This study was designed to determine if long term training of mental imagery skills is more beneficial to an athlete than immediate imagery rehearsal practiced only prior to an event. Subjects were thirty male high school baseball athletes who were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: (1) long term imagery training and practice; (2) immediate imagery practice only; and (3) control. An accuracy relay-throwing test was performed with pre-test, mid-test, and post-test performance trials. Results of the study revealed no statistically significant differences over the three test periods for any of the treatment conditions. Thus, long term imagery combined with immediate imagery practice, immediate imagery practice and control groups performed equally well on the baseball throwing task.

El objetivo de esta revisión fue recopilar información sobre las técnicas de Sellado Dentinario Inmediato (SDI) y Resin Coating (RC) como incremento de las fuerzas de adhesión. Asimismo, el siguiente trabajo describe las principales características de cada técnica, así como sus ventajas y desventajas. / The aim of this review was to collect information about the Immediate Dental Sealing (IDS) and Resin Coating (RC) techniques to achieve an increase in bond strengths. Also, this article describes its main characteristics as well as advantages and disadvantages. / Trabajo académico

Após exodontia e instalação de implantes imediatos o sítio edêntulo sofre uma substancial remodelação óssea. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a remodelação dos tecidos moles e da tábua óssea vestibular em alvéolos pósexodontia e em implantes imediatos em cães com um biotipo periodontal fino, com a associação de um material de enxerto. Oito cães tiveram a espessura da gengiva de um lado da mandíbula reduzida, os pré-molares mandibulares extraídos em cirurgia sem retalho e 4 implantes foram instalados de cada lado à 1,5 mm da tábua óssea vestibular. Os demais alvéolos foram utilizados para o estudo da dinâmica de cicatrização alveolar. Os sítios foram aleatoreamente alocados em: GT (grupo teste) = gengiva fina; GT + ME (GT com material de enxerto); GC (grupo controle) = gengiva normal; e GC + ME (GC com material de enxerto). Espessura da tábua óssea vestibular (ETOV), espessura de gengiva queratinizada (EGQ), largura alveolar (LA), altura de retração gengival (RG) e profundidade de sondagem (PS) foram avaliados clinicamente. Após 12 semanas os cães foram sacrificados e as amostras processadas para as análises de micro-tomografia computadorizada, histologia, histomorfometria, fluorescência e imunohistoquímica. Uma ETOV fina foi observada em todos os cães. Os procedimentos pré-cirúrgicos reduziram a EGQ nos grupos teste, com alterações mínimas na LA. Não houve diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os grupos para os parâmetros clínicos. Em todos os grupos o alvéolo ou o gap vestibular foram preenchidos por osso neoformado e uma leve reabsorção da tábua óssea vestibular foi observada, sem diferença estatística entre os grupos. Nos alvéolos pós-exodontia uma taxa de mineralização numericamente maior foi observada nos grupos que receberam material de enxerto em 12 semanas. A espessura do osso vestibular foi um fator fundamental na reabsorção da tábua óssea vestibular, mesmo com cirurgia sem retalho. Diminuir a gengiva para uma espessura crítica ou a adição de um biomaterial, em um biotipo fino pré-existente, não influenciou os resultados. / After tooth extraction and immediate implant placement the edentulous site undergo marked bone remodeling. The aim of the present study was to evaluate soft tissues and buccal bone remodeling in fresh extraction sockets and immediate implants in dogs with a thin periodontal biotype, with the association of a graft material. The gingiva of 8 dogs was thinned at one side of the mandible, mandibular premolars were extracted without flaps, and 4 implants were installed on each side at 1.5 mm from the buccal bone. The remaining sockets were used for the study of the alveolar healing dynamic. The sites were randomly assigned into: TG (test group) = thin gingiva; TG + GM (TG with grafting material); CG (control group) = normal gingiva; and CG + GM (CG with grafting material). Buccal bone thickness (BBT), thickness of keratinized tissue (TKT), alveolar width (AW), gingival recession height (GR) and probing depth (PD) were clinically evaluated. After 12 weeks the dogs were sacrificed and the samples were processed for microtomographic, histological, histomorphometric, fluorescence and immunohistochemistric analysis. A thin BBT was observed in all the dogs. The pre-surgical procedures reduced gingival thickness in the test groups, with minimal changes of the AW. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups for the clinical parameters. In all the groups the socket or the buccal gap was filled with newly formed bone and a slight buccal bone loss was observed, with no statistical difference among the groups. In the extraction sockets a numerically higher mineralization rate was observed for the grafted groups at 12 weeks. The thickness of the buccal bone was a fundamental factor on buccal bone plate resorption, even with a flapless approach. To reduce the gingival thickness or the addition of a biomaterial, in a thin biotype, did not influence the results.

Um acúmulo de evidências sugere que animais vertebrados são capazes de detectar informações geomagnéticas, dentre eles, podemos citar os mais estudados, o caso clássico do pombo-correio (Columba livia). A descoberta de material biomagnético no epitélio do bico superior de pombos sugere a possibilidade de um mecanismo transdutor de campo magnético situado nessa região. Pelos resultados obtidos em outros contextos, a utilização de genes de resposta imediata (IEGs) combinada com tratamentos disruptivos e tarefas clássicas de orientação é tida como metodologia promissora para se conseguir uma descrição mais compreensiva dos canais sensoriais e dos mecanismos de processamento nervoso envolvidos no comportamento de orientação, entre os quais a putativa magnetocepção. Pela atividade de IEGs, especificamente a expressão da proteína ZENK, avaliamos diferencialmente áreas cerebrais ativadas em pombos expostos ou não a uma estimulação magnética, 1h e 3h após a estimulação. A análise quantitativa (teste T) mostrou um aumento no número de neurônios ZENK positivos na região do córtex pré-piriforme de pombos estimulados (p=0,051) em relação aos controles, não havendo diferença entre os grupos de 1h e 3h (ANOVA, uma via). Esses neurônios estão relacionados ao sistema olfativo, o que reforça a idéia de que esse sistema seja importante no comportamento de orientação mas ao mesmo tempo apresenta a primeira evidência experimental de um possível envolvimento da via olfatória na magnetocepção. Esse resultado indica que é necessário tomar o maior cuidado na interpretação de experimentos comportamentais inibindo a via olfativa, pois, além de causar anosmia, essas manipulações poderiam também lesar mecanismos magnetoceptivos. / Much evidence suggests that vertebrate animals are capable of detecting geomagnetic information, among them, we can cite the best studied classic example of homing pigeon (Columba livia). The discovery of biomagnetic material in the pigeon upper beak suggest the possibility of a magnetoceptor transduction mechanism situated in this area. Because of the results obtained in other contexts, the use of immediate early genes (IEGs), combined with disruptive treatments and classic orientation tasks is a promising tool towards a more accurate description of sensory channels and of neural processing mechanisms involved in orientation behaviour, particularly the putative magnetoception mechanism. Using IEG activity, specifically, the ZENK-immunoreactivity protein, we studied different pigeon brain areas activated after magnetic stimulation, compared to no stimulation, at two periods of latency after the end of the experimental session (1h and 3h). Quantitative analysis (T test) showed an increase in labeling in the prepiriform cortex (CPP) of stimulated pigeons in relatioin to controls (p=0,051), but no difference between 1h and 3h groups (one-way ANOVA). These neurons are related to the olfactory system, reforcing the idea that this system is important for orientation, but at the same time presents the first experimental evidence of a possible participation of olfactory pathways in magnetoception. This result indicates that it is important to take utmost care in interpreting results of behavioural experiments in which olfaction is inhibited, since such manipulations may not only cause anosmia, but also loss of magnetic sensitivity.

Os implantes imediatos que recebem restaurações imediatas vêm sendo apresentados na literatura como uma opção de tratamento confiável para a reposição de dentes condenados. No entanto, recentemente, dúvidas com relação à estabilidade dos tecidos periimplantares utilizando esta técnica têm sido levantadas. Neste estudo prospectivo, doze pacientes tiveram seus incisivos centrais superiores condenados substituídos por implantes imediatos e restaurações imediatas. Durante 18 meses, foram acompanhados o comprimento das coroas implanto-suportadas e a distância entre a ponta das papilas e a borda incisal dos dentes vizinhos. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as medidas obtidas. Os resultados obtidos podem ser atribuídos ao rigoroso critério de seleção dos casos e a técnica cirúrgica aplicada. Pode-se afirmar que os tecidos moles periimplantares de implantes imediatos com restaurações imediatas, mantiveram-se estáveis ao longo dos 18 meses de observação seguindo-se os critérios de seleção e execução desse estudo. / The immediate implants that receive immediate restorations have been presented in literature as a reliable alternative to the replacement of condemned teeth. Recently, however, doubts regarding the perimplantar tissue stability have been raised. In this prospective study, twelve patients had their central maxillary incisor replaced by immediate implant and immediate restoration. After 18 months the papillae height and the Zenith of implant supported crown were compared to the dimensions before dental extraction. No statistically significant difference was observed between the obtained measurements. The authors justify the obtained results to the rigorous selection criteria of the cases that had been part of this sample and the surgical technique applied. In the selections criteria and executions followed in this work to the immediate implant placement and immediate restorations, we can state that the soft perimplantar tissues have been remained stable for the 18 months? observation.

Abstract Introduction Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) can be offered to breast cancer patients after mastectomy. A satisfactory breast symmetry has positive effects on psychosocial morbidity, quality of life and body image. The frequency of IBR were in 2017 in Region Örebro County 4%, lower than the national target on 20%. Aim The aim is to provide an overview of the work with IBR at Örebro University Hospital in 2016, regarding frequency of IBR, work with IBR at multidisciplinary team conferences, documentation of the patient’s opinion about IBR, delayed reconstructions, patient characteristics and presence of contraindications. Material and methods This was a retrospective study of all women who underwent mastectomy at Örebro University Hospital in 2016. Results Five of the 103 women got IBR with expander implants in connection to mastectomy, additionally 28 had no contraindications for IBR. Five of the women have discussed about IBR at multidisciplinary team conferences and seven had notes about their attitude to IBR. Ten women underwent delayed reconstruction during the follow-up, additional seven patients were waiting for surgery. There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the groups “mastectomy and IBR” and “mastectomy only”. Conclusions The low frequencies of performed IBR, discussions at multidisciplinary team conferences and documentation of the patient’s opinion about IBR indicate that there is space for a more active work about IBR. Besides the women who got IBR, there were additionally 28 women without any contraindications for IBR, indicating that there is a considerable group that can become candidates for IBR.

Após exodontia e instalação de implantes imediatos o sítio edêntulo sofre uma substancial remodelação óssea. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a remodelação dos tecidos moles e da tábua óssea vestibular em alvéolos pósexodontia e em implantes imediatos em cães com um biotipo periodontal fino, com a associação de um material de enxerto. Oito cães tiveram a espessura da gengiva de um lado da mandíbula reduzida, os pré-molares mandibulares extraídos em cirurgia sem retalho e 4 implantes foram instalados de cada lado à 1,5 mm da tábua óssea vestibular. Os demais alvéolos foram utilizados para o estudo da dinâmica de cicatrização alveolar. Os sítios foram aleatoreamente alocados em: GT (grupo teste) = gengiva fina; GT + ME (GT com material de enxerto); GC (grupo controle) = gengiva normal; e GC + ME (GC com material de enxerto). Espessura da tábua óssea vestibular (ETOV), espessura de gengiva queratinizada (EGQ), largura alveolar (LA), altura de retração gengival (RG) e profundidade de sondagem (PS) foram avaliados clinicamente. Após 12 semanas os cães foram sacrificados e as amostras processadas para as análises de micro-tomografia computadorizada, histologia, histomorfometria, fluorescência e imunohistoquímica. Uma ETOV fina foi observada em todos os cães. Os procedimentos pré-cirúrgicos reduziram a EGQ nos grupos teste, com alterações mínimas na LA. Não houve diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os grupos para os parâmetros clínicos. Em todos os grupos o alvéolo ou o gap vestibular foram preenchidos por osso neoformado e uma leve reabsorção da tábua óssea vestibular foi observada, sem diferença estatística entre os grupos. Nos alvéolos pós-exodontia uma taxa de mineralização numericamente maior foi observada nos grupos que receberam material de enxerto em 12 semanas. A espessura do osso vestibular foi um fator fundamental na reabsorção da tábua óssea vestibular, mesmo com cirurgia sem retalho. Diminuir a gengiva para uma espessura crítica ou a adição de um biomaterial, em um biotipo fino pré-existente, não influenciou os resultados. / After tooth extraction and immediate implant placement the edentulous site undergo marked bone remodeling. The aim of the present study was to evaluate soft tissues and buccal bone remodeling in fresh extraction sockets and immediate implants in dogs with a thin periodontal biotype, with the association of a graft material. The gingiva of 8 dogs was thinned at one side of the mandible, mandibular premolars were extracted without flaps, and 4 implants were installed on each side at 1.5 mm from the buccal bone. The remaining sockets were used for the study of the alveolar healing dynamic. The sites were randomly assigned into: TG (test group) = thin gingiva; TG + GM (TG with grafting material); CG (control group) = normal gingiva; and CG + GM (CG with grafting material). Buccal bone thickness (BBT), thickness of keratinized tissue (TKT), alveolar width (AW), gingival recession height (GR) and probing depth (PD) were clinically evaluated. After 12 weeks the dogs were sacrificed and the samples were processed for microtomographic, histological, histomorphometric, fluorescence and immunohistochemistric analysis. A thin BBT was observed in all the dogs. The pre-surgical procedures reduced gingival thickness in the test groups, with minimal changes of the AW. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups for the clinical parameters. In all the groups the socket or the buccal gap was filled with newly formed bone and a slight buccal bone loss was observed, with no statistical difference among the groups. In the extraction sockets a numerically higher mineralization rate was observed for the grafted groups at 12 weeks. The thickness of the buccal bone was a fundamental factor on buccal bone plate resorption, even with a flapless approach. To reduce the gingival thickness or the addition of a biomaterial, in a thin biotype, did not influence the results.

Esta pesquisa avaliou o sucesso de implantes utilizados como pilares de próteses inferiores implantossuportada do tipo protocolo, empregando dois sistemas reabilitadores, sob carga imediata, após 7 anos. Foram pesquisados os seguintes aspectos: índices de placa e de sangramento, estabilidade dos implantes por frequência de ressonância (FR) e perda óssea marginal. Foram avaliados 76 implantes, em 19 pacientes, divididos em 2 grupos: A (n=12, All-on-four® - Nobel Biocare®) e B (n=7, Neopronto® - Neodent®). Os pacientes foram acompanhados nos momento da instalação dos implantes (inicial), 6 meses, 1, 2 e 7 anos após a instalação. Os resultados mostraram uma taxa de sucesso de 100% para os implantes do grupo A e de 90% para o grupo B. Os índices de placa não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas e foram, no grupo A, de 71,87%, 63,54% e 47,92%, e, no grupo B de 26,78%, 41,07% e 37,50%, para as avaliações de 1, 2 e 7 anos, respectivamente. O índice de sangramento para o grupo A foi de 43,75%, 42,71% e 43,75% e para o grupo B foi de 53,57%, 51,79% e 48,21%, nos tempos de avaliação de 1, 2 e 7 anos, respectivamente, sem diferenças estatísticas. Não foi observado supuração em nenhum tempo de avaliação. Os resultados de FR não diferiram estatísticamente entre os dois grupos, entretanto, diminuíram entre a avaliação inical (grupo A = 69,27ISQ e grupo B = 68,29ISQ) e de 6 meses (grupo A = 64,65ISQ e grupo B = 66,50ISQ), e aumentaram nos anos seguintes para os 2 grupos, sendo para o grupo A de 66,17ISQ, 66,05ISQ e 69,87ISQ e para o grupo B de 67,78ISQ, 68,13ISQ e 73,61ISQ para os tempos de 1, 2 e 7 anos, respectivamente. Em relação a perda óssea, existiu diferença significativa entre grupos e foi de 0,49mm e 0,67mm após 1 ano e de 1,03mm e 1,27mm, após 7 anos, para os grupos A e B, respectivamente. Em relação à posição dos implantes, o grupo B apresentou diferença estatística entre os implantes centrais e distais nas avaliações de FR e perda óssea. Concluiu-se que 1- a taxa de sucesso foi de 100% para o grupo A e de 90% para o grupo B; 2- os índices de placa e de sangramento diminuíram ao longo dos anos de avaliação; 3- a FR foi semelhante entre os grupos, mas com diferença significativa no grupo A para o critério tempo e, no grupo B para os critérios tempos de avaliação e posição dos implantes; 4- perda da altura da crista óssea foi diferente significativamente entre os grupos, sendo maior no grupo B. / This study evaluated the success of implants used to support mandibular complete full-arch fixed prosthesis employing two rehabilitation systems with immediate loading after 7 years. The following aspects were investigated: plaque and bleeding index, implant stability by resonance frequency analysis and marginal bone loss. The 76 implants were evaluated in 19 patients divided in 2 groups: A (n=12, All-on-four® - Nobel Biocare®) and B (n=7, Neopronto® - Neodent®). The follow-up visits were at the time of implant placement (initial), 6 months, 1, 2 and 7 years after surgery. The results showed a success rate of 100% for implants in group A and 90% for group B. The plaque index did not differ statistically signifcant and were in group A, 71.87%, 63.54% and 47.92%, and in group B 26.78%, 41.07% and 37, 50% for 1, 2 and 7 years of follow-up, respectively. The bleeding index for group A was 43.75%, 42.71% and 43.75% and for group B was 53.57%, 51.79% and 48.21%, for 1, 2 and 7 years of follow-up, respectively, no statistical differences. Suppuration was not observed at any time of evaluation. The results of FR did not differ significantly between groups, however, decreased between initial (group A = 69,27ISQ and group B = 68,29 ISQ) and 6 months (group A = 64,65ISQ and group B = 66,50ISQ), and increased in the following evaluations for both groups, in group A was 66,17ISQ, 66,05ISQ and 69,87ISQ and group B was 67,78ISQ, 68,13ISQ and 73,61ISQ for 1, 2 and 7 years of follow-up, respectively. In relation to bone loss, a significant difference existed between groups and was 0,49mm and 0,67 mm after 1 year and 1,03mm and 1,27mm after 7 years, for groups A and B, respectively. Regarding the position of the implants, group B showed statistical difference between the central and distal implants for FR and bone loss. It was concluded that 1- Success rate was 100% for group A and 90% for group B; 2 - Plaque and bleeding index decreased over the follow-up; 3- FR was similar between groups, but with a significant difference in group A for thw criterion time, and in group B for the criteria evaluation times and position of the implants, 4- bone loss was significantly different between groups, and higher in group B.

Les questions liées à l’applicabilité temporelle du droit de l’Union européenne se posent dès qu’un acte nouveau est adopté par l’Union. Il est systématiquement nécessaire de déterminer l’instant à compter duquel cet acte produit ses effets et les faits alors concernés. L’exigence d’uniformité du droit de l’Union européenne implique, de surcroît, que les réponses à ces questions soient apportées par le droit de l’Union européenne lui-même. En dépit de leur importance, ces questions ont été largement délaissées par la doctrine communautariste. La jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne et les actes adoptés par l’Union européenne (droit primaire, droit dérivé et accords internationaux) sont pourtant riches d’enseignements. En effet, la Cour de justice a consacré des principes constituant le cadre général de l’applicabilité temporelle du droit de l’Union européenne. Bien que pertinent, ce cadre doit être enrichi par des règles écrites adoptées au cas par cas : les dispositions transitoires. Ces dernières, de prime abord particulièrement critiquables faute d’être aisément identifiables et interprétables, se révèlent être un instrument indispensable à l’applicabilité temporelle du droit de l’Union européenne. / The temporal applicability of the European Union lawThe questions relating to the temporal applicability of the European Union law arise as soon as the European Union adopts a new act. It is systematically necessary to determine the instant from which the act products its effects and the facts to which it applies. Furthermore, the principle of uniformity of the European Union law means that these questions must be answered by the European Union law itself. In spite of their importance these questions have been neglected by the European Union legal literature. Yet the case-law of the European Union Court of Justice and the acts adopted by the European Union (primary law, secondary legislation and international agreements) provide a wealth of information. Indeed, the Court of Justice has established principles which constitute the general framework of the temporal applicability of the European Union law. However relevant, this general framework must be completed by transitionnal provisions, a set of written subsidiary rules adopted on a case-by-case basis). These transitional provisions, at first deeply questionable due to being hard to identify and interpret, turn out to be a critical tool for the temporal applicability of the European Union law.

Human cytomegalovirus infects approximately 50% of adults in the United States and in most cases is asymptomatic. However, in the case of immune compromised persons such as AIDS patients, transplant patients, and newborn babies, life threatening CMV disease can occur. The HCMV major immediate-early enhancer functions as a master regulatory switch, whose activation is essential for the expression of the major IE transactivating proteins, IE1 p72 and IE2 p86. While critical to the viral lifecycle, regulation of MIE enhancer activation is very complex and not yet fully understood. I characterized the role of cis-acting partners within the MIE enhancer that function to strengthen MIE gene expression and discovered a novel mode of post-IE enhancer regulation. These results add significantly to our understanding the inner workings of the HCMV MIE enhancer/promoter in lytically infected cells. The distal portion of the MIE enhancer is composed of two functionally redundant segments, which are necessary for MIE gene expression at low multiplicity of infection (MOI). Using an unbiased genetic approach I identified a previously unrecognized cis-acting TGGGCA/G repeat that is inextricably linked to GC-box repeats, which together form an enhancer-spanning network. This network of elements (TG network) is conserved in nonhuman primate CMV MIE enhancers. HCMV constructs lacking the entire enhancer TG network inadequately sustain MIE gene expression at low MOI at post-immediate early (IE) times of infection (≥8 h pi). An MIE enhancer-specified mode of post-IE regulation has not been described before and suggests a cis-regulatory code specialization that has evolved to sustain rather than to initiate MIE gene expression. I hypothesized that another cis-acting element(s) function together with the TG network to form a multi-network system that senses and integrates a variety of cellular environmental signals to modulate efficiency in the initiation and/or maintenance of MIE enhancer-dependent gene expression. Using recombinant viruses with mutations in either the cyclic AMP response element (CRE) network, NFkB network, TG network, or a combination of these networks, I show that the TG-C and TG-K partnerships are the most important for conferring the greatest level of MIE enhancer-dependent MIE gene expression, frequency and size of viral plaques in HFF cells, while the TG-K partnership is most important to DNT-2 cells. Additionally, I conclude that the C-K partnership functions through an alternate mechanism than that of the TG network. Together these results suggest that the strength of enhancement by cis-acting network pair interactions forms a multi-network system that modulates efficiency of MIE enhancer-dependent gene expression and which differs in relation to cell type during lytic infection.