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Differential Regulation of T and B Lymphocytes by pd-1 and SOCS-1 Signaling in Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Non-Hodgkin's LymphomaYao, Zhi Q., Ni, Lei, Zhang, Ying, Ma, Cheng J., Zhang, Chun L., Dong, Zhi P., Frazier, Ashley D., Wu, Xiao Y., Thayer, Penny, Borthwick, Thomas, Chen, Xin Y., Moorman, Jonathan P. 14 March 2011 (has links)
HCV infection is associated with immune dysregulation and B cell Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (HCV-NHL). We have previously shown in vitro that HCV core protein differentially regulates T and B cell functions through two negative signaling pathways, programmed death-1 (PD-1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1). In this report, we performed a detailed immunologic analysis of T and B cell functions in the setting of HCV-NHL. We observed that T cells isolated from patients with HCV-NHL exhibited an exhausted phenotype including decreased expression of viral-specific and non-specific activation markers; whereas B cells exhibited an activated phenotype including over-expression of cell activation markers and immunoglobulins compared to healthy subjects. Individuals with HCV alone or NHL alone exhibited abnormal T and B cell phenotypes, but to a lesser extent compared to HCV-NHL. This differential activation of T and B lymphocytes was inversely associated with the expression of PD-1 and SOCS-1. Interestingly, blocking PD-1 during TCR activation inhibited SOCS-1 gene expression, suggesting that these regulatory pathways are linked in T cells. Importantly, blocking PD-1 also restored the impaired T cell functions observed in the setting of HCV-NHL. These results support a coordinated mechanism by which HCV might cause immune dysregulation that is associated to HCV-NHL.
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Impact of intestinal microbial composition on the regulation of immunoglobulin ECahenzli, Julia 10 1900 (has links)
<p>We are all born germ-free. Soon after birth, microbes colonize our body’s surfaces, with the intestine housing the highest density of microbes on earth. Most of us remain blissfully unaware of this co-existence because inflammatory responses to the indigenous microbes are normally not triggered. Nonetheless, intestinal microbes are true educators of our immune system, which is exemplified by the immature immune system observed in germ-free animals. Accumulating evidence suggests that microbial exposure and/or composition impacts on immune regulation. As an example, isotype switch to immunoglobulin E (IgE) is normally very tightly regulated such that in healthy individuals and mice, serum levels are maintained at very low levels. In contrast, total serum IgE levels are elevated in germ-free mice, indicating that in the absence of microbes the regulatory pathway that maintains IgE at basal levels is disrupted. We hypothesize that in the absence of stimuli from the resident intestinal bacteria the immune system does not receive adequate educational signals. We showed that in germ-free mice class switch recombination (CSR) to IgE occurred at intestinal mucosal lymphoid sites a few weeks after birth. IgE levels then remained at elevated levels throughout life, even when intestinal bacteria were introduced after weaning. In the first part of this thesis, the mechanisms involved in this hygiene-induced IgE were investigateted. In a second part, the immunoregulatory role of commensal bacteria was extended to a model of autoimmunity.</p> <p>Collectively these results demonstrate a new dimension of the impact of intestinal symbionts on the immune system: they dictate baseline immune system regulation. Elucidating the mechanisms whereby microbes induce immunoregulatory pathways may give insights into the increasing prevalence of allergic- and autoimmune diseases.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Mechanismy imunitní dysregulace vedoucí k nespecifickému střevnímu zánětu / Mechanisms of immune dysregulation leading to inflammatory bowel diseaseHoráčková, Klára January 2020 (has links)
Bc. Klára Horáčková DIPLOMA THESIS Mechanisms of immune dysregulation leading to inflammatory bowel disease Abstract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Classical IBD is a multifactorial disease with adulthood or later-childhood onset. However, children with very early onset IBD (VEO-IBD, before 6 years of age) are a specific cohort, whose pathology can be caused by severe genetic defects in genes connected to immune homeostasis in the gut. We aimed to identify the causal genetic variants in 20 pediatric patients diagnosed with IBD (age of onset from 3 to 154 months) using whole exome sequencing (WES). We evaluated several bioinformatical approaches for WES data analysis. This included a comparison of two methods of variant identification using VarScan2 or GATK4-based tools. Furthermore, we compared 4 gene lists ("virtual panels") for variant filtering, one of which was compiled purposefully for this thesis. We identified and validated via segregation analysis 5 causal variants in 4 genes (DUOX2 compound heterozygote, FOXP3, NLRP3 and NOD2) accounting for 20 % of the cohort. NOD2 (p.A755V) variant has already been reported in IBD cases, while DUOX2 (p.R1216W + p.A1131T), FOXP3 (p.H400L) and NLRP3 (p.V200M) were newly...
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Cellular and Molecular Biomarkers of Intestinal Pathology Promoting Cardiovascular Disease in People with HIV Receiving Antiretroviral TherapyMoreira Gabriel, Etiene 04 1900 (has links)
Le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) a causé la mort d'environ 40,4 millions de personnes à travers le monde. Malgré les progrès de la thérapie antirétrovirale, qui a transformé le panorama de l'épidémiologie du VIH, le virus continue de représenter un défi sanitaire significatif à l'échelle mondiale, tel que démontré par les 1,3 million de nouveaux cas à la fin de 2022, augmentant le nombre à 39 millions de personnes vivant avec le VIH à ce jour. Les effets nuisibles du VIH-1 vont au-delà du développement du syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise, exacerbant notamment l'inflammation chronique et augmentant le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires chez les personnes infectées. Bien que la thérapie antirétrovirale ait joué un rôle significatif dans la gestion du virus mondialement, l’absence persistante d’un remède définitif et les problèmes liés à l’inflammation chronique et à la dérégulation du système immunitaire soulignent la nécessité cruciale de poursuivre la recherche.
Cette thèse a étudié la relation entre l'infection par le VIH-1, la dérégulation immunitaire de la muqueuse intestinale, l'expression des cytokines, et l'inflammation systémique, avec un focus sur le risque de développement des maladies cardiovasculaires chez les personnes âgées recevant la thérapie antirétrovirale. Plus précisément, les dynamiques immunitaires complexes impliquant les cellules épithéliales intestinales, les cellules Th17, la cytokine pro-inflammatoire interleukine (IL)-32 au sein des tissus lymphoïdes associés au tube digestif, et l'existence de cellules intestinales dans la périphérie ont été évaluées. Nous avions pour objectif de comprendre comment le VIH-1 perpétue l'inflammation chronique et d’identifier de nouvelles cibles potentielles pour des interventions afin d'atténuer les conséquences à long terme pour les personnes avec VIH.
Le premier projet s'est concentré sur le suivi de l'expression des isoformes de l'IL-32 dans le côlon des personnes avec VIH traités par thérapie antirétrovirale par rapport aux individus non infectés. Nous avons associé l'IL-32β à une diminution de l'expression de la cytokine caractéristique des Th17, l'IL-17A. Ce déséquilibre est proposé comme un facteur important contribuant à l'inflammation et à la compromission potentielle de l'intégrité de la barrière intestinale. La recherche met en évidence le rôle de l'IL-32 dans la promotion de l'inflammation par son interaction avec d'autres cytokines pro-inflammatoires, ce qui pourrait conduire à des dommages tissulaires et augmenter le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires.
Le deuxième projet a été inspiré par les preuves dans la littérature que l'IL-32 présente des effets antiviraux. Nous avons exploré d'autres cytokines et facteurs qui modulent l'expression de l'IL-32 dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales et leur impact sur la remontée du VIH dans les cellules T CD4+ des personnes avec VIH traités par thérapie antirétrovirale. Nos résultats indiquent que l'IL-22 et le récepteur nucléaire PPARγ peuvent réguler à la hausse l'expression de l'IL-32 et réduire la réplication du VIH. Cependant, l'IL-26 a montré des effets antiviraux sans affecter la capacité des IEC à exprimer l'IL-32. Enfin, l'inactivation de l'IL-32 dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales par CRISPR/Cas9 n'a pas affecté leur capacité à promouvoir la réactivation du réservoir de VIH. Ainsi, nos résultats soutiennent un modèle dans lequel l'IL-32 exprimé par les cellules épithéliales intestinales contribue à la dérégulation immunitaire et à l'inflammation, plutôt qu'à des réponses antivirales au niveau de la barrière muqueuse.
Le troisième projet a examiné les implications systémiques de l'inflammation chronique et de la dérégulation immunitaire chez les personnes avec VIH traités par thérapie antirétrovirale, reliant ces conditions au risque des maladies cardiovasculaires. Nos résultats révèlent la présence atypique de cellules épithéliales CD326+ à des fréquences relativement élevées dans le sang périphérique des personnes avec VIH, la recirculation dérégulée des cellules intestinales exhibant un phénotype de cellules résidentes tissulaires, ainsi qu’une sous-population de cellules T CD4+ exprimant le marqueur de cellules épithéliales CD326. De plus, nous avons observé que la fréquence d'un sous-groupe de cellules T CD4+, exprimant le marqueur Th17 CCR6 et démunis de la molécule de homing intestinal Itgβ7, était fortement associée à un risque accru de maladie cardiovasculaire, suggérant un lien direct entre les altérations immunitaires et les maladies cardiovasculaires dans l'infection par le VIH traitée par thérapie antirétrovirale. Cette dernière partie de ma thèse souligne la nécessité de mener des études plus ciblées sur des traitements qui vont au-delà de la suppression virale efficace pour aborder la dérégulation immunitaire et réduire l'incidence des maladies cardiovasculaires, améliorant ainsi la qualité de vie d'une communauté vieillissante de personnes avec VIH. / Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has claimed around 40.4 million lives worldwide. Despite advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART), which have transformed the landscape of HIV epidemiology, the virus continues to pose a significant health challenge worldwide, evidenced by approximately 1.3 million new cases by the end of 2022, bringing the total to 39 million people with HIV (PWH) nowadays. HIV-1's harmful effects extend beyond the development of AIDS, notably exacerbating chronic inflammation and elevating the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among infected individuals. While ART has been significant in managing the virus on a global scale, the ongoing absence of a definitive cure and the persistent issues related to immune system dysregulation and inflammation highlight the critical need for continued research.
This dissertation investigated the relationship between HIV-1 infection, gut mucosal immune dysregulation, cytokine expression, and systemic inflammation, with a focus on CVD risk in aging individuals receiving ART. Specifically, the complex immune dynamics involving intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), Th17 cells, the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin (IL)-32 within the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), and the existence of circulating gut cells were evaluated. We aimed to address how HIV-1 perpetuates chronic inflammation and identify new targets for potential interventions to mitigate the long-term health consequences for PWH.
The first project focused on monitoring the expression of IL-32 isoforms in the colon of ART-treated PWH compared to uninfected individuals and associated IL-32β with a decrease in Th17 hallmark cytokine IL-17A expression. This imbalance is proposed as a significant factor contributing to inflammation and potential compromise of gut barrier integrity. The research highlights the role of IL-32 in promoting inflammation through its interaction with other pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could lead to tissue damage and elevate CVD risk.
The second project was inspired by the evidence in the literature that IL-32 exhibit antiviral effects and explored additional cytokines and factors that modulate IL-32 expression within IECs and their impact on HIV outgrowth in CD4+ T-cells of ART-treated PWH. Our findings indicate that IL-22 and the nuclear receptor PPARγ can upregulate IL-32 expression and reduce HIV outgrowth. However, IL-26 exhibited antiviral effects without affecting the capacity of IEC to express IL-32. Finally, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated IL-32 knockout in IEC did not affect IEC’s capacity to promote HIV reservoir reactivation. Thus, our results support a model in which IL-32 expressed by IEC contributes to immune dysregulation and inflammation, rather than antiviral responses at mucosal barrier level.
The third project delved into the systemic implications of chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation in PWH, linking these conditions to CVD risk. Our results reveal the atypical presence at relatively high frequencies in the peripheral blood of ART-treated PWH of CD326+ EC, together with dysregulated gut-homing, or resident immune cell phenotypes, as well as a subpopulation of CD4+ T-cells expressing the IEC marker CD326. Also, we observed that the frequency of a subset of CD4+ T-cells, expressing the Th17 marker CCR6 and lacking the gut-homing molecule Itg7, was strongly associated with a higher CVD risk, suggesting a direct connection between immune alterations and CVD in ART-treated HIV infection. This final part of my thesis stresses the need for more focused studies of treatments that extend beyond effective viral suppression to address immune dysregulation and reduce CVD incidence, thereby improving the quality of life of an aging community of PWH.
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