. After screening the catalytic performances of these Au-NHC containing materials in several catalytic reactions (selective oxidation of alcohols, Suzuki cross-coupling and olefins diboration), their high catalytic activity in alcohols addition to alkynes reactions prompted us to study more deeply their catalytic behaviour (and that of their homogeneous homologues) in the reaction of methanol addition to 3-hexyne. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first use in catalysis of gold Nheterocyclic carbene complexes in this reaction.

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